| 1. |
- Klinger, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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The power of code : women and the making of the digital world
- 2021
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Ingår i: Information, Communication and Society. - : Routledge. - 1369-118X .- 1468-4462. ; 24:14, s. 2075-2090
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most research on gender and digital communication centers on how women use digital media, how they participate online, or how they are treated in online forums and social media. This article, in contrast, approaches gender from a behind the screen perspective. How algorithms and platforms are created, designed, and maintained, the affordances they provide for users and how they govern the ways users communicate with each other, has a major impact on digital communication. However, it is mostly men who create these technologies. Our study approaches technologies as socio-cultural, departing from the concept of network media logic. Empirically, it is based on (1) the review of a diverse body of literature from the history of programming, professional sociology, and computer science and documents such as the diversity reports from tech giants, as well as on (2) 64 semi-structured expert interviews conducted with male and female programmers in seven countries over a time-period of four years. Results show that the gender gap continues to run deep. We report results in four dimensions: professional culture, pervasive stereotypes, lack of role models and typical career paths.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Lindqvist, Jakob, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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A General Framework for Ensemble Distribution Distillation
- 2020
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Ingår i: 2020 IEEE 30th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP). - : IEEE. - 9781728166629 ; 2020-September
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ensembles of neural networks have shown to give better predictive performance and more reliable uncertainty estimates than individual networks. Additionally, ensembles allow the uncertainty to be decomposed into aleatoric (data) and epistemic (model) components, giving a more complete picture of the predictive uncertainty. Ensemble distillation is the process of compressing an ensemble into a single model, often resulting in a leaner model that still outperforms the individual ensemble members. Unfortunately, standard distillation erases the natural uncertainty decomposition of the ensemble. We present a general framework for distilling both regression and classification ensembles in a way that preserves the decomposition. We demonstrate the desired behaviour of our framework and show that its predictive performance is on par with standard distillation.
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| 4. |
- Lindqvist, Jakob, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Generalised Active Learning With Annotation Quality Selection
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, MLSP. - 2161-0371 .- 2161-0363. ; 2023-September
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we promote a general formulation of active learning (AL), wherein the typically binary decision to annotate a point or not is extended to selecting the qualities with which the points should be annotated. By linking the annotation quality to the cost of acquiring the label, we can trade a lower quality for a larger set of training samples, which may improve learning for the same annotation cost. To investigate this AL formulation, we introduce a concrete criterion, based on the mutual information (MI) between model parameters and noisy labels, for selecting annotation qualities for the entire dataset, before any labels are acquired. We illustrate the usefulness of our formulation with examples for both classification and regression and find that MI is a good candidate for a criterion, but its complexity limits its usefulness.
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| 5. |
- Olmin, Amanda, 1994-, et al.
(författare)
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Active Learning with Weak Supervision for Gaussian Processes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Communications in Computer and Information Science. - Singapore : Springer Nature. - 1865-0937 .- 1865-0929. ; 1792 CCIS, s. 195-204
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Annotating data for supervised learning can be costly. When the annotation budget is limited, active learning can be used to select and annotate those observations that are likely to give the most gain in model performance. We propose an active learning algorithm that, in addition to selecting which observation to annotate, selects the precision of the annotation that is acquired. Assuming that annotations with low precision are cheaper to obtain, this allows the model to explore a larger part of the input space, with the same annotation budget. We build our acquisition function on the previously proposed BALD objective for Gaussian Processes, and empirically demonstrate the gains of being able to adjust the annotation precision in the active learning loop.
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| 6. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Afrontant l’exclusió per edat a les empreses de tecnologia
- 2020
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Ingår i: COMeIN: Revista de los Estudios de la Información y de la Comunicación. - Barcelona : Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. - 2014-2226. ; :105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hay muchos desafíos con la dataficación de las sociedades contemporáneas. Uno de ellos son los sesgos de diseño de los algoritmos que usan las plataformas digitales. Otro desafío se refiere a los sesgos de los datos que los algoritmos usan para tomar decisiones automatizadas y cómo se usan estas. Tanto el diseño algorítmico como los datos refuerzan la discriminación de los colectivos menos favorecidos, y particularmente de las personas mayores.
