| 1. |
- Chorell, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of probiotic feeding during weaning on the serum lipid profile and plasma metabolome in infants
- 2013
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Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 110:1, s. 116-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gut microbiome interacts with the host in the metabolic response to diet, and early microbial aberrancies may be linked to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders later in life. Probiotics have been proposed to affect metabolic programming and blood lipid levels, although studies are lacking in infants. Here, we report on the lipid profile and global metabolic response following daily feeding of probiotics during weaning. A total of 179 healthy, term infants were randomised to daily intake of cereals with (n 89) or without (n 90) the addition of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 (LF19) 108 colony-forming units per serving from 4 to 13 months of age. Weight, length and skinfold thickness were monitored. Venous blood was drawn at 5·5 and 13 months of age for analysis of the serum lipid profile. In a subsample, randomly selected from each group, GC-time-of-flight/MS was used to metabolically characterise plasma samples from thirty-seven infants. A combination of multi- and univariate analysis was applied to reveal differences related to LF19 treatment based on 228 putative metabolites, of which ninety-nine were identified or classified. We observed no effects of probiotic feeding on anthropometrics or the serum lipid profile. However, we detected significantly lower levels of palmitoleic acid (16 : 1) (P < 0·05) and significantly higher levels of putrescine (P < 0·01) in LF19-treated infants. Palmitoleic acid is a major MUFA strongly linked to visceral obesity, while putrescine is a polyamine with importance for gut integrity. Whether the observed differences will have long-term health consequences are being followed.
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| 2. |
- Hernell, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical effects of probiotics : scientific evidence from a paediatric perspective
- 2013
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Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 109:Suppplement 2, s. S70-S75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Probiotics are live micro-organisms that when given in adequate amounts can cause health benefits. The safety and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of various clinical conditions have been evaluated in randomised controlled clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Generally, their safety has been documented. As a supplement to standard rehydration therapy, probiotics have been demonstrated to shorten the duration of diarrhoea resulting from acute viral gastroenteritis and in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in healthy children. Preliminary evidence suggests that probiotics might prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very-low-birth-weight infants, but further studies are needed before definite conclusions can be drawn. Probiotics have also been assessed in the treatment and prevention of allergic disease but the results, although promising, need further confirmation. Targeting a paediatric population, probiotics have been evaluated in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Helicobacter pylori gastritis and infantile colic, but at this stage, there is no evidence to support their routine use for these indications. There is a great need for studies aiming at disentangling the mechanisms by which probiotics mediate their clinical effects and for comparative studies between various probiotic bacteria. We still need to know which probiotic(s) to use and for which indications. A clearer message on dosages, optimal timing and duration of administration is needed. For this purpose, more carefully designed and sufficiently powered, randomised controlled trials with predefined outcomes are needed.
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| 3. |
- Palmer, Debra J., et al.
(författare)
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Early regular egg exposure in infants with eczema : a randomized controlled trial
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 132:2, s. 387-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Observational studies suggest that early regular ingestion of allergenic foods might reduce the risk of food allergy. Objective: We sought to determine whether early regular oral egg exposure will reduce subsequent IgE-mediated egg allergy in infants with moderate-to-severe eczema. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial infants were allocated to 1 teaspoon of pasteurized raw whole egg powder (n = 49) or rice powder (n = 37) daily from 4 to 8 months of age. Cooked egg was introduced to both groups after an observed feed at 8 months. The primary outcome was IgE-mediated egg allergy at 12 months, as defined based on the results of an observed pasteurized raw egg challenge and skin prick tests. Results: A high proportion (31% [15/49]) of infants randomized to receive egg had an allergic reaction to the egg powder and did not continue powder ingestion. At 4 months of age, before any known egg ingestion, 36% (24/67) of infants already had eggspecific IgE levels of greater than 0.35 kilounits of antibody (kUA)/L. At 12 months, a lower (but not significant) proportion of infants in the egg group (33%) were given a diagnosis of IgE-mediated egg allergy compared with the control group (51%; relative risk, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.38-1.11; P 5.11). Egg-specific IgG4 levels were significantly (P <.001) greater in the egg group at both 8 and 12 months. Conclusion: Induction of immune tolerance pathways and reduction in egg allergy incidence can be achieved by early regular oral egg exposure in infants with eczema. Caution needs to be taken when these high-risk infants are first exposed to egg because many have sensitization already by 4 months of age.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Persson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Vitamin D deficiency at the Arctic Circle a study in food-allergic adolescents and controls
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 102:6, s. 644-649
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim At the extremes of latitude, UVB intensity is insufficient for adequate vitamin D synthesis in winter. Fatty fish, vitamin D enriched milk, margarine and eggs are main dietary sources of vitamin D. Their elimination may increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The aim was to assess vitamin D status in food-allergic adolescents eliminating milk, egg and/or fish compared with adolescents on normal diets. Methods In winter, vitamin D intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire in 20 food-allergic adolescents and 42 controls in the population-based Obstructive Lung Disease In Northern Sweden (OLIN) cohort studies. Vitamin D supplementation was queried. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and S-parathormone (S-PTH) levels were determined. Results Mean (SD) dietary vitamin D intake was 7.9 (3.6) g/day in allergic adolescents and 7.8 (3.4) in controls (p>0.05). Mean (SD) S-25(OH)D levels in supplement consumers were 44 (18) nmol/L compared with 35 (10) in non-consumers (p=0.03). S-25(OH)D and S-PTH levels were similar in food-allergic adolescents and controls (p>0.05). Eighty-two percentage had deficient S-25(OH)D levels <50nmol/L, and none reached levels >75nmol/L. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency was as common in food-allergic adolescents as in controls although the vitamin D intake met national recommendations. Large-scale studies on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this region are needed.
