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1.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Wind Turbine Noise Effects on Sleep: The WiTNES study 2017 Ingår i: ICBEN 2017. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Onshore wind turbines are becoming increasingly widespread globally, with the associated net effect that a greater number of people will be exposed to wind turbine noise (WTN). Sleep disturbance by WTN has been suggested to be of particular importance with regards to a potential impact on human health. Within the Wind Turbine Noise Effects on Sleep (WiTNES) project, we have experimentally investigated the physiological effects of night time WTN on sleep using polysomnography and self-reporting protocols. Fifty participants spent three nights in the sound exposure laboratory. To examine whether habituation or sensitisation occurs among populations with long-term WTN exposure, approximately half of the participants lived within 1km of at least one turbine. The remaining participants were not exposed to WTN at home. The first night served for habituation and one WTN-free night served to measure baseline sleep. Wind turbine noise (LAEq,indoor,night=31.9 dB) was introduced in one night. This exposure night included variations in filtering, corresponding to a window being fully closed or slightly open, and variations in amplitude modulation.
2.	Ageborg Morsing, Julia, et al. (författare) Wind Turbine Noise and Sleep: Pilot Studies on the Influence of Noise Characteristics 2018 Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 15:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The number of onshore wind turbines in Europe has greatly increased over recent years, a trend which can be expected to continue. However, the effects of wind turbine noise on long-term health outcomes for residents living near wind farms is largely unknown, although sleep disturbance may be a cause for particular concern. Presented here are two pilot studies with the aim of examining the acoustical properties of wind turbine noise that might be of special relevance regarding effects on sleep. In both pilots, six participants spent five consecutive nights in a sound environment laboratory. During three of the nights, participants were exposed to wind turbine noise with variations in sound pressure level, amplitude modulation strength and frequency, spectral content, turbine rotational frequency and beating behaviour. The impact of noise on sleep was measured using polysomnography and questionnaires. During nights with wind turbine noise there was more frequent awakening, less deep sleep, less continuous N2 sleep and increased subjective disturbance compared to control nights. The findings indicated that amplitude modulation strength, spectral frequency and the presence of strong beats might be of particular importance for adverse sleep effects. The findings will be used in the development of experimental exposures for use in future, larger studies.
3.	Andersson, Eva M., 1968, et al. (författare) Road traffic noise, air pollution and cardiovascular events in a Swedish cohort 2020 Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351. ; 185 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Urbanization and increasing road traffic cause exposure to both noise and air pollution. While the levels of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) have decreased in Sweden during the past decades, exposure to traffic noise has increased. The association with cardiovascular morbidity is less well established for noise than for air pollution, and most studies have only studied one of the two highly spatially correlated exposures. The Swedish Primary Prevention Study cohort consists of men aged 47 to 55 when first examined in 1970-1973. The cohort members were linked to the Swedish patient registry through their personal identity number and followed until first cardiovascular event 1970-2011. The address history during the entire study period was used to assign annual modelled residential exposure to road traffic noise and NOx. The Cox proportional hazards model with age on the time axis and time-varying exposures were used in the analysis. The results for 6304 men showed a non-significant increased risk of cardiovascular disease for long-term road traffic noise at the home address, after adjusting for air pollution. The hazard ratios were 1.08 (95% CI 0.90-1.28) for cardiovascular mortality, 1.14 (95% CI 0.96-1.36) for ischemic heart disease incidence and 1.07 (95% CI 0.85-1.36) for stroke incidence, for noise above 60 dB, compared to below 50 dB. This study found some support for cardiovascular health effects of long-term exposure to road traffic noise above 60 dB, after having accounted for exposure to air pollution.
