| 1. |
- Bshary, Redouan, et al.
(författare)
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Fish ecology and cognition : insights from studies on wild and wild-caught teleost fishes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-1546. ; 46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last decades, we witnessed a growing interest in animal cognition, in general, and in fish cognition, in particular. Here, we provide various study examples that employ an ecological approach to study cognition through field observations, field manipulations and laboratory tests on wild teleost fishes. In this review, we focus on cases with implications for understanding endotherm vertebrate cognition, that is, cases that show fishes possess supposedly ‘complex’ cognitive processes originally thought to warrant a more complex brain. Furthermore, in contrast to the classic interpretation of high/low performance as high/low cognitive abilities, incorporating an individual-level ecological approach reveals that low performance in a cognitive task may be caused by a mismatch between the experimental paradigm and the individual’s experience. The future avenue for wild fish cognition is to grasp better how individual, population and species differences in performance stem from differences in their ecological conditions.
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| 2. |
- De Dreu, Carsten K. W., et al.
(författare)
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Intergroup conflict : Origins, dynamics and consequences across taxa
- 2022
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 377:1851, s. 332-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although uniquely destructive and wasteful, intergroup conflict and warfare are not confined to humans. They are seen across a range of group-living species, from social insects, fishes and birds to mammals, including nonhuman primates. With its unique collection of theory, research and review contributions from biology, anthropology and economics, this theme issue provides novel insights into intergroup conflict across taxa. Here, we introduce and organize this theme issue on the origins and consequences of intergroup conflict. We provide a coherent framework by modelling intergroup conflicts as multi-level games of strategy in which individuals within groups cooperate to compete with (individuals in) other groups for scarce resources, such as territory, food, mating opportunities, power and influence. Within this framework, we identify cross-species mechanisms and consequences of (participating in) intergroup conflict. We conclude by highlighting crosscutting innovations in the study of intergroup conflict set forth by individual contributions. These include, among others, insights on how within-group heterogeneities and leadership relate to group conflict, how intergroup conflict shapes social organization and how climate change and environmental degradation transition intergroup relations from peaceful coexistence to violent conflict.
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| 3. |
- Triki, Zegni, et al.
(författare)
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A proposal to enhance data quality and FAIRness
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ethology. - : Wiley. - 0179-1613 .- 1439-0310. ; 128:9, s. 647-651
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, we witnessed an increasing number of funding agencies, scientific journals and scientists agreeing that society and science benefit from open access to research data. Benefits derive mainly from increased access to knowledge for all and improved transparency and credibility in academia. However, despite the advances in open science and open data, three significant aspects still need considerable policing: data quality, the accompanying summaries with basic information of the data files (i.e. metadata) and computational codes used to generate the research outcomes. Only by having these three components together, we can achieve efficient data sharing and reuse, and hence higher transparency. Here, we present two complementary approaches that potentially can help with shared data quality: (i) data file(s) sharing should be guided step-by-step in public archives with mandatory metadata, and (ii) journals creating assistant data editor positions at editorial boards with a leading role in data quality and computational reproducibility. Forty-four editors-in-chief in the field of behaviour, ecology and evolution shared their opinion with us regarding these two approaches. Although most of the views were divided, the majority estimated that their current editorial board members do not have the necessary skills to assess the quality of shared data. Since data are the core of research studies, we should consider not only data presence but also quality as a requirement for publication.
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| 4. |
- Triki, Zegni, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial mosaic brain evolution of relative telencephalon size improves inhibitory control abilities in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 76:1, s. 128-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mosaic brain evolution, the change in the size of separate brain regions in response to selection on cognitive performance, is an important idea in the field of cognitive evolution. However, untill now, most of the data on how separate brain regions respond to selection and their cognitive consequences stem from comparative studies. To experimentally investigate the influence of mosaic brain evolution on cognitive ability, we used male guppies artificially selected for large and small telencephalons relative to the rest of the brain. Here, we tested an important aspect of executive cognitive ability using a detour task. We found that males with larger telencephalons outperformed males with smaller telencephalons. Fish with larger telencephalons showed faster improvement in performance during detour training and were more successful in reaching the food reward without touching the transparent barrier (i.e., through correct detouring) during the test phase. Together, our findings provide the first experimental evidence showing that evolutionary enlargement of relative telencephalon size confers cognitive benefits, supporting an important role for mosaic brain evolution during cognitive evolution.
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| 5. |
- Triki, Zegni, et al.
