| 1. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Persistent regional frontotemporal hypoactivity in violent offenders at follow-up.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychiatry research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1781 .- 0925-4927 .- 1872-7123. ; 156:1, s. 87-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since cross-sectional brain-imaging studies demonstrating frontotemporal cerebral hypoactivity in violent offenders have generally been carried out around the time of trial and sentencing, the findings might be influenced by the stressful situation of the subjects. It seems that no group of offenders with this finding has yet been followed longitudinally. We have re-examined nine offenders convicted of lethal or near-lethal violence in whom single photon emission tomography (SPECT) previously had demonstrated frontotemporal hypoperfusion. The mean interval between the initial and the follow-up examination was 4 years. The initially observed hypoactivity was found to have remained virtually unchanged at follow-up: no mean change in the group exceeded 5% in 12 assessed regions of interest. Although preliminary due to the small sample size, this study suggests that frontotemporal brain hypoactivity is a trait rather than a state in perpetrators of severe violent crimes.
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| 2. |
- Curtis, Maurice A, et al.
(författare)
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Human neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulb via a lateral ventricular extension.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 315:5816, s. 1243-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the main pathway by which newly born subventricular zone cells reach the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents. However, the RMS in the adult human brain has been elusive. We demonstrate the presence of a human RMS, which is unexpectedly organized around a lateral ventricular extension reaching the OB, and illustrate the neuroblasts in it. The RMS ensheathing the lateral olfactory ventricular extension, as seen by magnetic resonance imaging, cell-specific markers, and electron microscopy, contains progenitor cells with migratory characteristics and cells that incorporate 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and become mature neurons in the OB.
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| 3. |
- Hellström, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Neuropsychological effects of shunt treatment in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Neurosurgery. - 1524-4040. ; 63:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the effects of shunting on the neuropsychological performance of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH), to compare their performance with that of healthy individuals, and to estimate the predictive utility of putatively important factors. METHODS: A consecutive series of 47 patients with INPH underwent neurological, radiological, and neuropsychological examinations before and 3 months after shunt surgery. The same neuropsychological tests, measuring simple and target reaction times, dexterity, memory and learning, working memory, and aspects of executive functioning, were also administered to 159 healthy individuals. RESULTS: Performance on all neuropsychological tests, except Simple Reaction Time and Digit Span, significantly improved after surgery, with more severe functional deficits showing greatest improvement. Age, education, duration, vascular comorbidity, sex, and onset symptom all failed to predict the neuropsychological effects of treatment. Despite improvement 3 months after shunt surgery, INPH patients were still outperformed by healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: Most of the wide range of neuropsychological functions that are affected by INPH are markedly improved by shunt treatment, but not completely restored.
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| 4. |
- Hellström, Per, et al.
(författare)
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The neuropsychology of patients with clinically diagnosed idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Neurosurgery. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1524-4040 .- 0148-396X. ; 61:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare the neuropsychological performance of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) with that of healthy individuals and to examine its relation to neurological signs, vascular comorbidity, and background factors. METHODS: A consecutive series of 58 patients with INPH underwent neurological, neuroradiological, and neuropsychological examinations. The neuropsychological tests, measuring vigilance, fine movements of the hands, learning, working memory, and aspects of executive functioning, were also administered to 108 healthy individuals. RESULTS: Patients performed worse than healthy individuals on all included tests. Significant correlations between test results were more frequent and stronger among patients and the degree of neuropsychological impairment was related to the severity of other signs of INPH. Patients with vascular risk factors performed worse than those without. CONCLUSION: The neuropsychological deficits in INPH are widely distributed, interrelated, associated with neurological signs, and aggravated by vascular comorbidity.
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| 5. |
- Kondziella, Daniel, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Brain metabolism in adult chronic hydrocephalus.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of neurochemistry. - : Wiley. - 1471-4159 .- 0022-3042. ; 106:4, s. 1515-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is the most frequent form of chronic hydrocephalus in adults. NPH remains underdiagnosed although between 5% and 10% of all demented patients may suffer from this disorder. As dementia is an increasing demographic problem, treatable forms such as in NPH have become a central issue in neurology. Despite the traditional perception of hydrocephalus being a disorder of disturbed CSF dynamics, in NPH metabolic impairment seems at least as important. So far, the only valid animal model of NPH is chronic adult kaolin hydrocephalus. In this model, opening of alternative CSF outflow pathways leads to normal or near-normal intracranial pressure and CSF outflow resistance. Yet, various metabolic disturbances cause ongoing ventricular enlargement and characteristic symptoms including cognitive decline and gait ataxia. Delayed hippocampal neuronal death, accumulation of beta-amyloid and disturbed cholinergic neurotransmission may contribute to memory dysfunction. Compromised periventricular blood flow, decreased dopamine levels in the substantia nigra and damaged striatal GABAergic interneurons may reflect basal ganglia symptoms. At least in human hydrocephalus cerebrovascular co-morbidity of the white matter plays an important role as well. It seems that in hydrocephalus from a certain 'point of no return' metabolic impairment becomes decoupled from CSF dynamics and, at least partly, self-sustained. This is probably the reason why despite restored CSF circulation by shunting many patients with chronic hydrocephalus still suffer from severe neurological deficits. The present paper offers a comprehensive review of the experimental and clinical data suggesting metabolic disturbances in chronic hydrocephalus.