4.	Andersson, Henrik, et al. (författare) Benefit measures for noise abatement : calculations for road and rail traffic noise 2013 Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 5:3, s. 135-148 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract PurposeThe aim of this study is to estimate monetary abatement values for road and rail traffic noise that can be used for policy purposes. However, a main objective is to critically discuss the assumptions necessary to convert the monetary values elicited in willingness to pay (WTP) studies to values than can be use for policy purposes.MethodsWe employ the hedonic regression technique on Swedish data to elicit individuals' preferences for noise abatement. Our elicited values are then converted to policy values and critically examined based on findings from a literature review.ResultsWe show that WTP for road and rail not only differs in levels but also that the relationship between the noise level and the marginal value differs between the two sources. We also show that a health cost component added to the WTP estimate, based on the assumption of uninformed property buyers, will be small but not negligible and that also modest differences in the assumption of the discount rates will have a significant effect on the estimated values.ConclusionsThe main implications from this study are: (i) WTP for road and railway noise abatement differs not only on absolute but also marginal levels, (ii) Even small differences in the chosen discount rate, which is necessary to convert WTP values from a hedonic price study to policy values, have large effects on the policy values, and (iii) We show how to add a health cost component to the WTP estimates in order for the monetary estimates to reflect the total social cost. However, we argue that the motivation for doing so is weak and that more research is needed on this issue.
5.	Andersson, Henrik, et al. (författare) Charging the Polluters A Pricing Model for Road and Railway Noise 2013 Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 47, s. 313-333 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract By combining standardised calculation methods for total noise levels and monetary estimates from well-established evaluation methods, this study outlines a model to estimate the short-run marginal cost (SRMC) for road and railway noise that is able to differentiate not only modes of transport, but also vehicles and technologies. Several sensitivity tests run for the SRMC show that estimates are insensitive to traffic volume, sensitive to the number of exposed individuals, and sensitive to the monetary values used. Results also show that the use of quiet technology can have a significant effect on the SRMC.
6.	Andersson, Henrik, et al. (författare) Marginal cost pricing of noise in railway infrastructure 2009 Ingår i: Railway Transportation. - : Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. - 9781617285745 - 9781606928639 ; , s. 141-162 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In order to mitigate negative effects from traffic it has been decided that infrastructure charges in the European Union (EU) should be based on short run marginal costs. The Swedish Parliament has legislated that operators in the Swedish railway infrastructure must pay charges based on short run marginal social costs in order to mitigate externalities in railway infrastructure. Internalization of the social cost of noise is of particular interest, since it is the only environmental problem perceived as more troublesome today than in the early 1990s. Inclusion of a noise component in rail infrastructure charges raises two issues: (i) the monetary evaluation of noise abatement, since noise is a non-market good, and (ii) the estimation of the effect on the noise level that one extra train will create. Regarding the latter, we are interested in the marginal noise, since infrastructure charges based on the short-run marginal cost principle should be based on the effect from the marginal train, not the noise level itself. Using already existing knowledge, this study shows that it is possible to implement a noise component in the rail infrastructure charges. The values that are used today to estimate the social cost of noise exposure in cost benefit analysis can also be used to calculate the marginal cost. We recommend, however, that further research be carried out in order to get more robust estimates based on railway traffic. We also show that the existing noise estimation models can easily be modified to estimate the marginal noise. Noise infrastructure charges give the operators incentives to reduce their noise emissions. We believe that this kind of charge can be used to reduce overall emission levels to an optimal social level, but that it is important for the charge to be based on monetary estimates for rail-traffic and not road-traffic.
7.	Andersson, Henrik, et al. (författare) Traffic noise effects of property prices : hedonic estimates based on multiple noise indicators 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Valuation of traffic noise abatement based on hedonic pricing models of the property market has traditionally measured the noise as the equivalent, or another average, level. What is not captured in such a noise indicator is the maximum noise level of a vehicle passage. In this study, we incorporate the maximum noise level in the hedonic model letting the property price depend on both the equivalent noise level and the maximum noise level. Hedonic models for both rail and road noise are estimated. Data consists of characteristics of sold properties, property-specific noise calculation, and geographical variables.We use the hedonic approach to estimate the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for maximum noise abatement where we model the effect as the maximum noise level subtracted with the equivalent noise level. Furthermore, we control for the equivalent noise level in the estimations. The estimated results show that including the maximum noise level in the model has influence on the property prices, but only for rail and not for road. This means that for road we cannot reject the hypothesis that WTP for noise abatement is based on the equivalent noise level only. For rail, on the other hand, we estimate the marginal WTP for the maximum noise level and it turns out to be substantial. Also, the marginal WTP for the equivalent noise levels seems to be unaffected by the inclusion of the maximum noise level in the model. More research of this novel topic is requested though.
