| 1. |
- Englund, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of TiN back contact interlayers with varied thickness for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells
- 2017
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 639, s. 91-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- TiN thin films have previously been used as intermediate barrier layers on Mo back contacts in CZTS(e) solar cells to suppress excessive reaction of the Mo in the annealing step. In this work, TiN films with various thickness (20, 50 and 200 nm) were prepared with reactive DC magnetron sputtering on Mo/SLG substrates and annealed, without CZTS(e) layers, in either S or Se atmospheres. The as-deposited references and the annealed samples were characterized with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Time-of-Flight-Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis, Time-of-Flight-Medium-Energy Ion Scattering, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy – Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. It was found that the as-deposited TiN layers below 50 nm show discontinuities, which could be related to the surface roughness of the Mo. Upon annealing, TiN layers dramatically reduced the formation of MoS(e)2, but did not prevent the sulfurization or selenization of Mo. The MoS(e)2 had formed near the discontinuities, both below and above the TiN layers. Another unexpected finding was that the thicker TiN layer increased the amount of Na diffused to the surface after anneal, and we suggest that this effect is related to the Na affinity of the TiN layers and the MoS(e)2 thickness.
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| 2. |
- Fluch, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Uniform distribution of post-synthetic linker exchange in metal-organic frameworks revealed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
- 2017
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Ingår i: Chemical Communications. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 1359-7345 .- 1364-548X. ; 53:48, s. 6516-6519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) has been used for the first time to study post-synthetic linker exchange (PSE) in metal-organic frameworks. RBS is a non-invasive method to quantify the amount of introduced linker, as well as providing a means for depth profiling in order to identify the preferred localization of the introduced linker. The exchange of benzenedicarboxylate (bdc) by similarly sized 2-iodobenzenedicarboxylate (I-bdc) proceeds considerably slower than migration of I-dbc through the UiO-66 crystal. Consequently, the I-bdc is found evenly distributed throughout the UiO-66 samples, even at very short PSE exposure times.
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| 3. |
- Kokkoris, M., et al.
(författare)
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Benchmarking the evaluated proton differential cross sections suitable for the EBS analysis of natSi and 16O
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 405, s. 50-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evaluated proton differential cross sections suitable for the Elastic Backscattering Spectroscopy (EBS) analysis of Si-nat and O-16, as obtained from SigmaCalc 2.0, have been benchmarked over a wide energy and angular range at two different accelerator laboratories, namely at N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece and at Ruder Boskovic Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia, using a variety of high-purity thick targets of known stoichiometry. The results are presented in graphical and tabular forms, while the observed discrepancies, as well as, the limits in accuracy of the benchmarking procedure, along with target related effects, are thoroughly discussed and analysed. In the case of oxygen the agreement between simulated and experimental spectra was generally good, while for silicon serious discrepancies were observed above E-p,E-lab = 2.5 MeV, suggesting that a further tuning of the appropriate nuclear model parameters in the evaluated differential cross-section datasets is required.
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| 4. |
- Lasfargues, H., et al.
(författare)
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Non-reactively sputtered ultra-high temperature Hf-C and Ta-C coatings
- 2017
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 309, s. 436-444
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transition metal carbides are known for their exceptional thermal stability and mechanical properties, notably governed by the carbon content and the prevalent vacancies on the non-metallic sublattice. However, when using reactive deposition techniques, the formation of amorphous C-containing phases is often observed. Here, we show that non-reactive magnetron sputtering of HfC0.89 or TaC0.92 targets lead to fully crystalline coatings. Their C content depends on the target-to-substrate alignment and globally increases from HfC0.66 to HfC0.76 and from TaC0.69 to TaC0.75 with increasing bias potential from floating to - 100 V, respectively, when using a substrate temperature T-sub of 500 degrees C. Increasing T-sub to 700 degrees C leads to variations from TaC0.71 to TaC0.81. All HfCy films are single-phase face-centered cubic, whereas the TaCy films also contain small fractions of the hexagonal Ta2C phase. The highest hardness and indentation modulus among all coatings studied is obtained for TaC0.75 with H = 41.9 +/- 03 GPa and E = 466.8 +/- 15 GPa. Ab initio calculations predict an easy formation of vacancies on the C-sublattice, especially in the Ta-C system, and a temperature driven stabilization of defected structures at high temperatures, with fewer vacancies on the C sublattice for Hf-C than for Ta-C The predicted phase stability is proven up to 2400 C for both systems by annealing experiments in vacuum.
