| 1. |
- Blagoveshchenskaya, N. F., et al.
(författare)
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Artificial field-aligned irregularities in the nightside auroral ionosphere
- 2006
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Ingår i: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 38:11, s. 2503-2510
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental results from two Tromso HF heating experiments in the nightside high latitudinal F region are examined. Bi-static scatter measurements of HF diagnostic signals were carried out on the London-Tromso-St. Petersburg and Pori-Tromso-St. Petersburg paths using a Doppler spectral method. The properties and behaviour of artificial field-aligned small-scale irregularities (striations) in the nightside high latitudinal F-region in course of the Tromso ionospheric modification experiments are studied. Experimental studies have been performed by the use of phased array I with a beamwidth of 6 degrees instead of 12-14 degrees in phased array 2, more often used in Tromso ionospheric modification experiments. The comparison between two experiments carried out in the same background geophysical conditions, shows the strongest striations in the field-aligned position of the heater beam. Possible explanation for this angular dependence is self-focusing of HF pump waves on striations causing the energy to be distributed asymmetrically. A principal question related to HF heating experiments is how is the disturbed auroral ionosphere modified. The results obtained on two paths simultaneously have shown that the strong heater-induced striations were observed along with natural ones. Velocities of heater-induced striations were quite different at different parts of the heated volume. It is suggested that the heater-induced striations can be grouped in two patches at different heights possibly due to the temperature-gradient-driven instability.
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| 2. |
- Blagoveshchenskaya, N. F., et al.
(författare)
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Heater-induced phenomena in a coupled ionosphere-magnetosphere system
- 2006
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Ingår i: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 38:11, s. 2495-2502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental results from HF pumping experiments in the nightside auroral E and F region are reported. The experiments were carried out by the use of the EISCAT HF heating facility located near Tromso, Norway, allowing HF pumping the ionosphere in a near magnetic field-aligned direction. We present experimental results from multi-instrument observations related to heater-induced phenomena in a coupled ionosphere-magnetosphere system. The following results have been observed on different occasions: a reverberation effect in scattered signals observed simultaneously on two diagnostic paths which is an indication of Alfven wave generation. This phenomenon was seen under specific disturbed background geophysical conditions, namely, a high electron density in the F region up to 8 MHz produced by soft electron precipitation from the magnetosphere along with low electron density in lower ionosphere; increased ionospheric electric fields; ion outflows from the ionosphere. On another occasion a magnetospheric response to heater turning on and off was found from magnetic pulsation observations over a frequency range up to 5 Hz (the upper frequency limit of the sensitive magnetometer at Kilpisjarvi, located near Tromso). The response manifests itself about 1 min after the heater is turned on and off. Other results have shown the modification of a natural auroral arc and local spiral-like formation. It is thought that a local heater-driven current system is formed. An interesting feature is the generation of the heater-induced ion outflows from the ionosphere. They are observed in night hours under both quiet and disturbed magnetic conditions.
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| 3. |
- Daldorff, Lars Kristen Selberg, 1974-
(författare)
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Numerical Simulation as a Tool for Studying Waves and Radiation in Space
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Plasma physics governs the area of interactions between charged particles. As 99% of the visible universe is in a plasma state, it is an important topic in astronomy and space physics, where we already at an altitude of 60 km reach the plasma environment surrounding our planet in the form of the ionosphere. The search for fusion, the source of power for the sun, as well as industrial use have been the main topics for earth bound plasma reasurch. A plasma is composed of charged particles which interact by the electromagnetic force. In the kinetic description, via the Vlasov-Maxwell equations, the system is described in terms of probability distribution functions for each particle species, expressed in terms of particles position and velocity. The particles interact via self-consistent fields as determined by Maxwell's equations. For understanding the complex behaviour of the system, we need numerical solvers. These come in two flavours, Lagrangian methods, dealing with the moving around of synthetic particles, and Eulerian methods, which solve the set of partial differential, Vlasov and Maxwell equations. To perform the computations within reasonable time, we need to distribute our calculations on multiple machines, i.e. parallel programming, with the best possible matching between our computational needs and the need of splitting algorithms to adapt to our processing environment. Paper I studies electron and ion beams within a Lagrangian and fluid model and compare the results with experimental observations. This is continued with studies of a full kinetic system, using an Eulerian solver, for a closer look at electron-ion interactions in relation to ionospheric observations, (Papers II and IV). To improve the performance of the Eulerian solver it was parallelised (Paper III). The thesis is ending with the possibility to observe ultrahigh energy neutrinos from an orbiting satellite by using the Moon's surface as a detector Paper V.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Eliasson, B., et al.
