| 1. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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MASTER – Managing Speeds of Traffic on European Rods. Final Report.
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The content of the European research project MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads (MASTER) is presented. Speed management is described as a two-step process where target speeds for different kinds of roads are determined first, and then various measures and tools are applied in order to adopt such speed. Current practice and main problems in speed management are described. The various impacts of speed and the factors affecting drivers’ choice of speed as well as the various speed management measures and tools are discussed. Basic principles of rational speed management are outlined on these grounds. Finally, recommendations for further development of speed management and research needs are formulated. It is recommended that target speeds on different kinds of roads are determined on the basis of systematic and comprehensive assessment of all impacts of speed. The recommendations concerning speed management measures and tools include, for example, harmonisation of speed limits in different European countries, development of European guidelines for urban speed management, further development and wider use of automated speed enforcement, and introduction of adaptive in-vehicle speed limiters. Further research is needed on the impacts of speed on accidents, pollution and costs to road users as well as on the monetary valuation of these impacts. Standardisation of procedures used in collection and reporting of speed data is needed to facilitate international comparisons.
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| 2. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations for Speed Management on European Roads
- 1999
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Board Annual Proceeding.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results of a recent European research project MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads (MASTER) are presented. Speed management is described as a two-step process where target speeds for different kinds of roads are determined first, and then various measures and tools are applied in order to adopt such speed. Current practice and main problems in speed management are described. The various impacts of speed and the factors affecting drivers’ choice of speed as well as the various speed management measures and tools are discussed. Basic principles of rational speed management are outlined on these grounds. Finally, recommendations for further development of speed management and research needs are formulated. It is recommended that target speeds on different kinds of roads are determined on the basis of systematic and comprehensive assessment of all impacts of speed. The recommendations concerning speed management measures and tools include, for example, harmonisation of speed limits in different European countries, development of European guidelines for urban speed management, further development and wider use of automated speed enforcement, and introduction of adaptive in-vehicle speed limiters. Further research is needed on the impacts of speed on accidents, pollution and costs to road users as well as on the monetary valuation of these impacts. Standardisation of procedures used in collection and reporting of speed data is needed to facilitate international comparisons.
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| 3. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations for Speed Management Strategies and Policies.
- 1998
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the project MASTER (MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads) was to produce information that can be cited in the preparation of national and EU decisions concerning speed management and speed control equipment standards. For this purpose, the project looked for answers to three key questions: 1)What are acceptable ranges of speeds? 2)What are the key factors influencing drivers’ choice of speed? 3)What are the best speed management tools and strategies? The results of the project are documented in 26 reports: 12 deliverables and 14 working papers. The objective of the this report is to present recommendations for speed management strategies and policies. Recommendations for Speed Management Measures, Tools and Policy 1.Speed limits on roads of similar classification in different European countries should be harmonised so that road users’ expectations are consistent with respect to correct choice of speed irrespective of previous driving experiences in their home country. These speed limits should reflect the socially desirable speeds determined for example with the help of the MASTER framework. 2.European guidelines are needed for application of speed management measures and tools on residential and main roads in urban areas and on rural mixed-traffic roads. This would promote consistent and cost-effective speed management both on urban roads, where a wider range of potential alternatives is available and on rural roads where the possibilities for using low-cost physical measures are more limited. 3.Preparations for the introduction of compulsory adaptive speed limiters should be started. Adaptive speed limiters automatically prevent speeding by adjusting speeds according to the prevailing speed limit. The first step could be large scale field experiments in urban areas in different countries. Urban roads are the best choice for the first application because on such roads their public acceptability is highest and potential negative effects e.g. in the form of behavioural adaptation are smallest. 4.Redesign of European roads according to the principles of self-explaining roads should include hierarchical categorisation into a limited number of categories so that each level has a distinct set of characteristics that is clearly different from that of other levels. A reduced and simplified road hierarchy would promote the correct choice of speed for each road type and have other positive effects on road safety by assisting correct anticipation of behaviour of other road users. 5.Automated speed enforcement should be developed further and taken into wider use. In some countries legislative changes are needed so that the owner of the vehicle can be held responsible for speeding offences. In addition, a common standard could be developed for identification of vehicles by an electronic device. Speeding vehicles are currently identified from photographs which often requires laborious manual work. Electronic identification devices could be used also for collection of parking fees and road tolls. Furthermore, equipment that is currently used only for traffic monitoring could be used for enforcement purposes (e.g. induction loops and data transfer equipment). 6.The difference between the effects of speed on social costs and on private costs should be reduced, for example by internalising external costs (e.g. accident costs and environmental costs). This would encourage drivers to choose speeds that are preferable not only from their private standpoint but also from society’s point of view. 7.Information and publicity campaigns regarding the impacts of speed are needed, with the purpose of giving neutral and objective information about all impacts of speed, with due attention to the difference between private and social costs. Such information could increase the public acceptance of speed restrictions that are justified from society’s viewpoint, but decision-makers will still need to recognise that popularity is not necessarily a good criterion for speed management policies. 8.The highest possible speed of vehicles should be limited to the highest speed limit on motorways and speed limits on motorways should be harmonised across Europe.