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| 5. |
- Paneta, Valentina, et al.
(författare)
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Accurate accelerator energy calibration using selected resonances in proton elastic scattering and in (p,gamma) and (p,p'gamma) reactions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 406, s. 108-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work aims at contributing to the field of Ion Beam Analysis by providing a set of standard, high-accuracy nuclear resonance reaction data points to be used for accelerator energy calibration up to 4.6 MeV, more specifically with the use of the Al-27(p,gamma),C-13(p,gamma), C-12(p,p(0)) and S-32(p,p'gamma) resonant reactions, as a result of a comprehensive investigation in two different laboratories. The use of resonances at higher energies, namely up to 6 MeV, is also discussed. The measurements have been performed at two different electrostatic accelerators, namely at the 5.5 MV HV TN-11 of NCSR "Demokritos", Greece, and at the 5 MV 15SDH-2 Pelletron Tandem accelerator at Uppsala University in Uppsala, Sweden. Common points were used to normalize and validate the data. The possible use of the O-16(p,p(o)) resonance at 3.47 MeV is also discussed and analyzed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Paneta, Valentina, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of compositional modifications in metal-organic frameworks using carbon and alpha particle microbeams
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 404, s. 198-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zirconium-oxide based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were grown on p-type Si wafers. A modified linker molecule containing iodine was introduced by post synthetic exchange (PSE). Samples have been studied using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) techniques, employing the 5 MV 15SDH-2 Pelletron Tandem accelerator at the Angstrom laboratory. The degree of post synthetic uptake of the iodine-containing linker has been investigated with both a broad beam and a focused beam of carbon and alpha particles targeting different kind of MOF crystals which were of similar to 1-10 mu m in size, depending on the linker used. Iodine concentrations in MOF crystallites were also measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and are compared to the RBS results. In parallel to the ion beam studies, samples were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to quantify possible crystallite clustering, develop optimum sample preparation routines and to characterize the potential ion beam induced sample damage and its dependence on different parameters. Based on these results the reliability and accuracy of ion beam data is assessed.
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| 7. |
- Roth, D., et al.
(författare)
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Electronic Stopping of Slow Protons in Oxides : Scaling Properties
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 119:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electronic stopping of slow protons in ZnO, VO2 (metal and semiconductor phases), HfO2, and Ta2O5 was investigated experimentally. As a comparison of the resulting stopping cross sections (SCS) to data for Al2O3 and SiO2 reveals, electronic stopping of slow protons does not correlate with electronic properties of the specific material such as band gap energies. Instead, the oxygen 2p states are decisive, as corroborated by density functional theory calculations of the electronic densities of states. Hence, at low ion velocities the SCS of an oxide primarily scales with its oxygen density.
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| 8. |
- Sortica, Mauricio A., et al.
(författare)
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Electronic energy-loss mechanisms for H, He, and Ne in TiN
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Review A: covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information. - 2469-9926 .- 2469-9934. ; 96:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The specific energy loss of medium-energy hydrogen, helium, and neon ions in titanium nitride is studied. Electronic stopping cross sections of ions in the energy range of 3-140 keV/amu weremeasured in backscattering geometry using time-of-flight medium-energy ion scattering, from the energy loss experienced in TiN thin films on Si. For the lowest energies, data for H show a strong deviation from Bragg's rule. For hydrogen and Ne ions, electronic stopping exhibits velocity proportionality at ion velocities below 1 a.u. Comparison to density functional theory calculations of the stopping power yields very good agreement for H, while for He and Ne, the experimentally observed electronic stopping power is considerably higher than predicted. For He the extrapolation of the stopping power at low energies points to a nonvanishing energy loss at vanishing ion velocity. The present data can thus be taken as an indication of additional energy- loss processes different from direct electron-hole pair excitation. Furthermore, the results provide reference values for ion-beam-based analysis of TiN, a material with huge technological relevance.
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