(författare)
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Simulation study of the interaction between large-amplitude HF radio waves and the ionosphere
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 34:L0610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The time evolution of a large-amplitude electromagnetic (EM) wave injected vertically into the overhead ionosphere is studied numerically. The EM wave has a carrier frequency of 5 MHz and is modulated as a Gaussian pulse with a width of approximately 0.1 milliseconds and a vacuum amplitude of 1.5 V/m at 50 km. This is a fair representation of a modulated radio wave transmitted from a typical high-power HF broadcast station on the ground. The pulse is propagated through the neutral atmosphere to the critical points of the ionosphere, where the L-O and R-X modes are reflected, and back to the neutral atmosphere. We observe mode conversion of the L-O mode to electrostatic waves, as well as harmonic generation at the turning points of both the R-X and L-O modes, where their amplitudes rise to several times the original ones. The study has relevance for ionospheric interaction experiments in combination with ground-based and satellite or rocket observations.
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| 8. |
- Eliasson, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Zakharov simulation study of spectral features of on-demand Langmuir turbulence in an inhomogeneous plasma
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 113:A2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- [1] We have performed a simulation study of Langmuir turbulence in the Earth's ionosphere by means of a Zakharov model with parameters relevant for the F layer. The model includes dissipative terms to model collisions and Landau damping of the electrons and ions, and a linear density profile, which models the ionospheric plasma inhomogeneity whose length scale is of the order 10-100 km. The injection of energy into the system is modeled by a constant source term in the Zakharov equation. Langmuir turbulence is excited "on-demand" in controlled ionospheric modification experiments where the energy is provided by an HF radio beam injected into the overhead ionospheric plasma. The ensuing turbulence can be studied with radars and in the form of secondary radiation recorded by ground-based receivers. We have analyzed spectral signatures of the turbulence for different sets of parameters and different altitudes relative to the turning point of the linear Langmuir mode where the Langmuir frequency equals the local plasma frequency. By a parametric analysis, we have derived a simple scaling law, which links the spectral width of the turbulent frequency spectrum to the physical parameters in the ionosphere. The scaling law provides a quantitative relation between the physical parameters ( temperatures, electron number density, ionospheric length scale, etc.) and the observed frequency spectrum. This law may be useful for interpreting experimental results.
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| 9. |
- Guthman, Axel W., et al.
(författare)
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The LOIS project and astrophysics.
- 2005
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Ingår i: High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 2nd International Symposium: Conference Proceedings. ; 745, s. 770-773
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Ibragimov, Nail H., et al.
(författare)
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Conservation laws for symmetrised electromagnetic equations with a dual Ohm's law
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In all areas of physics, conservation laws are essential since they allow us to draw conclusions of our physical system under study in an indirect but efficient way. Electrodynamics, in terms of the standard Maxwell electromagnetic equations for fields in vacuum, exhibit a rich set of symmetries to which conserved quantities are associated. We have derived conservation laws for Dirac's symmetric version of the Maxwell-Lorentz microscopic equations, allowing magnetic charges and magnetic currents, where the latter, just as electric currents, are assumed to be described by a linear relationship between the field and the current, i.e. an Ohm's law. We find that when we use the method of Ibragimov to construct the conservation laws, they will contain two new adjoint vector fields which fulfil Maxwell-like equations. In particular, we obtain conservation laws for the electromagnetic field which are nonlocal in time.
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| 12. |
- Ibragimov, Nail H., et al.
(författare)
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Conservation laws for the Maxwell-Dirac equations with dual Ohm's law
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Mathematical Physics. - MELVILLE : AMER INST PHYSICS. - 0022-2488 .- 1089-7658. ; 48:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a general theorem on conservation laws for arbitrary differential equations proved by Ibragimov [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 333, 311-320 (2007)], we have derived conservation laws for Dirac's symmetrized Maxwell-Lorentz equations under the assumption that both the electric and magnetic charges obey linear conductivity laws (dual Ohm's law). We find that this linear system allows for conservation laws which are nonlocal in time. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Ibragimov, Nail H., et al.