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| 7. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Digital Ageism : How it operates and approaches to tackling it
- 2023
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This anthology contributes to creating awareness on how digital ageism operates in relation to the widely spread symbolic representations of old and young age around digital technologies, the (lack of) representation of diverse older individuals in the design, development, and marketing of digital technologies and in the actual algorithms and datasets that constitute them. It also shows how individuals and institutions deal with digital ageism in everyday life.In the past decades, digital technologies permeated most aspects of everyday life. With a focus on how age is represented and experienced in relation to digital technologies leading to digital ageism, digitalisation’s reinforcement of spirals of exclusion and loss of autonomy of some collectives is explored, when it could be natural for a great part of society and represent a sort of improvement.The book addresses social science students and scholars interested in everyday digital technologies, society and the power struggles about it, providing insights from different parts of the globe. By using different methods and touching upon different aspects of digital ageism and how it plays out in contemporary connected data societies, this volume will raise awareness, challenge power, initiate discussions and spur further research into this field.
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| 8. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Digital Ageism in Data Societies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Digital Ageism. - : Routledge. - 9781003323686 - 9781032271538 ; , s. 1-17
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In data societies, as everyday activities are mediated by digital technologies, individuals are thrown into a digital existence, even if they are not aware of their digital interactions. Digital technologies are not value-free or unbiased. Contemporary discourses about digital natives and late adopters contribute to reinforcing negative stereotypes about older users of digital technologies and influence the design, development, marketing and usage of digital technologies. Such discourses disregard how digital trajectories and personal circumstances influence media use in all stages of everyday life. Hence, occasional digital technology users, and older adults in particular, stand a higher risk of exclusion and loss of autonomy. In this chapter, we briefly introduce ageism and digital ageism in data societies, definitions and previous research as a background and introduction to the following chapters. Our aim is to underline how socio-technical and cultural analyses may contribute to raising awareness about digital ageism in data societies. Only by initiating a discussion may existing power relationships be challenged and contemporary inequalities understood.
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| 9. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of age in contemporary tech
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordicom Review. - : Sciendo. - 1403-1108 .- 2001-5119. ; 42:1, s. 79-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article attends to age stereotypes and ageism in contemporary tech. In academia, little attention has been devoted to this topic. Therefore, we intend to initiate a discussion around ageism in tech by studying perceptions of age in the tech industry. Our study is based on interviews with 18 tech workers around the world of varying age. According to our interviewees, tech workers over 35 are considered old in the tech industry. Older tech workers are expected to become managers, thought to become less interested in new technology, and expected to have more challenges when learning new software. We also look at how tech workers of different age groups experience entrepreneurial values of the company as a playground, staying hungry, and changing the future with technology, and how these values influence their professional careers. We conclude that ageism is reinforced in contemporary tech through several stereotypes related to age.
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| 10. |
- Russmann, Uta, et al.
(författare)
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No Interaction on Instagram : Political Parties Use of Instagram in the 2014 Swedish Election Campaign
- 2020
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Ingår i: <em>Recent Developments in Internet Activism and Political Participation</em>. - Hershey, Pennsylvania : IGI Global. - 9781799847960 - 9781799847977
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter addresses a neglected issue within the field of social media and political communication. It focuses on interaction processes on Instagram asking how political parties used Instagram – a platform that is centered around images – when engaging in interaction with their followers on the platform. The focuses is on political parties’ use of Instagram in the 2014 Swedish national election campaign. This gives an impression of the first attempts of political parties’ use of this communication platform. The quantitative content analysis focuses on Instagram images including their captions and comments (posts) that Swedish parties published four weeks prior to Election Day. The results suggest that not much changes on Instagram compared to other social media platforms: Swedish political parties hardly used Instagram to interact with their followers and the very few interactions taking place did not contribute to the exchange of relevant and substantive information about politics. Interaction and deliberation is also not enhanced by the images.
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| 11. |
- Russmann, Uta, et al.
(författare)
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No Interaction on Instagram : Political Party Use of Instagram in the 2014 Swedish Election
- 2022
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Ingår i: Research Anthology on Social Media’s Influence on Government, Politics, and Social Movements. - Hershey : IGI Global. - 9781668474723 - 9781668474730 ; , s. 659-667
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter addresses a neglected issue within the field of social media and political communication. It focuses on interaction processes on Instagram asking how political parties used Instagram—a platform that is centered around images—when engaging in interaction with their followers on the platform. The focus is on political parties' use of Instagram in the 2014 Swedish national election campaign. This gives an impression of the first attempts of political parties' use of this communication platform. The quantitative content analysis focuses on Instagram images including their captions and comments (posts) that Swedish parties published four weeks prior to Election Day. The results suggest that not much changes on Instagram compared to other social media platforms: Swedish political parties hardly used Instagram to interact with their followers, and the very few interactions taking place did not contribute to the exchange of relevant and substantive information about politics. Interaction and deliberation are also not enhanced by the images.
