| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- de Mendoza, Diego, et al.
(författare)
-
Control of membrane lipid homeostasis by lipid-bilayer associated sensors: A mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans.
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Progress in lipid research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2194 .- 0163-7827. ; 76
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lipid composition of biological membranes is key for cell viability. Nevertheless, and despite their central role in cell function, our understanding of membrane physiology continues to lag behind most other aspects of cell biology. The maintenance of membrane properties in situations of environmental stress requires homeostatic sense-and-response mechanisms. For example, the balance between esterified saturated (SFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), is a key factor determining lipid packing, water permeability, and membrane fluidity. The reduced thermal motion of lipid acyl chains triggered by an increase in SFAs causes a tighter lipid packing and increase the membrane viscosity. Conversely almost all organisms adapt to membrane rigidifying conditions, such as low temperature in poikilotherms, by incorporating more lipids with poorly packing unsaturated acyl chains. The molecular mechanisms underlying membrane homeostasis are only starting to emerge through combinations of genetics, cell biology, lipidomics, structural approaches and computational modelling. In this review we discuss recent advances in defining molecular machineries responsible for sensing membrane properties and mediating homeostatic responses in bacteria, yeast and animals. Although these organisms use remarkably distinct sensing mechanisms to mediate membrane adaptation, they suggest that the principle of transmembrane signaling to integrate membrane composition with lipid biosynthesis is ancient and essential for life.
|
|
| 3. |
- Duan, Rui-Dong, et al.
(författare)
-
Metabolism of sphingolipids in the gut and its relation to inflammation and cancer development.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Progress in lipid research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2194 .- 0163-7827. ; 48:1, s. 62-72
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sphingolipids are abundant in the microvillar membrane of intestinal epithelial cells where they are essential for structural integrity and may act as receptors for toxins, virus and bacteria. Metabolism of dietary and membrane sphingolipids in the intestine generates ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and ceramide-1-phosphate, via the action of alkaline sphingomyelinase, neutral ceramidase, sphingosine-1-kinase, and ceramide-1-kinase. These intermediary metabolites act as bioactive lipid messengers, influencing numerous cellular functions including growth, differentiation and apoptosis of both epithelial and immunocompetent cells in the gastrointestinal tract, and also the progress of inflammation and responsiveness of the mucosal cells to pathogens. This review summarizes background and recent progress in the metabolism of dietary and endogenous sphingolipids in the gut and its pathophysiological implications.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Guillou, Hervé, et al.
(författare)
-
The key roles of elongases and desaturases in mammalian fatty acid metabolism : insights from transgenic mice
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Progress in lipid research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-7827 .- 1873-2194. ; 49:2, s. 186-99
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In mammalian cells, elongases and desaturases play critical roles in regulating the length and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids and thereby their functions and metabolic fates. In the past decade, a great deal has been learnt about these enzymes and the first part of this review summarizes our current knowledge concerning these enzymes. More recently, several transgenic mouse models lacking either an elongase (Elovl3(-/-), Elovl4(-/-), Elovl5(-/-), Elovl6(-/-)) or a desaturase (Scd-1(-/-), Scd-2(-/-), Fads2(-/-)) have been developed and the second part of this review focuses on the insights gained from studies with these mice, as well as from investigations on cell cultures.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hunt, Mary, et al.
(författare)
-
Novel functions of acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases as auxiliary enzymes in peroxisomal lipid metabolism
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Progress in Lipid Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2194 .- 0163-7827. ; 47:6, s. 405-421
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peroxisomes are single membrane bound organelles present in almost all eukaryotic cells, and to date have been shown to contain approximately 60 identified enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways, including the oxidation of a variety of lipids. These lipids include very long-chain fatty acids, methyl branched fatty acids, prostaglandins, bile-acid precursors and xenobiotics that are either beta-oxidized or alpha-oxidized in peroxisomes. The recent identification of several acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases in peroxisomes has revealed their various functions in acting as auxiliary enzymes in alpha- and beta-oxidation in this organelle. To date, 9 functional acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases have been identified in mouse and 4 functional acyl-CoA thioesterases and acyltransferases in human, thus these enzymes make up a substantial portion of peroxisomal proteins. This review will therefore focus on new and emerging roles for these enzymes in assisting with the oxidation of various lipids, amidation of lipids for excretion from peroxisomes, and in controlling coenzyme A levels in peroxisomes.