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| 6. |
- Vetukuri, Ramesh R., et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for involvement of Dicer-like, Argonaute, and Histone Deacetylase proteins in gene silencing in Phytophthora infestans
- 2011
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Ingår i: Molecular plant pathology. - : Wiley. - 1464-6722 .- 1364-3703. ; 12:8, s. 772-785
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gene silencing may have a direct or indirect impact on many biological processes in eukaryotic cells, and is a useful tool for the determination of the roles of specific genes. In this article, we report silencing in Phytophthora infestans, an oomycete pathogen of potato and tomato. Gene silencing is known to occur in P. infestans, but its genetic basis has yet to be determined. Genes encoding the major components of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, Dicer-like (Pidcl1), Argonaute (Piago1-5) and RNA-directed RNA polymerase (Pirdr1), were identified in the P. infestans genome by comparative genomics, together with families of other genes potentially involved in gene silencing, such as histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases, DEAD heli-cases, chromodomain proteins and a class 1 RNaseIII. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated transcript accumulation for all candidate genes throughout the asexual lifecycle and plant infection, but at different levels of mRNA abundance. A functional assay was developed in which silencing of the sporulation-associated Picdc14 gene was released by the treatment of protoplasts with in vitro-synthesized double-stranded RNAs homologous to Pidcl1, Piago1/2 and histone deacetylase Pihda1. These results suggest that the components of gene silencing, namely Dicer-like, Argonaute and histone deacetylase, are functional in P. infestans. Our data demonstrate that this oomycete possesses canonical gene silencing pathways similar to those of other eukaryotes.
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| 7. |
- West, Christina E, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between maternal antioxidant intakes in pregnancy and infant allergic outcomes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 4:11, s. 1747-1758
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antioxidant intakes in pregnancy may influence fetal immune programming and the risk of allergic disease. We investigated associations between maternal intakes of β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, copper and zinc, and infant allergic outcomes. Antioxidant intakes of pregnant women (n = 420) assessed prospectively by a food frequency questionnaire, were examined in relation to allergic outcomes at 1 year of age (n = 300). The main relationships with allergic outcomes were seen with dietary vitamin C and copper. Specifically, higher maternal dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a reduced risk of any diagnosed infant allergic disease and wheeze. After adjustment for potential confounders the relationship with wheeze remained statistically significant. There was also an inverse linear relationship between vitamin C and food allergy. Higher dietary copper intake was associated with reduced risk of eczema, wheeze and any allergic disease. The relationship with wheeze and any allergic disease remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis, and there was also an inverse linear relationship between copper and food allergy. However, these relationships were only seen for nutrients present in food. There were no relationships between β-carotene, vitamin E or zinc and any allergic outcomes. In summary, this study suggests that maternal diet of fresh foods rich in vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of infant wheeze, and that copper intake is associated with reduced risk of several allergic outcomes.
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| 8. |
- West, Christina E, et al.
(författare)
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Dietary Immunomodulatory Factors in the Development of Immune Tolerance.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. - : Springer. - 1529-7322 .- 1534-6315. ; 11:4, s. 325-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emerging evidence suggests that exposures during pregnancy and the early postnatal period can modify gene expression and disease propensity. Diet is a major environmental exposure, and dietary factors, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, folate, and other vitamins, have effects on immune function. Some also have been implicated in reduced risk of allergy in observational studies. Intervention trials with polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and oligosaccharides suggest preliminary but as-of-yet-unconfirmed benefits. Food allergen avoidance during pregnancy, lactation, or infancy has provided no consistent evidence in allergy prevention and is no longer recommended. Rather, there is now a focus on food allergens in tolerance induction. Specific nutrients can induce changes in gene expression during early development and have been implicated in potentially heritable "epigenetic" changes in disease predisposition. Collectively, these observations emphasize that early exposures may modify tolerance development and that further research on these exposures should remain a priority.
