| 1. |
- Almås, Ingvild, et al.
(författare)
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The Economics of Hypergamy
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:1, s. 260-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Partner selection is a vital feature of human behavior with important consequences for individuals, families, and society. We use the term hypergamy to describe a phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for husbands to be of higher rank within the male earnings capacity distribution than their wives are within the female distribution. Such patterns are difficult to verify empirically because earnings are both a cause and an effect of the mating process. Using parental earnings rank as a predetermined measure of earnings capacity to solve the simultaneity problem, we show that hypergamy is an important feature of today’s mating patterns in one of the most gender-equal societies in the world, namely Norway. Through its influence on household specialization, we argue that hypergamy may explain parts of the remaining gender wage gap.
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| 2. |
- Bingley, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Brothers in Arms Spillovers from a Draft Lottery
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 56:1, s. 225-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While family members tend to have similar labor market outcomes, measuring the contribution of behavioral spillovers is difficult. To identify spillovers between brothers, we exploit Denmark's largest random assignment of young men—to eight months of military service, where service status of brothers is correlated, but draft lottery numbers are not. We find average spillovers of elder brother service on younger brother service of 7 percent, and as high as 55 percent for closely spaced brothers without sisters. Elder brother's military service affects his own occupational choice and his younger brother's service by discouraging any refusal to serve.
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| 3. |
- Björkegren, Evelina, et al.
(författare)
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Pre- and Post-Birth Components of Intergenerational Persistence in Health and Longevity: Lessons from a Large Sample of Adoptees
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:1, s. 112-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use a large sample of Swedish-born adoptees and their biological and adopting parents to decompose the persistence in health inequality across generations into pre-birth and post-birth components. We use three sets of measures for health outcomes in the second generation: mortality, measures based on data on hospitalization and, finally, measures using birth outcomes for the third generation. The results show that all of the persistence in mortality is transmitted solely via pre-birth factors, while the results for the hospitalization measures suggest that at least three quarters of the intergenerational persistence in health is attributable to the biological parents.
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| 4. |
- Chen, Yvonne Jie, et al.
(författare)
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Early-Life Exposure to Tap Water and the Development of Cognitive Skills
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:6, s. 2113-2149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the impact of early-life exposure to tap water on children’s cognitive skills in later life. We exploit the variation in the timing of tap water connections across communities imposed by a major drinking water safety program in rural China. Using data extracted from the China Family Panel Studies, we find that one additional year of exposure to tap water in early life increases the cognitive test score at ages 10–15 by 0.132 standard deviations. The event study estimates confirm that the beneficial impacts of tap water exposure are concentrated in early life.
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| 5. |
- Costa-Ramón, Ana María, et al.
(författare)
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The Long-Run Effects of Cesarean Sections
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 57:6, s. 2048-2085
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the long-term effects of potentially avoidable cesarean sections on children’s health. Using Finnish administrative data, we document that physicians perform more unplanned C-sections during their regular working hours on days that precede a weekend or public holiday and use this exogenous variation as an instrument for C-sections. We supplement our instrumental variables results with a differences-in-differences estimation strategy that exploits variation in birth mode within sibling pairs and across families. Our results suggest that avoidable unplanned C-sections increase the risk of asthma, but do not affect other immune-mediated disorders previously associated with C-sections.
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| 6. |
- Engdahl, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Early Labor Market Prospects and Family Formation
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using quasi-random variation in graduation years of Swedish vocational high-school females at the sudden onset of a deep national recession, we study how deteriorated early labor-market prospects affected economic and family outcomes during the following decades. Labor-market consequences were severe but not permanent. In contrast, family outcomes were permanently altered, in particular for low-GPA women. These women married and had children earlier, and they partnered with lower-performing spouses. Divorce and single-motherhood rates rose, and welfare-claims remained elevated for decades. This suggests that temporary shocks to female labor market prospects can propagate into long-run poverty through endogenous adjustments of marriage-quality thresholds.
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| 7. |
- Fogelgren, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Is Supported Employment Effective for Young Adults with Disability Pension? : Evidence from a Swedish Randomized Evaluation
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:2, s. 452-487
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports results from a large-scale randomized experiment evaluating whether a supported employment rehabilitation intervention strategy can improve labor market opportunities for young adults on disability pension better than regular vocational rehabilitation. The supported employment intervention utilizes a caseworker as back-up for the individual during training to reduce employers’ risks when hiring an individual with unclear productivity. In total, 1,062 individuals were randomly assigned between interventions. The main results show that 18 months after the start of the project, participants with supported employment have work rates that are approximately 10 percentage points higher than participants who received regular rehabilitation.
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| 8. |
- Holmlund, Helena
(författare)
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How Much Does Marital Sorting Contribute to Intergenerational Socioeconomic Persistence?