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| 4. |
- Kallberg, Veli-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Strategies and tools for speed management on European roads.
- 1998
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the European project MASTER (MAnaging Speeds of Traffic on European Roads) is to produce information that can be cited in the preparation of national and EU decisions concerning speed management and standards for speed control equipment. For this purpose, the project seeks answers to three key questions:1) What are acceptable ranges of speeds?2) What are the key factors influencing drivers’ choice of speed?3) What are the best speed management tools and strategies?Each of three research areas addresses one of these questions. Area 1 is concerned with developing a basis for appraisal of effects of different levels of speed upon accident occurrence, emissions, noise, vehicle operating costs and travel time. Area 2 provides information on factors that influence drivers speed behaviour with respect to present speed levels and speed management methods in Europe, enforcement levels, motivation and acceptability of driving speeds, and road design and subjective road categorisation. Area 3 reviews various tools for speed management, tests the most promising ones and gives recommendations for implementation of Advanced Transport Telematics (ATT) systems. The summary reports from these three work areas provide the main inputs to this paper, which is concerned with making recommendations for speed management strategies and policies. The full results of the project are documented in 26 reports which are listed in the reference section of this paper.
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| 7. |
- Abrahamsson, Sven Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Variations in cellular proliferation and matrix synthesis in intrasynovial and extrasynovial tendons : An in vitro study in dogs
- 1994
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Ingår i: The Journal of Hand Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0363-5023. ; 19:2, s. 259-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intrasynovial and extrasynovial flexor tendon grafts recently have been shown to have dissimilar patterns of cellular survival and host integration within the digital sheath. In an effort to determine if fundamental differences exist between these two types of tendons, we investigated the biochemical composition and cellular activity of intrasynovial and extrasynovial tendon segments of 12 adult mongrel dogs in short-term explant culture in MCDB 105 and in DMEM media. Proteoglycan, collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis and content and DNA synthesis were determined following culture in both media. Intrasynovial tendon segments cultured in MCDB 105 medium synthesized significantly less collagen, noncollagen protein, and DNA and had similar amounts of proteoglycans compared to extrasynovial tendons. Comparison of intrasynovial and extrasynovial tendon segment responses in DMEM medium showed that intrasynovial tendons synthesized more proteoglycan, protein, and DNA than they did in MCDB 105. Extrasynovial tendons had similar rates of matrix component and DNA synthesis in both media. Findings that the synthesis of matrix components and DNA between intrasynovial flexor and extrasynovial peroneal tendon segments differ significantly indicate that intrasynovial flexor tendons may be specially adapted to the nutritional milieu provided by an intrasynovial environment. These data are supported by the selective successful stimulation of fibrocartilaginous segments within intrasynovial flexor tendons in media favored for the culture of cartilaginous tissue.
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| 8. |
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| 11. |
- Aitken, Candice L., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of three methods used for fusion of SPECT-CT images of liver matastases
- 1998
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Ingår i: Fusion98, International Conference on Multisource-Mulltisensor Information Fusion. - : CSREA Press. - 1892512009 ; , s. 435-442
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare three methods for fusing SPECT-CT images: ImageMatch - an automatic three-dimensional/two-dimensional method developed by Focus Imaging; IBM Visualization Data Explorer - a three-diemensional interactive method developed by Internation Business Machines, Inc.; and qsh - an interactive three-dimensional/two-dimensional method developed at New York University. While many fusion methods have proved successful for registering brain images, most methods have been less successful for thoracic and abdominal images. We use images of liver metastases obtained with a radiolabeled breast tumor-directed antibody to illustrate the strengths and weakness of the methods reviewed. The images used are typical clinical images from eigth patients. We conclude that an optimal image fusion program should combine the strengths of each of the methods reviewed.
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| 12. |
- Ambainis, A., et al.
(författare)
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Probabilities to Accept Languages by Quantum Finite Automata
- 1999
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783540662006 ; , s. 174-183
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We construct a hierarchy of regular languages such that the current language in the hierarchy can be accepted by 1-way quantum finite automata with a probability smaller than the corresponding probability for the preceding language in the hierarchy. These probabilities converge to 1/2.