8.	Arnesson, Matilda, 1988, et al. (författare) Residential vibration exposure from railway traffic in Sweden 2016 Ingår i: Proceedings of the INTER-NOISE 2016 - 45th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering: Towards a Quieter Future. ; , s. 2131-2137 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Ground borne vibrations generated by train passages cause annoyance and sleep disturbance when the vibration velocity is too high in dwellings close to railway lines. In order to estimate how many people that are exposed to certain vibration velocities from railway traffic in Sweden, data almost 3 000 measurements of vibration have been used and classified according to geology at the receiving building and at the point on the railway line closest to the receiver. For 7 classes of geology the measurement results at the building foundation was used to estimate a simplified mathematical model, and by using 575 measurements of responses from foundation to indoor vibration velocity the weighted indoor levels could be predicted. Based on geological maps and a database of all properties close to railways the total number of exposed individuals in Sweden could be estimated. The results show that approximately 14 000 people are exposed to an rms-weighted maximum vibration velocity of 1.0 mm/s in their home in Sweden, which is about 65 percent higher than previous estimates.
9.	Arvidsson, Anna K., 1971-, et al. (författare) Åkkvalitet på vinterväg 2014 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Denna VTI-studie konstaterar att det går att mäta ojämnheter på vinterväg på samma sätt som på barmarksväg. Både ojämnheter och buller vid låga frekvenser ökar vid visst vinterväglag och är kopplade till hastighet. De mätningar som utförts inom projektets ramar visar att det går utmärkt att utföra mätningar på en snöklädd yta. Med vinterväglag menas här en snöklädd väg cirka ett dygn efter ett kraftigt snöfall. Baserat på de vägar som mättes visar studien att ojämnheter i våglängdsintervallet 0,05 till 1 meter påverkas allra mest av vinterväglaget. Ojämnheterna ökar cirka 5 gånger i medeltal för hela testslingan från barmarks- till vinterförhållanden. Det går även att se att ytans struktur, som beskrivs av de kortaste våglängderna som undersöktes, <10 mm, blir slätare på den snöklädda ytan vilket var en av hypoteserna och som indikerar att mätningen är pålitlig. Kopplingen mellan buller och ojämnheter är relaterade till hastighet. Den största ljudskillnaden mellan vinter- och sommarväg var vid låga frekvenser. Det uppfattade ljudet i bilen var då mellan 3 och 6 decibel högre för körningen på vinterväg. I de mer högfrekventa områdena var skillnaden i ljudnivå tvärtom, lägre för vintervägen än för sommarvägen och en trolig orsak till detta kan vara att ljudet absorberas av snön.
10.	Bartels, Susanne, et al. (författare) The impact of nocturnal road traffic noise, bedroom window orientation, and work-related stress on subjective sleep quality: results of a cross-sectional study among working women. 2021 Ingår i: International archives of occupational and environmental health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1246 .- 0340-0131. ; 94, s. 1523-1536 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To examine the effect of work-related stress and road noise exposure on self-rated sleep and potential additive interaction effects.Sleep and predictor variables were surveyed within two subsamples with 2191 and 1764 working women in a cross-sectional study. Sleep was assessed using a single question on general sleep quality and four questions on specific sleep problems and subsequently dichotomized (poor sleep vs. no poor sleep). Work-related stress was operationalized by job strain and effort-reward imbalance. Nocturnal exposure to road traffic noise was assessed as (a) the orientation of the bedroom window to a quiet façade vs. a low-, medium- or high-trafficked street and (b) energy-equivalent sound pressure levels for night-time modelled at the most exposed façade (Lnight). We distinguished between low (<45dB(A)), medium (45-50dB(A)) and high exposure (>50dB(A)).Poor sleep was associated with job strain and effort-reward imbalance. The prevalence of poor sleep did not increase with increasing Lnight, but bedroom window orientation showed a non-significant trend. A quiet façade had a protective effect on sleep in each Lnight category. We found a non-significant trend for an additive interaction between bedroom window orientation and job strain.Noise levels modelled for the most exposed façade likely overestimate the actual exposure and thus may not be a precise predictor of poor sleep. Bedroom window orientation seems more relevant. Potential additive interaction effects between bedroom window orientation and job strain should be considered when interpreting epidemiological study results on noise-induced sleep disturbances.