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:2, s. 372-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work investigates to what extent assortative mating contributes to intergenerational earnings persistence. I use an errors-in-variables model to demonstrate how pooling of partners' "potential" earnings affects intergenerational earnings persistence, and I simulate persistence under different assumptions about assortative mating and women's earnings distribution. Using Swedish data on cohorts born 1945-1965 and rank-based measures, I show that a substantial decline in marital sorting has contributed little to lowering intergenerational persistence. The intergenerational elasticity (IGE) is, however, more sensitive to sorting, in particular for women. Overall, variations in marital sorting must be large to affect intergenerational mobility to a great extent. Instead, the relative earnings distributions of men and women, in combination with sorting, are important for intergenerational persistence.
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| 9. |
- Håkanson, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Firms and Skills The Evolution of Worker Sorting
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 56:2, s. 512-538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We document a significant increase in the sorting of workers by cognitive and noncognitive skills across Swedish firms during 1986–2008. During this period, worker skill differences between firms increased, while within-firm skill differences fell. A significant fraction of the increase in the between-firm differences in cognitive skill is due to high-skilled workers moving into the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Within-firm skill differences fell in all major industries, but particularly in the manufacturing sector. Combined with steeper firm-level skill gradients, the increase in sorting can account for 45 percent of the increase in between-firm wage dispersion during our period of study.
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| 10. |
- Lazuka, Volha
(författare)
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Infant Health and Later-Life Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Introduction of Sulpha Antibiotics in Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 55:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of improvements in infant health produced by the introduction of sulphapyridine in the late-1930s as treatment against pneumonia on outcomes in adulthood. Based on longitudinal individual data for the whole population of Sweden 1968–2012 and archival data on the availability of sulphapyridine and applying a difference-in-differences approach, it finds that mitigation of pneumonia infection in infancy increased labour income in late adulthood by 2.8–5.3 percent. The beneficial effects are strong for health, measured by length of stay in hospital, and weaker for years of schooling. These effects are similar between men and women.
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| 11. |
- Lundin, Martin, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Leadership Experiences, Labor Market Entry, and Early Career Trajectories
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 56:2, s. 480-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Matching archive data on election discontinuities to register data on labor market trajectories, we estimate the causal effects of being elected into Swedish student union councils on subsequent labor market careers. Marginally elected students are much more likely to have a rapid transition into employment. Effects are not confined to establishments, organizations, or industries where previous candidates are employed, suggesting that the benefits are general in nature. Elected representatives have higher labor earnings within three years, but not thereafter. Overall, leadership experiences before labor market entry boost individuals' early careers, whereas mid-term outcomes are unaffected.
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| 12. |
- Malamud, O., et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Education on Mortality and Health: Evidence from a Schooling Expansion in Romania
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:2, s. 561-592
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines a schooling expansion in Romania that increased educational attainment for successive cohorts born between 1945 and 1950. We use a difference-in-regression discontinuities (D-RD) design based on school entry cutoff dates to estimate impacts on mortality using 1994-2016 Vital Statistics data, self-reported health in the 2011 Romanian Census, and hospitalizations from 1997-2017 in-patient registers. We find that the schooling reform led to significant increases in years of schooling but did not affect mortality, hospitalizations, or self-reported health. These estimates provide new evidence for the causal effect of education on mortality and health outside of high-income countries and at lower margins of educational attainment. © 2021, Journal of Human Resources All Rights Reserved.
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| 13. |
- Runeson, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Screening through Activation? : Differential Effects of a Youth Activation Program
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:3, s. 1033-1077
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the dual role of active labor market policies. First, active labor market programs (ALMPs) may perform a screening role by increasing job-search incentives already before program participation, especially among individuals with good labor market prospects. Second, actual program participation may help individuals with poor labor market prospects. We examine whether this type of pattern can be found in individual responses to a nationwide youth activation program in Sweden using a regression discontinuity (RD) design. We find that individuals with a high predicted probability of finding work respond to the threat of activation, whereas there is no effect for individuals with weak labor market prospects.
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| 14. |
- Simeonova, Emilia, et al.
(författare)
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Congestion Pricing, Air Pollution, and Children's Health
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 56:4, s. 971-996
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the effects of a congestion tax in central Stockholm on ambient air pollution and the health of local children. We demonstrate that the tax reduced ambient air pollution by 5-15 percent and the rate of acute asthma attacks among young children. We do not see corresponding changes in accidents or hospitalizations for nonrespiratory conditions. As the change in health was more gradual than the change in pollution, it may take time for the full health effects of changes in pollution to materialize if the mechanism is pollution. Hence, short-run estimates of pollution reduction programs may understate long-run health benefits.
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| 15. |
- Singh, Abhijeet, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 Learning loss and recovery : Panel data evidence from India
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 1548-8004 .- 0022-166X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use a panel survey of ~ 19,000 primary-school-aged children in rural Tamil Nadu to study ‘learning loss’ after COVID-19-induced school closures, and the pace of recovery after schools reopened. Students tested in December 2021 (18 months after school closures) displayed learning deficits of ~0.73σ in math and 0.34σ in language compared to identically-aged students in the same villages in 2019. Two-thirds of this deficit was made up within 6 months after schools reopened. Further, while learning loss was regressive, recovery was progressive. A government-run after-school remediation program contributed ~24% of the cohort-level recovery, likely aiding the progressive recovery.
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