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| 14. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Andersson, Håkan S
(författare)
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Towards the Rational Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Molecular imprinting is a technique by which polymeric materials selective for a given target molecule can be created through a casting procedure. Functionalised monomers are added to a solution of molecular templates. Monomer-template complexes are formed and subsequently fixed through polymerisation, and following removal of the template species from the resultant molecularly imprinted polymer, MIP, a material containing binding sites able to specifically rebind the template is left. The objective of the present work has been to learn more about the mechanisms leading to the formation of selective binding sites in MIPs and the nature of these sites (1-3), with the goal to utilise this knowledge to develop better MIPs (4-7). 1) UV spectroscopic studies of the pre-polymerisation mixture were utilised to estimate the stabilities of monomer-template complexes under different conditions. It was observed that many templates are not fully complexed by monomers, possibly leading to different binding site populations. Such heterogeneity is indeed observed in MIPs. The method developed was found useful for rapid evaluation of different monomers or conditions for a given template. 2) Chromatographic studies were performed on polymers imprinted with various pyridyl templates. It was demonstrated that electrostatic interactions were those mainly responsible for binding in these systems. It was also demonstrated that free rotors in the template structure affected binding and selectivity negatively, and that the accessibilities of functional groups were essential for the utility of the template for molecular imprinting. 3) Load capacity studies of nicotine and 4,4´-bipyridyl MIPs revealed two different behaviours. The retention of 4,4´-bipyridyl decreased upon raising the sample load, but nicotine exhibited an increase. Two possible explanations to this unexpected effect were suggested: mobile phase related nicotine solvation effects or a type of cooperative binding. A maximum in resolution for the separation of (+/-)-nicotine at different sample loads indicated the presence of recognition sites for template-template complexes, implying the possible imprinting of template-template complexes. 4) A chiral tartaric acid based monomer was synthesised and employed for the imprinting of cinchona alkaloids. The chirality of the monomer was shown able to enhance selectivity for certain templates. Post-polymerisation debenzylation of the MIP enhanced both retention and selectivity due to a change from hydrogen bond interactions to ionic interactions. 5) Crown ethers were employed as co-templates in molecular imprinting to demonstrate a principle by which organic solvent non-solubles can be solubilised, and imprinted, in organic media. Rebinding studies in the absence of crown ether revealed imprinting related selectivity. 6) Imprinting in water was achieved through the introduction of a hydrophilic cross-linker, a highly acidic monomer, and a beta-cyclodextrin based monomer, able to interact by hydrophobic interactions with aromatic ring structures. By this approach, the enantiomers of phenylalanine were successfully imprinted. 7) A series of monomer combinations were evaluated to optimise the polymer system described in (6). Binding site hydrophobicities were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy. This thesis demonstrates that there is significant room for improving the performance of MIPs and points to some ways by which this can be achieved.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Andersson, Per-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Regression of left ventricular wall thickness during ACE-inhibitor treatment of essential hypertension is associated with an increase in insulin mediated skeletal muscle blood flow
- 1998
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Ingår i: Blood Pressure. - 0803-7051 .- 1651-1999. ; 7:2, s. 118-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been associated with insulin resistance, a condition with an impaired insulin-mediated vasodilation in skeletal muscle. ACE-inhibitors have been reported to be superior to most other antihypertensive drugs in inducing a regression of LVH. In a double-blind study with parallel groups, 50 patients with essential hypertension were randomized to treatment with either fosinopril (20 mg o.d.) or atenolol (50 mg o.d.) for 12-16 weeks. Left ventricle wall thickness (LVWT, defined as the sum of interventricular septum and posterior wall), diastolic function (represented by the ratio between the E-wave and the A-wave of mitral blood flow) and femoral artery blood flow (FBF) were evaluated using ultrasonic measurements. FBF was measured at normoinsulinemia and after 2 h of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. Before treatment, the insulin-induced increase in FBF was inversely related to the LVWT (r = -0.52, p < 0.02). The reduction in ambulatory 24-h SBP/DBP was 13/9 mmHg for fosinopril and 15/14 for atenolol, ambulatory DBP being significantly more reduced by atenolol (p = 0.03 for difference in treatment effect). However, only fosinopril treatment resulted in a significant reduction in LVWT (from 20.5 mm to 19.4 mm, p < 0.05). The degree of reduction in LVWT was related to the increase in FBF in the fosinopril group (r = -0.45, p < 0.05). For fosinopril (but not for atenolol), there was a positive relationship between the change in E/A ratio and the change in femoral artery stroke volume (r = 0.80, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Impaired insulin-induced stimulation of leg blood flow was related to an increased LVWT. Furthermore, during fosinopril treatment, regression of LVWT was associated with enhanced skeletal muscle blood flow during hyperinsulinemia. This indicates that impaired peripheral blood flow (and thereby increased afterload) may be a possible mechanism explaining the previously found association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular hypertrophy.