11.	Bolling, Anne, et al. (författare) SHAKE - an approach for realistic simulation of rough roads in a moving base driving simulator 2010 Ingår i: Trends in driving simulation design and experiments. - Arcueil : Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur securite, INRETS. - 9782857826859 ; , s. 135-143 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract With today’s advanced measurement equipment for measuring roads, it is possible to measure road geometry at high precision within a large span of wavelengths. Detailed information about the roads longitudinal and lateral profile, including macro texture, would in theory be sufficient for a realistic reproduction of road induced vibration and noise in a driving simulator. Especially, it would be possible to create a direct connection between the visual information of the road condition and the ride experience, which would increase the level of realism in the simulation. VTI has during three years performed an internal project called SHAKE with the aim to develop and implement models in VTI driving simulator III that use measured road data for generating realistic vibrations and audible road noise connected to the visual impression presented on the projection screen. This has indeed resulted in an more realistic driving experience, and a validation study with test persons driving both in the simulator and in the field has been undertaken. The OpenDRIVE standard is used as a framework for describing the road properties (e.g. visual, vibrations and noise). For this purpose some augumentations to the OpenDRIVE standard had to be made. This paper describes the technical implementations in the driving simulator, along with results from test drives on the implemented road sections
12.	Enoksson Wallas, A., et al. (författare) Traffic noise and other determinants of blood pressure in adolescence 2019 Ingår i: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 1438-4639 .- 1618-131X. ; 222:5, s. 824-830 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Exposure to traffic noise has been associated with hypertension in adults but the evidence in adolescents is limited. We investigated long-term road traffic noise exposure, maternal occupational noise during pregnancy and other factors in relation to blood pressure and prehypertension at 16 years of age. Methods: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in 2597 adolescents from the Swedish BAMSE birth cohort. Levels of road traffic noise were estimated at home addresses during lifetime and for the mother during pregnancy as well as maternal occupational noise exposure during pregnancy. Exposure to NO x from local sources was also assessed. Associations between noise or NO x exposure and blood pressure or prehypertension were analysed using linear and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of prehypertension was higher among males and in those with overweight, low physical activity or overweight mothers. No strong or consistent associations were observed between pre- or postnatal exposure to road traffic noise and blood pressure at 16 years of age. However, inverse associations were suggested for systolic or diastolic blood pressure and prehypertension, which reached statistical significance among males (OR 0.80 per 10 dB L den , 95% CI 0.65–0.99) and those with maternal occupational noise exposure ≥ 70 dB L Aeq8h (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41–0.87). On the other hand, occupational noise exposure during pregnancy tended to increase systolic blood pressure and prehypertension risk in adolescence. No associations were seen for NO x exposure. Conclusion: No conclusive associations were observed between pre- or postnatal noise exposure and blood pressure or prehypertension in adolescents. © 2019
13.	Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al. (författare) Thick barrier noise-reduction in the presence of atmospheric turbulence: Measurements and numerical modelling 2002 Ingår i: Applied Acoustics. - 0003-682X .- 1872-910X. ; 63:2, s. 173-187 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Atmospheric turbulence causes scattering of sound, which can reduce the performance of sound barriers. This is an important inclusion in prediction models to obtain a correct picture of the sound reduction at higher frequencies. Here a prediction method is applied that uses the strengths of the wind and temperature turbulence to estimate the scattered power into the shadow zone of a barrier. The predictions are compared to full-scale measurements on a thick barrier, where both acoustic and meteorological data were recorded simultaneously under both calm and windy conditions. Comparison between the measurements and the predictions indicate that the method gives reasonably accurate results for mid to high frequencies and a slight overestimation at very high frequencies.