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| 12. |
- Sjudin, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Extended Object Tracking Using Sets of Trajectories with a PHD Filter
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 2021 IEEE 24th International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2021. ; , s. 961-968
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- PHD filtering is a common and effective multiple object tracking (MOT) algorithm used in scenarios where the number of objects and their states are unknown. In scenarios where each object can generate multiple measurements per scan, some PHD filters can estimate the extent of the objects as well as their kinematic properties. Most of these approaches are, however, not able to inherently estimate trajectories and rely on ad-hoc methods, such as different labeling schemes, to build trajectories from the state estimates. This paper presents a Gamma Gaussian inverse Wishart mixture PHD filter that can directly estimate sets of trajectories of extended targets by expanding previous research on tracking sets of trajectories for point source objects to handle extended objects. The new filter is compared to an existing extended PHD filter that uses a labeling scheme to build trajectories, and it is shown that the new filter can estimate object trajectories more reliably.
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| 13. |
- Strand, Cecilia, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Challenging the legacy of the past and present intimate colonialization - a study of Ugandan LGBT plus activism in times of shrinking communicative space
- 2023
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Ingår i: Information, Communication and Society. - : Routledge. - 1369-118X .- 1468-4462. ; 26:12, s. 2488-2505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Through a mixed-methods approach consisting of a directed content analysis of five established LGBT+ organizations' use of Twitter and Facebook during a month in 2022, and semi-structured qualitative interviews with social media content producers, the study attempts to understand the role of self-controlled social media spaces in challenging the Uganda society's logics of oppression. The results indicate that self-controlled spaces are not used for disrupting the basis for repression - the local logic of oppression - or its cocoon of collective post-colonial amnesia. Nor were spaces used for re-constructive engaging with transnational and development partners' unwitting impact on global south actors' agency and legitimacy. Instead, with a few exceptions, spaces displayed a conspicuous uniform human rights advocacy rhetoric, and Western identity labels summarized in the LGBT+ acronym. The interviews with social media content producers suggest that the LGBT+ community's dependency on international support may sway actors into what we call performative visibility, in self-controlled spaces. The study concludes that future analysis of Global South based activist's use of social media spaces' affordances including its potential for supporting de-colonialization efforts, must approach use as relational to actors' dependency on key resources such as funding and protection through affiliation.
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| 14. |
- Strand, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Foreign norm entrepreneurs’ mis-and disinformation narratives on LGBT+ in Europe
- 2022
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Ingår i: Medijska Istrazivanja. - : Media Research. - 1330-6928 .- 1846-6605. ; 28:2, s. 109-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With ample evidence that foreign state actors and non-state norm entrepreneurs are engaged in misinformation and disinformation campaigns challenging the European Union’s human rights framework on LGBT+, this study analyses the narratives that these actors disseminate. Based on two methods – a standard literature review of academic and “grey” literature, as well as complementary analysis of entries in the EUvsDisinfo database – the study identifies four main narratives that can be attributed to or are actively sponsored by non-European actors: 1) Opposing gender ideology and protecting God’s order, 2) Heteroactivism and the protection of the rights of the “natural” family, 3) LGBT+ rights as Western colonialism, and 4) LGBT+ rights as a threat to the rights of children. Even though EU’s strong protection of freedom of speech makes it challenging to address misinformation and disinformation that falls outside hate-speech legislation, this paper argues that exploring the following counter measures could be worthwhile: 1) harmonization of European legal frameworks, 2) financial scrutiny and 3) strengthened automatic detection, editorial policies, and community flagging, as well as the capacity to systematically deal with misinformation and disinformation campaign targeting LGBT+ across digital spaces in Europe.