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| 9. |
- West, Christina E.
(författare)
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Gut microbiota and allergic disease : new findings
- 2014
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Ingår i: Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. - 1363-1950 .- 1473-6519. ; 17:3, s. 261-266
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of reviewDisturbed gut colonization patterns are proposed to be associated with the development of allergic disease.Recent findingsStudies using new systems biology methods confirm previous findings that early environmental exposures, for example cesarean delivery, are associated with disturbed gut colonization patterns and reduced microbial diversity. Low microbial diversity in infancy is also observed to precede onset of allergic disease. In a large population-based cohort study, probiotic consumption in pregnancy was associated with reduced risk of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis in the child, but not asthma. The association between probiotics and rhinoconjunctivitis appeared stronger if both mother and child (from 6 months) consumed probiotics. Follow-up data from primary prevention studies with probiotics do not support a role for probiotics in asthma prevention. In meta-analyses, both prebiotics (high-risk infants only) and probiotics modestly reduce the eczema risk, but no other allergic manifestations. Their use is not generally recommended for prevention, or treatment, of allergic disease.SummaryGut microbial patterns are associated with susceptibility to allergic disease, but the incomplete understanding of what constitutes a healthy gut microbiota that promotes tolerance, remains a challenge. Further understanding of gut microbial functions may pave the way for more effective allergy prevention and treatment strategies.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- West, Christina E, et al.
(författare)
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Probiotic effects on T-cell maturation in infants during weaning.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Allergy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0954-7894 .- 1365-2222. ; 42:4, s. 540-549
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We previously reported that feeding the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 (LF19) during weaning reduced the cumulative incidence of eczema.Objective: To investigate the impact of feeding LF19 on T-cell maturation.Methods: One hundred and seventy-nine healthy, term infants with no prior allergic manifestations were randomized to daily intake of cereals with (n = 89) or without (n = 90) the addition of LF19 108 colony forming units per serving from 4 to 13 months of age. Venous blood was drawn at 5.5 and 13 months of age. We used the cytokine response to polyclonal T-cell stimulation by anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies, and in vitro stimulation with the vaccine tetanus toxoid (TT) as measures of global adaptive immunity and capacity to raise a specific T-cell response, respectively. Expression levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and IL-10 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were used as proxies for general T-cell stimulation and naive Th0 cells, Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and T regulatory lineages.Results: There was no difference between the two groups at 5.5 months of age. At 13 months, the polyclonal IL-2 response was higher in the placebo group (P < 0.05), whereas the IFN-γ/IL-2 (P < 0.01) and IL-17A/IL-2 (P < 0.05) ratios after polyclonal stimulation were higher in the probiotic group, as was the TT-specific IL17-A response (P < 0.001). In both groups, the IFN-γ and IL-4 responses increased from 5.5 to 13 months upon both polyclonal and specific stimulation (P < 0.01), whereas the IL-10 response remained low (P > 0.05).Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Our findings suggest modest effects by probiotics on T-cell maturation following 9 months of probiotic intake. Future studies should address if specific probiotics may drive immune development with possible preventive effects on the development of allergic disease.
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| 12. |
- West, Christina E., et al.
(författare)
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Probiotics and eczema
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bioactive food as dietary interventions for arthritis and related inflammatory diseases. - San Diego : Academic Press. - 9780123971562 ; , s. 225-239
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 13. |
- West, Christina E., et al.
(författare)
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Probiotics in primary prevention of allergic disease - follow-up at 8-9 years of age
- 2013
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Ingår i: Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0105-4538 .- 1398-9995. ; 68:8, s. 1015-1020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Long-term effects of probiotics in primary prevention of allergic disease need further evaluation. We previously reported a reduced cumulative incidence of infant eczema by feeding Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei F19 (LF19) during weaning. Therefore, we assessed effects of LF19 on the prevalence of allergic disease at school age. Methods: In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial infants were randomized to daily intake of cereals with (n=89) or without LF19 10(8) CFU (n=90) from 4-13months of age. At age 8-9, we evaluated the prevalence of allergic disease (eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy) by clinical examination and validated questionnaires. IgE sensitization was assessed by skin prick test (inhalant allergens) and specific IgE levels (food allergens). Lung function was evaluated by a spirometry reversibility test. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was measured. Results: Of 171 children that completed the intervention, 121 were assessed at age 8-9. In the probiotic group, 15/59 (25%) were diagnosed with any allergic disease vs 22/62 (35%) in the placebo group [OR (95% CI) 0.62 (0.28-1.36)]. Corresponding numbers for IgE-associated allergic disease were 9/53 (17%) vs 12/59 (20%) [0.80 (0.31-2.09)]. Median (25th-75th percentile) FENO was 9 (8-12) in the probiotic vs 8 (7-12) ppb in the placebo group (P>0.05). There was no effect of LF19 on lung function measures (P>0.05). Conclusions: There was no long-term effect of LF19 on any diagnosed allergic disease, airway inflammation or IgE sensitization. This suggests delayed eczema onset but to fully examine long-term benefits a larger study population had been needed.