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| 10. |
- Tullberg, Mats, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal fluid markers before and after shunting in patients with secondary and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cerebrospinal fluid research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-8454. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore biochemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) induced by shunt surgery and the relationship between these changes and clinical improvement. METHODS: We measured clinical symptoms and analysed lumbar CSF for protein content, neurodegeneration and neurotransmission markers in patients with secondary (SNPH, n = 17) and idiopathic NPH (INPH, n = 18) before and 3 months after shunt surgery. Patients were divided into groups according to whether or not there was improvement in clinical symptoms after surgery. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the only pathological findings were elevated neurofilament protein (NFL), significantly more so in the SNPH patients than in the INPH patients, and elevated albumin content. Higher levels of NFL correlated with worse gait, balance, wakefulness and neuropsychological performance. Preoperatively, no differences were seen in any of the CSF biomarkers between patients that improved after surgery and those that did not improve. Postoperatively, a greater improvement in gait and balance performance correlated with a more pronounced reduction in NFL. Levels of albumin, albumin ratio, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide and ganglioside GD3 increased significantly after shunting in both groups. In addition, Gamma amino butyric acid increased significantly in SNPH and tau in INPH. CONCLUSION: We conclude that a number of biochemical changes occur after shunt surgery, but there are no marked differences between the SNPH and INPH patients. The results indicate that NFL may be a marker that can predict a surgically reversible state in NPH.
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| 11. |
- Tullberg, Mats, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament protein levels decrease in parallel with white matter pathology after shunt surgery in normal pressure hydrocephalus.
- 2007
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Ingår i: European journal of neurology : the official journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. - 1468-1331. ; 14:3, s. 248-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is characterized by disturbed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and white matter lesions (WML). Although the morphology of these lesions is described, little is known about the biochemistry. Our aim was to explore the relationship between ventricular CSF markers, periventricular WML and postoperative clinical outcome in patients with NPH. We analysed lumbar and ventricular concentrations of 10 CSF markers, 12 clinical symptoms and signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) periventricular white matter hyperintensities (PVH) and ventricular size before and 3 months after shunt surgery in 35 patients with NPH. Higher ventricular CSF neurofilament protein (NFL), an axonal marker, correlated with more extensive PVH. A larger postoperative reduction in NFL correlated with larger reduction in PVH and a more pronounced overall improvement. Albumin ratio, HMPG, NPY, VIP and GD3 increased postoperatively whereas NFL, tau and HVA decreased. Variations in ventricular size were not associated with CSF concentrations of any marker. We conclude that NPH is characterized by an ongoing periventricular neuronal dysfunction seen on MRI as PVH. Clinical improvement after shunt surgery is associated with CSF changes indicating a restitution of axonal function. Other biochemical effects of shunting may include increased monoaminergic and peptidergic neurotransmission, breakdown of blood brain barrier function, and gliosis.
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| 12. |
- Wikkelsö, Carsten, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Kognitiva funktionsstörningar och demenssjukdom
- 2006
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Ingår i: Lärobok i Neurologi. Aquelonius SM, Fabius J (eds). - : Liber. - 9789147053131 ; , s. 277-96
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Ziegelitz, Doerthe, et al.
(författare)
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Absolute quantification of cerebral blood flow in neurologically normal volunteers: dynamic-susceptibility contrast MRI-perfusion compared with computed tomography (CT)-perfusion.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1522-2594 .- 0740-3194. ; 62:1, s. 56-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To improve the reproducibility of arterial input function (AIF) registration and absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF) quantification in dynamic-susceptibility MRI-perfusion (MRP) at 1.5T, we rescaled the AIF by use of a venous output function (VOF). We compared CBF estimates of 20 healthy, elderly volunteers, obtained by computed tomography (CT)-perfusion (CTP) and MRP on two consecutive days. MRP, calculated without the AIF correction, did not result in any significant correlation with CTP. The rescaled MRP showed fair to moderate correlation with CTP for the central gray matter (GM) and the whole brain. Our results indicate that the method used for correction of partial volume effects (PVEs) improves MRP experiments by reducing AIF-introduced variance at 1.5T.
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