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- Kumlin, Anna-Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Improved Statistics on Process Emissions and Flaring
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SMED was involved in two projects concerning the EU emission trading scheme1 in the years 2003 and 2004. During these projects deficits in data used by SMED to report emissions of CO2 to the EU Monitoring Mechanism and the UNFCCC were observed. Deficits include lack of activity data on the use of carbon-containing input materials within in the iron and steel industry and the production of light expanded clay aggregate (LECA). Deficits also include lack of activity data on the use of limestone and dolomite as well as flaring of excess gases, at a few plants from various industry sectors.1 EU Directive 2003/87/EC on establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and the amending Council Directive 96/61/EC2 Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications, Sweden’s National Allocation Plan (2004-04-22), http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/01/90/18/e9286dc2.pdf3 Revised IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 2.13.2Within this project new activity data have been collected. Emissions have been updated and completed on the basis of collected data and data from the inquiry sent to concerned companies in order to establish the Swedish national allocation plan (NAP) for the EU emission trading scheme2 (from here on referred to as "the inquiry for the Swedish NAP") in the winter of 2004.For the iron and steel sector emissions from stationary combustion (CRF/NFR 1A2a) and from processes (CRF 2C1) have been updated. Updated emissions in CRF 2C1 are a result of new activity data on the use of carbon-containing input materials, such as electrodes, coal and coke, that are used to reduce iron ore or optimise conditions in the smelt. These emissions are defined as process emissions in the IPCC Guidelines.3 In earlier submissions these emissions have only partly been included in CRF 2C1, some emissions were completely lacking and some were incorrectly reported in CRF/NFR 1A2a. The emissions that were incorrectly reported in CRF/NFR 1A2a have been updated and reallocated to CRF 2C1. Emissions in CRF 2C1 have been completed with data from eight additional plants. The whole time series has been updated in Submission 2005.The production of light expanded clay aggregate gives rise to process emissions of CO2 that have not been known nor reported in earlier submissions. Emissions arise from the use of limestone, clay and additives and amounted to 6,308 ton CO2 in 2003. The whole time series for CRF 2A7 has been updated in Submission 2005.The use of limestone and dolomite was found to be more extensive than what had been known for earlier submissions. New activity data on the use of limestone and dolomite has been collected from nine plants. The whole time series for CRF 2A3 has been updated. The results show higher emission levels, but the difference between 1990 and 2003 is smaller in Submission 2005 compared to Submission 2004.Flaring of excess gases was found to be more extensive than what had been known for earlier submissions. New activity data has been collected from nine plants: four refineries, three steel producers, one chemical industry and one pulp producer. Calculated emissions will be reported in CRF 1B in Submission 2005 to the EU Monitoring Mechanism, the UNFCCC and the CLRTAP.
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| 2. |
- Lundmark, Katarzyna, et al.
(författare)
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Transmissibility of systemic amyloidosis by a prion-like mechanism
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 99:10, s. 6979-6984
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The generation of amyloid fibrils from an amyloidogenic polypeptide occurs by a nucleation-dependent process initiated in vitro by seeding the protein solution with preformed fibrils. This phenomenon is evidenced in vivo by the fact that amyloid protein A (AA) amyloidosis in mice is markedly accelerated when the animals are given, in addition to an inflammatory stimulus, an i.v. injection of protein extracted from AA amyloid-laden mouse tissue. Heretofore, the chemical nature of this “amyloid enhancing factor” (AEF) has not been definitively identified. Here we report that the active principle of AEF extracted from the spleen of mice with silver nitrate-induced AA amyloidosis was identified unequivocally as the AA fibril itself. Further, we demonstrated that this material was extremely potent, being active in doses <1 ng, and that it retained its biologic activity over a considerable length of time. Notably, the AEF was also effective when administered orally. Our studies have provided evidence that AA and perhaps other forms of amyloidosis are transmissible diseases, akin to the prion-associated disorders.
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