|
|
| 7. |
- Hyötyläinen, Tuulia, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Systems biology strategies to study lipidomes in health and disease
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Progress in lipid research. - : Elsevier. - 0163-7827 .- 1873-2194. ; 55:1, s. 43-60
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lipids are a diverse group of metabolites that have many key biological functions, acting as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage sources and intermediates in signaling pathways. Due to their importance lipids are under tight homeostatic control and exhibit spatial and dynamic complexity at multiple levels. It is thus not surprising that altered lipid metabolism plays important roles in the pathogenesis of most of the common diseases. Lipidomics emerged as a discipline which is dedicated to global study of lipidomes, including pathways and networks of lipids in biological systems. When studying the lipidomes at a systems level, one of the key challenges is how to address the lipid functionality at many physiological levels, from metabolic and signaling pathways to spatial systems such as cellular membranes and lipoprotein particles. Besides the better analytical techniques to study lipids, computational techniques have started to emerge which enable modeling of lipidomes in their spatial and dynamic context. Together, the recent methodological advances in lipidomics have a potential to open novel avenues for predictive and preventive medicine. This review focuses on progress in systems approaches to study lipids in health and disease, with specific emphasis on clinical applications.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Petroutsos, Dimitris, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolution of galactoglycerolipid biosynthetic pathways--from cyanobacteria to primary plastids and from primary to secondary plastids.
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Progress in lipid research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-7827 .- 1873-2194. ; 54, s. 68-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photosynthetic membranes have a unique lipid composition that has been remarkably well conserved from cyanobacteria to chloroplasts. These membranes are characterized by a very high content in galactoglycerolipids, i.e., mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively). Galactoglycerolipids make up the bulk of the lipid matrix in which photosynthetic complexes are embedded. They are also known to fulfill specific functions, such as stabilizing photosystems, being a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for various purposes and, in some eukaryotes, being exported to other subcellular compartments. The conservation of MGDG and DGDG suggests that selection pressures might have conserved the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, but this does not appear to be the case. Important evolutionary transitions comprise primary endosymbiosis (from a symbiotic cyanobacterium to a primary chloroplast) and secondary endosymbiosis (from a symbiotic unicellular algal eukaryote to a secondary plastid). In this review, we compare biosynthetic pathways based on available molecular and biochemical data, highlighting enzymatic reactions that have been conserved and others that have diverged or been lost, as well as the emergence of parallel and alternative biosynthetic systems originating from other metabolic pathways. Questions for future research are highlighted.
|
|
| 10. |
- Risérus, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
-
Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Progress in lipid research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-7827 .- 1873-2194. ; 48:1, s. 44-51
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although type 2 diabetes is determined primarily by lifestyle and genes, dietary composition may affect both its development and complications. Dietary fat is of particular interest because fatty acids influence glucose metabolism by altering cell membrane function, enzyme activity, insulin signaling, and gene expression. This paper focuses on the prevention of type 2 diabetes and summarizes the epidemiologic literature on associations between types of dietary fat and diabetes risk. It also summarizes controlled feeding studies on the effects of dietary fats on metabolic mediators, such as insulin resistance. Taken together, the evidence suggests that replacing saturated fats and trans fatty acids with unsaturated (polyunsaturated and/or monounsaturated) fats has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and is likely to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. Among polyunsaturated fats, linoleic acid from the n-6 series improves insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, long-chain n-3 fatty acids do not appear to improve insulin sensitivity or glucose metabolism. In dietary practice, foods rich in vegetable oils, including non-hydrogenated margarines, nuts, and seeds, should replace foods rich in saturated fats from meats and fat-rich dairy products. Consumption of partially hydrogenated fats should be minimized. Additional controlled, long-term studies are needed to improve our knowledge on the optimal proportion of different types of fats to prevent diabetes.
|
|
| 11. |
- Rodriguez-Cuenca, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids. : The "ying and yang" of lipotoxicity in metabolic diseases
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Progress in lipid research. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Elsevier. - 0163-7827 .- 1873-2194. ; 66, s. 14-29
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sphingolipids in general and ceramides in particular, contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms by modifying signalling and metabolic pathways. Here, we present the available evidence for a bidirectional homeostatic crosstalk between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids, whose dysregulation contributes to lipotoxicity induced metabolic stress. The initial evidence for this crosstalk originates from simulated models designed to investigate the biophysical properties of sphingolipids in plasma membrane representations. In this review, we reinterpret some of the original findings and conceptualise them as a sort of "ying/yang" interaction model of opposed/complementary forces, which is consistent with the current knowledge of lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology. We also propose that the dysregulation of the balance between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids results in a lipotoxic insult relevant in the pathophysiology of common metabolic diseases, typically characterised by their increased ceramide/sphingosine pools.
|
|