(författare)
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Utilization of photon orbital angular momentum in the low-frequency radio domain
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 99:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show numerically that vector antenna arrays can generate radio beams that exhibit spin and orbital angular momentum characteristics similar to those of helical Laguerre-Gauss laser beams in paraxial optics. For low frequencies (1 GHz), digital techniques can be used to coherently measure the instantaneous, local field vectors and to manipulate them in software. This enables new types of experiments that go beyond what is possible in optics. It allows information-rich radio astronomy and paves the way for novel wireless communication concepts.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Karlsson, Roger L., et al.
(författare)
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Statistical properties of ionospheric stimulated electromagnetic emissions
- 2006
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Ingår i: Annales Geophysicae. - 0992-7689 .- 1432-0576. ; 24:7, s. 1851-1859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have analysed the statistical properties of the stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) spectral features in the steady state, reached after a long period of continuous HF pumping of the ionosphere in experiments performed at the Sura ionospheric radio research facility in Russia. Using a digital filter bank method, we have been able to analyse complex valued signals within narrow frequency bands. Each of the SEE spectral features are thereby separated into a number of narrow spectral components. Statistical tests were performed for all these spectral components and the distributions of the spectral amplitudes and phases were evaluated. Also, a test for sinusoidal components was performed. These tests showed that all observed SEE features were indistinguishable from coloured Gaussian noise. The test results exclude that the SEE features can be the result of a single isolated coherent process, but does not rule out that there could be many statistically independent parametric wave-wave processes taking place simultaneously at various parts of the HF-pumped ionosphere, as long as the superposition from all these is incoherent. Furthermore, from the test results, we cannot exclude the possibility that the waveforms of some, or all, of the SEE features may be chaotic.
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| 17. |
- Karlsson, Roger, 1971-
(författare)
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Theory and Applications of Tri-Axial Electromagnetic Field Measurements
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polarisation, which was first studied in optics, is a fundamental property of all electromagnetic fields. A convenient way to describe the polarisation of two dimensional electromagnetic fields is given by the Stokes parameters. This thesis deals with different aspects of wave polarisation and electromagnetic field measurements. A generalisation of the Stokes parameters to three dimensions is presented. The theory has been used to develop methods and systems for obtaining the polarisation parameters of electromagnetic waves. The methods can be applied for a wide range of electromagnetic fields, measured both on ground and onboard satellites. The applications include, e.g., direction-finding, polarisation analysis, radar, and several examples in the field of wireless communication. Further applications are given in the analysis of satellite data, where a whistler wave is considered. Whistlers are circularly polarised electromagnetic waves propagating in the magnetosphere along the geomagnetic field. Dispersion in the magnetospheric plasma make the whistler frequencies travel at different speeds and the signal takes the form of a chirp. From instantaneous polarisation analysis of the whistler´s magnetic wave field, the normal to the polarisation plane is obtained and found to precess around the geomagnetic field. A statistic analysis of ionospheric stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) is also presented. SEE is generated by injecting a powerful high frequency radio wave into the ionosphere. It is shown that the SEE features have a statistical behaviour indistinguishable from the amplitude and phase distributions of narrow-band Gaussian noise. The results suggests that SEE cannot be explained by simple coherent processes alone. Finally, an expression for the complex Poynting theorem is derived for the general case of anharmonic fields. It is found that the complex Poynting theorem, for real fields and sources, is not a conservation law of the imaginary part of electromagnetic energy.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Khotyaintsev, Mykola, 1979-
(författare)
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Radar Probing of the Sun
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is dedicated to the theory of solar radar experiments. The Sun exhibits a variety of interesting and complicated physical phenomena, examined mainly through analysis of its radiation. Active solar probing by radar provides an alternative possibility to study the Sun. This concept was tested originally in the 1960's by solar radar experiments at El Campo, Texas, but due to an insufficient level of technology at that time the experimental results were of a poor quality and thus difficult to interpret. Recently, the space weather program has stimulated interest in this topic. New experimental proposals require further development of the theory of solar radar experiments to meet the current knowledge about the Sun and the modern level of technology.Three important elements of solar radar experiments are addressed in this thesis: i) generation of wave turbulence and radiation in the solar corona, ii) propagation of the radar signal to the reflection point, and iii) reflection (scattering) of the incident radar signal from the Sun.It is believed that the radio emission of solar type II and III bursts occurs due to conversion of Langmuir waves, generated by electron beams, into electromagnetic radiation (plasma emission mechanism). The radar signal propagating through the emission source region can get scattered by the Langmuir turbulence and finally deliver the observer insights of the physics of this turbulence. Such process of scattering is considered in this thesis in the weak turbulence limit by means of the wave-kinetic theory. Scattering frequency shifts, scattering cross-sections, efficiency of scattering (the coefficient of absorption due to scattering), optical depths, and the spectra of the scattered signal are estimated.Type II solar radio bursts are known to be associated with the electron beams accelerated by interplanetary shocks. From their dynamic spectra the properties of the shocks and regions in the vicinity of the shock are usually inferred by assuming a plasma emission mechanism. In situ observations of the source region of type II burst, presented in this thesis, suggest that an additional emission mechanism may be present. This mechanism is related to energetic particles crossing the shock front, known in electrodynamics as transition radiation.Plasma density fluctuations are known to scatter radio waves and thus broadening their angular dispersion. In the thesis this process is studied in the solar wind and terrestrial electron and ion foreshocks on the basis of in situ observations of density fluctuations. It is shown that the angular broadening of the radar signal is negligible in this regions.The results of this thesis can be applied for the preparation of future solar radar experiments and interpretation of experimental data.