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| 14. |
- West, Christina E, et al.
(författare)
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Role of diet in the development of immune tolerance in the context of allergic disease
- 2010
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Ingår i: Current opinion in pediatrics. - 1040-8703 .- 1531-698X. ; 22:5, s. 635-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diet is arguably one of the most significant environmental exposures during early development. Here, we explore the effects of key perinatal dietary exposures on immune development and susceptibility to allergic disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Dietary changes are at the centre of the emerging epigenetic paradigms that underpin the rise in many modern diseases. There is growing evidence that exposures in pregnancy and the early postnatal period can modify gene expression and disease susceptibility. Specific nutrients, including antioxidants, oligosaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, folate and other vitamins, have documented effects on immune function. Some have also been implicated in modified risk of allergic disease in observational studies. Intervention studies are largely limited to trials with polyunsaturated fatty acids and oligosaccharides, showing preliminary but yet unconfirmed benefits in allergy prevention. Avoidance of food allergens in pregnancy, lactation or infancy has provided no clear evidence in allergy prevention and is no longer recommended. Rather there is focus on their role in tolerance induction. SUMMARY: Modern dietary changes are clearly implicated in the rising propensity for inflammatory immune responses. These dietary changes, which appear to be providing less tolerogenic conditions during early immune programming, may provide important avenues for preventing disease.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Winberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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High incidence and remission of reported food hypersensitivity in Swedish children followed from 8 to 12 years of age : a population based cohort study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Clinical and Translational Allergy. - : BioMed Central. - 2045-7022. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Few population-based cohort studies have examined reported food hypersensitivity longitudinally. We investigated prevalence, incidence and remission of perceived food hypersensitivity among schoolchildren from 8 to 12 years of age, and risk factors associated with incidence and remission. Methods: A population-based cohort including all 7-8 year-old children in three Swedish towns was recruited in 2006. A total of 2,585 (96% of invited) children participated in a parental questionnaire. The children in two of the towns, n = 1,700 (90% of invited) also participated in skin-prick-testing with airborne allergens. The cohort was followed using the same methods at 11-12 years of age. At study follow up, specific IgE to foods was analyzed in a randomized subset of children (n = 652). Results: The prevalence of perceived food hypersensitivity increased from 21% at 8 years to 26% at 12 years of age. During this four-year-period, the cumulative incidence of food hypersensitivity was high (15%), as was remission (33%). This pattern was particularly evident for hypersensitivity to cow's milk, while the incidence of hypersensitivity to other foods was lower. Female sex, allergic heredity, current rhinitis and allergic sensitization were associated with the incidence of food hypersensitivity and allergic sensitization was negatively associated with remission. Risk-factor-patterns for both incidence and remission were different for hypersensitivity to milk compared with hypersensitivity to other foods. Generally, the agreement between reported food hypersensitivity and IgE-sensitization to the implicated food was poor. Conclusions: In this longitudinal, population-based cohort-study perceived food hypersensitivity was common among children between ages 8 and 12, often transient and not well correlated with food-specific IgE. While these findings suggest an overestimated prevalence of food hypersensitivity, the public-health-significance remains high as they reflect the perceived reality to which the children adapt their life and food intakes.
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| 17. |
- Winberg, Anna, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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New validated recipes for double-blind placebo-controlled low-dose food challenges
- 2013
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 24:3, s. 282-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges are considered the most reliable method to diagnose or rule out food allergy. Despite this, there are few validated challenge recipes available. The present study aimed to validate new recipes for low-dose double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges in school children, by investigating whether there were any sensory differences between the active materials containing cow's milk, hen's egg, soy, wheat or cod, and the placebo materials. The challenge materials contained the same hypoallergenic amino acidbased product, with or without added food allergens. The test panels consisted of 275 school children, aged 810 and 1415yr, respectively, from five Swedish schools. Each participant tested at least one recipe. Standardized blinded triangle tests were performed to investigate whether any sensory differences could be detected between the active and placebo materials. In our final recipes, no significant differences could be detected between the active and placebo materials for any challenge food (p>0.05). These results remained after stratification for age and gender. The taste of challenge materials was acceptable, and no unfavourable side effects related to test materials were observed. In summary, these new validated recipes for low-dose double-blinded food challenges contain common allergenic foods in childhood; cow's milk, hen's egg, soy, wheat and cod. All test materials contain the same liquid vehicle, which facilitates preparation and dosing. Our validated recipes increase the range of available recipes, and as they are easily prepared and dosed, they may facilitate the use of double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges in daily clinical practice.
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