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- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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| 3. |
- Moing, A, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative metabolic pro. ling by 1-dimensional H-1-NMR analyses : application to plant genetics and functional genomics
- 2004
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Ingår i: Functional Plant Biology. - : CSIRO PUBLISHING. - 1445-4408 .- 1445-4416. ; 31:9, s. 889-902
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metabolic profiling by 1-dimensional (1-D) H-1-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was tested for absolute quanti. cation of soluble sugars, organic acids, amino acids and some secondary metabolites in fruit, roots and leaves. The metabolite responsible for each peak of the H-1-NMR spectra was identified from spectra of pure compounds. Peak identity was confirmed by the addition of a small amount of commercially-available pure substance. H-1-NMR spectra acquisition was automated. H-1-NMR absolute quantification was performed with a synthesised electronic reference signal and validated by comparison with enzymatic or HPLC analyses; the correlation coefficients between H-1-NMR data and enzymatic or HPLC data were highly significant. Depending on the species and tissues, 14 - 17 metabolites could be quantified with 15 - 25 min acquisition time. The detection limit was approximately 1 - 9 mug in the NMR tube, depending on the compound. Quantitative data were used for ( 1) a genetic study of strawberry fruit quality, ( 2) a functional study of tomato transformants overexpressing hexokinase and ( 3) a study of Arabidopsis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase transformants with several lines showing decreased activity of the enzyme. Biochemical phenotyping of the fruits of a strawberry offspring allowed the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling fruit quality. Comparison of the roots of wild types and hexokinase tomato transformants using principal component analysis of metabolic profiles revealed that environmental factors, i.e. culture conditions, can significantly modify the metabolic status of plants and thus hide or emphasise the expression of a given genetic background. The decrease in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity ( up to 75%) in Arabidopsis transformants impacted on the metabolic profiles without compromising plant growth, thus supporting the idea that the enzyme has a low influence on the carbon flux through the anaplerotic pathway.
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