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| 20. |
- Kotov, P. V., et al.
(författare)
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Recovery of the ponderomotive parametric instability after long pumping of the ionosphere
- 2007
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Ingår i: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 40:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show that during high frequency (HF) pumping of the overhead ionosphere with a pump wave frequency slightly above the local fifth electron gyroharmonic, when one switches the pump wave from continuous pumping to low duty cycle pulse pumping, the stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE) features related to the ponderomotive parametric instability (PPI) near the pump wave reflection point, such as the ponderomotive narrow continuum and the narrow continuum maximum, recover and become dominating in the SEE spectra after a few seconds after the switch. Simultaneously, the ionospherically reflected pump wave signal exhibits a recovery of ponderomotive self-action and the damped quasi-periodical oscillations (spikes) of the reflected pump wave, also related to the PPI development. The intensity of the down-shifted maximum (DM) feature in the SEE spectra increases for about 1–2 s after the switch to the pulse mode, but later, together with PPI related phenomena recovery, the DM intensity decreases noticeably. The phenomena described are attributed to the relaxation of small-scale irregularities (striations). The latter provide strong scattering of the pump wave into upper hybrid waves, strong shielding of the pump wave reflection point, and generation of the upper-hybrid related DM feature.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Malo, J.O., et al.
(författare)
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Kenya International Radio Observatory (KIRO)
- 2006
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Ingår i: From Clark Lake to the Long Wavelength Array: Bill Erickson's Radio Science. - : Astronomical Society of the Pacific. - 158381213X ; , s. 488-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 23. |
- Mendonca, J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Neutrino orbital angular momentum in a plasma vortex
- 2008
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Ingår i: Europhysics letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 0295-5075 .- 1286-4854. ; 84:4, s. 41001-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is shown that an electron-neutrino beam, propagating in a background plasma, can be decomposed into orbital momentum (OAM) states, similar to the OAM photon states. Coupling between different OAM neutrino states, in the presence of a plasma vortex, is considered. We show that plasma vorticity can be transfered to the neutrino beam, which is relevant to the understanding of the neutrino sources in astrophysics. Observation of neutrino OAM states could eventually become possible.
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| 24. |
- Mendonca, J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Plasmons with orbital angular momentum
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physics of Plasmas. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-664X .- 1089-7674. ; 16:11, s. 112103-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electron plasma waves carrying orbital angular momentum are investigated in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma composed of inertial electrons and static ions. For this purpose, the usual plasmon dispersion relation is employed to derive an approximate paraxial equation. The latter is analyzed with a Gaussian beam solution. For a finite angular momentum associated with the plasmon, Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) solutions are employed for solving the electrostatic potential problem which gives approximate solution and is valid for plasmon beams in the paraxial approximation. The LG potential determines the electric field components and energy flux of plasmons with finite angular momentum. Numerical illustrations show that the radial and angular mode numbers strongly modify the profiles of the LG potential.
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| 25. |
- Mendonca, J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Backscattering of Collimated Beams Carrying Orbital Angular Momentum
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 102:18, s. 185005-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study theoretically the exchange of angular momentum between electromagnetic and electrostatic waves in a plasma, due to the stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscattering processes. Angular momentum states for plasmon and phonon fields are introduced for the first time. We demonstrate that these states can be excited by nonlinear wave mixing, associated with the scattering processes. This could be relevant for plasma diagnostics, both in laboratory and in space. Nonlinearly coupled paraxial equations and instability growth rates are derived.
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