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| 15. |
- Strand, Cecilia, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Situated Understanding of Vulnerability : An Analysis of Ugandan LGBT plus Exposure to Hate Crimes in Digital Spaces
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Homosexuality. - : Routledge. - 0091-8369 .- 1540-3602. ; 70:12, s. 2806-2827
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study maps Uganda LGBT+ experiences of online hate crime and analyzes how preexisting vulnerability morph in digital spaces. Based on field notes, workshop material, and interviews with 13 LGBT+ individuals, the study finds that digital presences in contexts where users are vulnerable due to state-sanctioned discrimination and social exclusion, digital arenas exacerbate users' vulnerability to hate crimes through their digital footprints. The longing for community and intimacy, together with in some cases an unfamiliarity with how digital media can be misused, appear to facilitate both the ideologically driven perpetrators hunting LGBT+, and Crime passionnel, where an (ex)partner miscalculates the implications of publishing private material. This study thus illustrates how digital spaces are not safe(r) spaces, where LGBT+ are free to playfully explore sexual orientation and gender non-conformity, away from society's abhorring gaze. Furthermore, contrary to what could be expected, LGBT+ individuals' vulnerability was most often not the result of an outside intruder hunting LGBT+ online. The article reiterates the importance of a situated approach, acknowledging the environmental influences when studying and addressing LGBT+ vulnerabilities in digital spaces.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Strand, Cecilia, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Western funding and its consequences for the Ugandan LGBT+ rights struggle : negotiating community dynamics and activism during Pride 2022
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global LGBTQ Activism. - London : Routledge. - 9781032498577 - 9781032498560 - 9781003395805 ; , s. 43-62
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Uganda gained international notoriety in 2009 for introducing one of the world’s harshest bills proposing the death penalty for homosexuality. Against the backdrop that the Ugandan LGBT+ community has enjoyed moral and financial support from international partners for more than a decade, this chapter examines and discusses the potential unintentional consequences of external and prolonged support of LGBT+ activism. Furthermore, unintended and unintentional consequences are likely to have fluctuated over time depending on domestic politics and international priorities. Through historical sources, the first part of the chapter traces the emergence of organized resistance against state-sanctioned homophobia in Uganda, as well as the entrance of international support to the community. The gala provided examples of how international funding has unintended consequences and potentially distorts intra-community relations. It is, however, also important to highlight that despite prolonged and pronounced donor dependency, Pride 2022 signaled a significant degree of community agency.
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| 18. |
- Stypinska, Justyna, et al.
(författare)
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Silicon Valley ageism : ideologies and practices of expulsion in the technology industry
- 2023
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Ingår i: Digital Ageism. - : Routledge. - 9781003323686 - 9781032271538 ; , s. 53-70
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter zooms in on the Silicon Valley, the US centre for innovative technology and home to 2000 technology companies. Inspired by the terminology of Sassen (2014), this chapter will describe how the technology industry has created a system of multiple modes of expulsions of “older” workers – from work relations, workspaces, ideologies and values, as well as digital products and services. The main purpose is to propose a theoretical framework guiding future empirical and critical research into the phenomenon of ageism, as well as other systems of oppression and discrimination in the technology industry. In this chapter, we propose a concept of “Silicon Valley Ageism” which is understood as negative attitudes, beliefs and behaviours towards adults perceived as “older” and manifested in interpersonal relations and institutional practices, as well as their narratives. This type of ageism can affect people already in their 30s. The aim of the chapter is to explore (1) what narratives of “older” age are constructed in Silicon Valley, (2) how this relates to workplace practices in the Valley and (3) how this has a bearing on the products and services coming out of Silicon Valley.
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| 19. |
- Svensson, Jakob, 1976-
(författare)
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A Study of Politicians in a Hybrid Media Setting During the 2014 Swedish Elections : A Logic Polarisation and Dissent
- 2020
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Ingår i: Examining the Roles of IT and Social Media in Democratic Development and Social Change. - : IGI Global. - 9781799817918 ; , s. 92-114
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter attends to the interactions between campaigning politicians and traditional news media in an online space of social networking. Studying campaigning Parliamentarians on Twitter during the 2014 Swedish election, traditional news media and their online presences represented a form of authority. The interactions were often charged with emotions and could be understood as a way to negotiate status and group (party) belonging, something that is particularly important for campaigning politicians in a party-based democracy like Sweden. By studying the interactions between Parliamentarians and traditional news media, the study concludes that Parliamentarians were expected to be angry and upset with political opponents in front of their party comrades. Hence the mass media logic of conflict is transferred online and also with network media logic, favouring attention-maximising, witty one-liners. This foregrounds polarisation and dissent at the expense of discussion and debate.