(författare)
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Brain morphology correlates of learning and cognitive flexibility in a fish species (Poecilia reticulata)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 289:1978
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Determining how variation in brain morphology affects cognitive abilities is important to understand inter-individual variation in cognition and, ultimately, cognitive evolution. Yet, despite many decades of research in this area, there is surprisingly little experimental data available from assays that quantify cognitive abilities and brain morphology in the same individuals. Here, we tested female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in two tasks, colour discrimination and reversal learning, to evaluate their learning abilities and cognitive flexibility. We then estimated the size of five brain regions (telencephalon, optic tectum, hypothalamus, cerebellum and dorsal medulla), in addition to relative brain size. We found that optic tectum relative size, in relation to the rest of the brain, correlated positively with discrimination learning performance, while relative telencephalon size correlated positively with reversal learning performance. The other brain measures were not associated with performance in either task. By evaluating how fast learning occurs and how fast an animal adjusts its learning rules to changing conditions, we find support for that different brain regions have distinct functional correlations at the individual level. Importantly, telencephalon size emerges as an important neural correlate of higher executive functions such as cognitive flexibility. This is rare evidence supporting the theory that more neural tissue in key brain regions confers cognitive benefits.
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| 6. |
- Triki, Zegni, et al.
(författare)
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Marine Cleaning Mutualism Defies Standard Logic of Supply and Demand
- 2022
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Ingår i: American Naturalist. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0003-0147 .- 1537-5323. ; 199:4, s. 455-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Supply and demand affect the values of goods exchanged in cooperative trades. Studies of humans and other species typically describe the standard scenario that an increase in demand leads to a higher price. Here, we challenge the generality of that logic with empirical data and a theoretical model. In our study system, “client” fishes visit cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) to have ectoparasites removed, but cleaners prefer client mucus, which constitutes “cheating.” We removed 31 of 65 preselected cleaners from a large isolated reef patch. We compared cleaner-client interactions at the reef and a control reef before removal and 4 weeks after removal. Cleaner fish from the experimental treatment site interacted more frequently with large clients (typically visitors with access to alternative cleaning stations), but we did not observe any changes in service quality measures. A game-theoretic analysis revealed that interaction duration and service quality might increase, decrease, or remain unchanged depending on the precise relationships between key parameters, such as the marginal benefits of cheating as a function of satiation or the likelihood of clients responding to cheating as a function of market conditions. The analyses show that the principle of diminishing return may affect exchanges in ways not predicted by supply-to-demand ratios.
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| 7. |
- Triki, Zegni, et al.
(författare)
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Oxytocin has 'tend-and-defend' functionality in group conflict across social vertebrates
- 2022
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 377:1851
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Across vertebrate species, intergroup conflict confronts individuals with a tension between group interests best served by participation in conflict and personal interest best served by not participating. Here, we identify the neurohormone oxytocin as pivotal to the neurobiological regulation of this tension in distinctly different group-living vertebrates, including fishes, birds, rodents, non-human primates and humans. In the context of intergroup conflict, a review of emerging work on pro-sociality suggests that oxytocin and its fish and birds homologues, isotocin and mesotocin, respectively, can elicit participation in group conflict and aggression. This is because it amplifies (i) concern for the interests of genetically related or culturally similar 'in-group' others and (ii) willingness to defend against outside intruders and enemy conspecifics. Across a range of social vertebrates, oxytocin can induce aggressive behaviour to 'tend-and-defend' the in-group during intergroup contests.This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.
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| 8. |
- Triki, Zegni, et al.
(författare)
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Relative Brain Size and Cognitive Equivalence in Fishes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and evolution. - : S. Karger AG. - 0006-8977 .- 1421-9743. ; 96:3, s. 124-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scientists have long struggled to establish how larger brains translate into higher cognitive performance across species. While absolute brain size often yields high predictive power of performance, its positive correlation with body size warrants some level of correction. It is expected that larger brains are needed to control larger bodies without any changes in cognitive performance. Potentially, the mean value of intraspecific brain-body slopes provides the best available estimate for an interspecific correction factor. For example, in primates, including humans, an increase in body size translates into an increase in brain size without changes in cognitive performance. Here, we provide the first evaluation of this hypothesis for another clade, teleost fishes. First, we obtained a mean intraspecific brain-body regression slope of 0.46 (albeit with a relatively large range of 0.26-0.79) from a dataset of 51 species, with at least 10 wild adult specimens per species. This mean intraspecific slope value (0.46) is similar to that of the encephalisation quotient reported for teleosts (0.5), which can be used to predict mean cognitive performance in fishes. Importantly, such a mean value (0.46) is much higher than in endothermic vertebrate species (<= 0.3). Second, we used wild-caught adult cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus as a case study to test whether variation in individual cognitive performance can be explained by body size. We first obtained the brain-body regression slope for this species from two different datasets, which gave slope values of 0.58 (MRI scan data) and 0.47 (dissection data). Then, we used another dataset involving 69 adult cleaners different from those tested for their brain-body slope. We found that cognitive performance from four different tasks that estimated their learning, numerical, and inhibitory control abilities was not significantly associated with body size. These results suggest that the intraspecific brain-body slope captures cognitive equivalence for this species. That is, individuals that are on the brain-body regression line are cognitively equal. While rather preliminary, our results suggest that fish and mammalian brain organisations are fundamentally different, resulting in different intra- and interspecific slopes of cognitive equivalence.
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