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| 2. |
- Yan, C., et al.
(författare)
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Size-dependent influence of NOx on the growth rates of organic aerosol particles
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 6:22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF) affects climate by contributing to a large fraction of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) drive the early particle growth and therefore substantially influence the survival of newly formed particles to CCN. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is known to suppress the NPF driven by HOMs, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we examine the response of particle growth to the changes of HOM formation caused by NOx. We show that NOx suppresses particle growth in general, but the suppression is rather nonuniform and size dependent, which can be quantitatively explained by the shifted HOM volatility after adding NOx. By illustrating how NOx affects the early growth of new particles, a critical step of CCN formation, our results help provide a refined assessment of the potential climatic effects caused by the diverse changes of NOx level in forest regions around the globe.
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- Axfors, Cathrine, et al.
(författare)
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Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19 : a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Infectious Diseases. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2334. ; 21:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19 and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of convalescent plasma treatment compared to placebo or no treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, using data from all available randomized clinical trials, including unpublished and ongoing trials (Open Science Framework, ). Methods: In this collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis, clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Cochrane COVID-19 register, the LOVE database, and PubMed were searched until April 8, 2021. Investigators of trials registered by March 1, 2021, without published results were contacted via email. Eligible were ongoing, discontinued and completed randomized clinical trials that compared convalescent plasma with placebo or no treatment in COVID-19 patients, regardless of setting or treatment schedule. Aggregated mortality data were extracted from publications or provided by investigators of unpublished trials and combined using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model. We investigated the contribution of unpublished trials to the overall evidence. Results: A total of 16,477 patients were included in 33 trials (20 unpublished with 3190 patients, 13 published with 13,287 patients). 32 trials enrolled only hospitalized patients (including 3 with only intensive care unit patients). Risk of bias was low for 29/33 trials. Of 8495 patients who received convalescent plasma, 1997 died (23%), and of 7982 control patients, 1952 died (24%). The combined risk ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.92; 1.02) with between-study heterogeneity not beyond chance (I-2 = 0%). The RECOVERY trial had 69.8% and the unpublished evidence 25.3% of the weight in the meta-analysis. Conclusions: Convalescent plasma treatment of patients with COVID-19 did not reduce all-cause mortality. These results provide strong evidence that convalescent plasma treatment for patients with COVID-19 should not be used outside of randomized trials. Evidence synthesis from collaborations among trial investigators can inform both evidence generation and evidence application in patient care.
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- Al-Hallaq, Hania A., et al.
(författare)
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AAPM task group report 302 : Surface-guided radiotherapy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Medical Physics. - : Wiley. - 0094-2405 .- 2473-4209. ; 49:4, s. 82-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The clinical use of surface imaging has increased dramatically, with demonstrated utility for initial patient positioning, real-time motion monitoring, and beam gating in a variety of anatomical sites. The Therapy Physics Subcommittee and the Imaging for Treatment Verification Working Group of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine commissioned Task Group 302 to review the current clinical uses of surface imaging and emerging clinical applications. The specific charge of this task group was to provide technical guidelines for clinical indications of use for general positioning, breast deep-inspiration breath hold treatment, and frameless stereotactic radiosurgery. Additionally, the task group was charged with providing commissioning and on-going quality assurance (QA) requirements for surface-guided radiation therapy (SGRT) as part of a comprehensive QA program including risk assessment. Workflow considerations for other anatomic sites and for computed tomography simulation, including motion management, are also discussed. Finally, developing clinical applications, such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) or proton radiotherapy, are presented. The recommendations made in this report, which are summarized at the end of the report, are applicable to all video-based SGRT systems available at the time of writing.
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| 5. |
- Wang, Mingyi, et al.
(författare)
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Synergistic HNO3–H2SO4–NH3 upper tropospheric particle formation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 605:7910, s. 483-489
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles—comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO3–H2SO4–NH3 nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.
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| 8. |
- Odak, I., et al.
(författare)
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Teachers’ Social and Emotional Competencies : A Lever for Social and Emotional Learning in Schools
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sociologija i Prostor. - : Institute for Social Research Zagreb. - 1846-5226. ; 61:1, s. 105-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper focuses on social and emotional learning, and highlights empirical findings on its importance for teachers, students and schools. The importance of social and emotional learning in school settings has been a central focus of research for the last 30 years. The development of teachers’ social and emotional competencies has been an essential factor for improving social and emotional learning of students. Only when teachers are able to create a school climate in which students feel included and welcome, students can develop and enhance their social and emotional competencies. In this paper, we outline the main conceptual frameworks on social and emotional learning, emphasizing the CASEL framework, relevant for both young people and adults. We proceed by focusing on teachers’ social and emotional competencies, as teachers are one of the key figures for fostering and developing social and emotional competencies in school settings. Afterwards, we address the issue of development of teachers’ social and emotional competencies in various settings. The last part of the paper links teachers’ and students’ social and emotional competencies. We stress the importance of teachers’ social and emotional competencies for healthy teacher-student relationships, and students’ well-being and academic achievement. As teachers also need support for the development of these competencies, we advocate for comprehensive school-wide approach, in order to ensure the successful implementation of social and emotional learning in classrooms.
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| 10. |
- Sicuaio, Tomé, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-Objective Optimization Using Evolutionary Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Evacuation Planning
- 2022
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Ingår i: Geomatics. - : MDPI AG. - 2673-7418. ; 2:1, s. 53-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proper emergency evacuation planning is a key to ensuring the safety and efficiency of resources allocation in disaster events. An efficient evacuation plan can save human lives and avoid other effects of disasters. To develop effective evacuation plans, this study proposed a multi-objective optimization model that assigns individuals to emergency shelters through safe evacuation routes during the available periods. The main objective of the proposed model is to minimize the total travel distance of individuals leaving evacuation zones to shelters, minimize the risk on evacuation routes and minimize the overload of shelters. The experimental results show that the Discrete Multi-Objective Cuckoo Search (DMOCS) has better and consistent performance as compared to the standard Multi-Objective Cuckoo Search (MOCS) in most cases in terms of execution time; however, the performance of MOCS is still within acceptable ranges. Metrics and measures such as hypervolume indicator, convergence evaluation and parameter tuning have been applied to evaluate the quality of Pareto front and the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results showed that the DMOCS has better performance than the standard MOCS.
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