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| 20. |
- Svensson, Jakob, 1976-
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence is an oxymoron : The importance of an organic body when facing unknown situations as they unfold in the present moment
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 38:1, s. 363-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Departing from popular imaginations around artificial intelligence (AI), this article engages in the I in the AI acronym but from perspectives outside of mathematics, computer science and machine learning. When intelligence is attended to here, it most often refers to narrow calculating tasks. This connotation to calculation provides AI an image of scientificity and objectivity, particularly attractive in societies with a pervasive desire for numbers. However, as is increasingly apparent today, when employed in more general areas of our messy socio-cultural realities, AI- powered automated systems often fail or have unintended consequences. This article will contribute to this critique of AI by attending to Nicholas of Cusa and his treatment of intelligence. According to him, intelligence is equally dependent on an ability to handle the unknown as it unfolds in the present moment. This suggests that intelligence is organic which ties Cusa to more contemporary discussions in tech philosophy, neurology, evolutionary biology, and cognitive sciences in which it is argued that intelligence is dependent on having—and acting through—an organic body. Understanding intelligence as organic thus suggests an oxymoronic relationship to artificial.
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| 21. |
- Svensson, Jakob, 1976-
(författare)
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Behind Digital Innovations
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to discuss, evaluate, and address social consequences of digitalization, we need to study and understand key people and events behind today’s digital innovations. This research contributes to an ongoing discussion within critical data studies by focusing on humans and meeting places shaping digital innovations that are/will be realized in this connected and data-saturated society we find ourselves in. The focus will be on angel investors and venture capitalist, pitching events and conferences where innovators and investors meet and intermingle. I will present conclusions from pilot studies conducted in Sweden (Malmö, at MINC-Malmö Incubator), South Africa (Stellenbosch, at the LaunchLab) and the US (Austin, at SXSW – South by southwest conference & Silicon Valley, at Facebook and Google headquarters). The overall research question is how key people and events contribute to, and shape, current and future digital innovations. With my expertise coming from the Social Sciences, the focus will be on culture (in an anthropological understanding of culture) which in this project operationalized through norms, values, rituals, and imaginaries surrounding humans and meeting places behind digital innovations. What consequences does these norms, values, rituals, and imaginaries have in our digitalized societies? The project departs from the importance attributed to digital innovations, the promise they bring with a more connected world where digital innovations are believed to solve most, if not all, problems that our society faces such as climate change, infection tracing, increased polarization, and intolerance. I am still conducting these pilot studies (the last will be in June) and by the time of the conference I will have results to present.
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| 22. |
- Svensson, Jakob, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Broadcasting achievements : Social media practices of Swedish parties in-between elections through the lens of direct representation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies. - : Intellect Ltd.. - 2001-0818 .- 2049-9531. ; 9:2, s. 147-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inspired by Coleman's call for a more 'direct representation', we address two neglected issues within the field of social media and political communication. We study a nonelection period in Sweden (two randomly selected weeks in early 2016) and conduct a cross-platform comparison. The article is based on content analyses of the four prominent social media platforms: Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. We seek to answer the following questions: do parties use social media platforms in-between elections? If so, for what purposes? Do parties use social media to interact in a direct manner with citizens? We focus on three different Swedish parties: the Social Democrats (incumbent), the Feminist Initiative (underdog) and the Sweden Democrats (populist right-wing). Our findings suggest a bleak direct representation in-between elections. Parties are more active on social media platforms during election campaigns. Twitter is the preferred platform, especially by the incumbent party for broadcasting achievements.
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| 23. |
- Svensson, Jakob, 1976-
(författare)
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Coffee with the Algorithm : Imaginaries, maintenance and care in the everyday life of a news-ranking algorithm
- 2022
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Ingår i: Everyday Automation. - London : Routledge. - 9781003170884 - 9780367773380 - 9780367773403 ; , s. 114-125
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter seeks to make sense of automated decision-making and the role of humans in it by zooming in on imaginaries of algorithmic automation and the socio-institutional practices these were embedded in, in the everyday life of a news-ranking algorithm. The study is set in the newsroom of a Swedish daily. Algorithms are understood as culture, as unstable and developed through a variety of imaginaries and social practices that people in institutions employ and engage in when navigating algorithmic automation. One such practice was Algorithm Coffee; involving regular meetings to discuss the working and potential bettering of the algorithm. Imaginaries revolved around technological solutionism, how the algorithm could solve the newspaper’s problem with profitability by automating tasks previously undertaken manually by an editor. Nevertheless, the algorithm was labelled editor-led, allowing human editors to still oversee some of its parameters. Thus the algorithm did not interfere with journalisms’ imagined democratic purpose. By attending to everyday social dynamics around the news-ranking algorithm, the chapter underlines how algorithms are caught up within a set of relations through which the meaning and boundaries of algorithmic automation is negotiated. Therefore, the chapter argues that the everyday impacts automation as much as automation impacts the everyday.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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