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| 22. |
- Antti, Marta-Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesising of a model composite in the oxide/oxide system : alumina fibre reinforced alumina matrix
- 1999
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Ingår i: Advanced structural fiber composites. - : TECHNA Srl. - 8886538235
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ceramic matrix composites have attracted big interest as potential material for high temperature applications. To avoid one of the main problems, namely oxidation at higher temperatures, interest has increased for systems where both reinforcement and matrix material are ceramic oxides. This work presents a possible method of producing long fibre reinforced ceramic matrix composites. The method was applied to single crystal aluminium oxide fibres in a polycrystalline alumina matrix and involves cladding individual fibres with the matrix material in the form of pre-sintered tubes with appropriately small diameter. The composite is then hot isostatically pressed (HIP), by putting several fibre-tube pairs in a container of required diameter. A HIP cycle was found that led to full densification of the composite without visual damage to the fibres. The method produces composites with an ideal uniform fibre spacing; samples of cylindrical shape suitable, for example, for uniaxial testing can be produced
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| 23. |
- Apps, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Gating of cutaneous input to cerebellar climbing fibres during a reaching task in the cat
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - 1469-7793. ; 502:Pt 1, s. 203-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Task-dependent modulation of cutaneous input to climbing fibres projecting to the C1, C2 and C3 zones in the cerebellar paravermal lobule V was investigated in awake cats during performance of a reaching task. 2. Climbing fibre responses resulting from low intensity (non-noxious) electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral superficial radial nerve were recorded as extracellular field potentials in the cerebellar cortex using chronically implanted microwires. 3. Response size, measured as the time-voltage integral of the evoked field potential, was assessed during three phases of the reaching movement, reaction, reach and grasp, and compared with the response size at rest. 4. At C1 and C3 zone recording sites response size was usually reduced during the task (7/10 sites). The reduction was most pronounced in the grasp phase, occasionally accompanied by a smaller reduction in the reach and reaction phases. In one case an enhancement was found in the reach phase. 5. Response size was also modulated during the task at four of six C2 zone recording sites. However, the results were mixed. In three cases the modulation resembled the pattern at C1/C3 sites with the responses being reduced in the grasp phase accompanied on occasion by a lesser reduction in the reach phase. In the remaining case there was an enhancement during grasp. In this case and one other there was also an enhancement during the reaction phase. 6. The findings indicate significant gating of cutaneous input to climbing fibres projecting to the C1, C2 and C3 zones during reaching movements, while the variability between recording sites suggests functional differences, both between and within zones.
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| 24. |
- Arbman, Gunnar
(författare)
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Colorectal cancer in Östergötland : risk factors, diagnosis, and quality of treatment
- 1996
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this investigation colorectal cancer in the county of Östergötland has been studied with emphasis on risk factors, diagnostic efforts, and the results of treatment.In two case-control studies on food and colorectal cancer, a decreased risk was associated with a high intake of cereal fibre, total fibre, and calcium per unit energy consumed as well as a high intake of raw vegetables. Processed meat was associated with an increased lisk for colon cancer and alcohol with an increased risk for rectal cancer. Drug consumption was also found to influence the cancer risk.In a case-control study on occupational factors and the risk for colorectal cancer, some occupations seemed to influence the risk for colon and rectal cancer in different ways. Twenty years of physically active work significantly decreased the risk for left-sided colon cancer but increased the risk for rectal cancer. Accordingly, twenty year of sedentary work significantly decreased the risk for rectal cancer.Known risk factors were found in 12% of colorectal cancer patients, though previous cholecystectomy did not turn out to be a risk factor.The symptoms of colon cancer are vague and unspecific, whereas bleeding is prominent and a dominating symptom in rectal cancer. Conflicting results have been presented regarding the importance of a short delay between onset of symptoms and treatment. In our study, a more favourable stage distribution was found for rectal cancer with a very short delay between start of symptoms and treatment, but not for colon cancer.Results of treatment for colorectal cancer show considerable variation in different series, which can be due to differences in selection and classification as well as in treatment. A computerized system for quality assurance of colorectal cancer was introduced in Östergötland in 1984. All cases diagnosed 1984-1986 were registered in this system, making it possible to study outcome of treatment for an unselected population. The results of treatment in terms of postoperative mortality and five year survival were comparable to the results from specialised international centres, but local recunence rate after operation for rectal cancer was high (20%).To reduce this local recurrence rate, the technique of total mesorectal excision was introduced in three of the surgical departments in the county. Using the system for quality assurance, the local recunence rate during a three year period before the change in technique was compared with a three year period when the new technique was used. The local recunence rate was significantly reduced in the later period without any change in postoperative complications.In conclusion this study shows an environmental influence on cancer-risk that may be different for colon and rectal cancer. The usefulness of a continuous quality assurance system to detect shmtcomings in diagnosis and treatment and to evaluate new techniques is also shown. Finally, total mesorectal excision reduces the local recurrence rate for rectal cancer in an unselected population treated in different kinds of hospital.
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