14.	Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al. (författare) Utmaning med lågfrekvent buller inomhus vid stadsförtätning 2019 Ingår i: Bygg & teknik. ; 3 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
15.	Genell, Anders, 1974-, et al. (författare) Methods for calculating LAFmax using the Nordic prediction method, Nord 2000 and Cnossos-EU 2019 Ingår i: INTER-NOISE 2019 MADRID - 48th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering. - : SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ACUSTICA - Spanish Acoustical Society, SEA. - 9788487985317 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In Sweden the use of maximum a-weighted sound level (LAFmax), in combination with equivalent a-weighted sound level over 24h (LAeq24h), has been used for noise regulation for many years. The regulation was turned into legislation in 2015 for new housing development plans. The maximum level gives a good indication of sleep disturbance for residents in exposed dwellings, especially if combined with number of loud passages or events. In areas with little traffic the equivalent level can be very low, whereas the maximum level just depends on an individual vehicle rather than on the number of vehicles. The Swedish legislation defines maximum noise level as "the loudest vehicle, with time weighting'Fast', calculated as a free field value". When calculating noise levels from road or rail traffic, there is no knowledge of individual vehicle properties. In the prediction methods used in Sweden, the calculation of maximum level is therefore based on statistical data such as the standard deviation of measured sound levels for each vehicle type at a certain speed. In the current paper some different methods to calculate maximum noise levels are presented, using Nordic methods as well as the common Cnossos-EU method, as well as their impact on results. © INTER-NOISE 2019 MADRID - 48th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
16.	Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, Anita, 1957, et al. (författare) Comparative studies on railway and road traffic noise annoyances and the importance of number of trains 2011 Ingår i: 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN), 24-28 July, 2011, London, UK. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Railway noise is perceived as less annoying than road traffic noise, both in terms of general annoyance and sleep disturbances according to dose-response relationships from meta-analyses. However, findings in recent years from Japanese studies show, unlike most European studies, that railway noise is perceived as more annoying than road traffic noise at sound levels >LAeq,24h 55 dB. This applies particularly to the Japanese Shinkansen express trains as well as conventional trains. Several of the Japanese studies have been done in areas with a very large number of trains (about 500-800 trains/day). In the present study, the following research questions were asked: How does a large number of trains affect noise annoyance and can the differences between Japanese studies (railway noise more annoying than road traffic noise) and European studies (railway noise less annoying than road traffic noise) in part be due to major differences in the number of trains? Socio-acoustic surveys (n=1689) were conducted in residential areas exposed to railway noise with different number of trains (124 trains/day vs. 481 trains/day) and road traffic noise (LAeq,24h 45-65 dB in all areas) The findings show that the number of trains/day, and not only the equivalent sound levels influence how railway noise is perceived. When the number of trains is very large, (481 trains/day), the proportion who are annoyed and report disturbed activities is significantly higher than in a situation with fewer trains (124 trains/day) at equal sound levels and in comparison to road traffic noise >LAeq,24h 55 dB.
17.	Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, Anita, 1957, et al. (författare) Goda gårdsmiljöer och uteplatser – samspel mellan goda ljudlandskap och utformning. [Good courtyards and patios – interaction between soundscape and design] : Ljudlandskap för bättre hälsa. Årsrapport 2006 2006 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
18.	Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, Anita, 1957, et al. (författare) Noise annoyance and restoration in different courtyard settings: Laboratory experiments on audio-visual interactions 2007 Ingår i: Proceedings of Inter Noise 2007, Istanbul 28-31 August, Paper no IN07_117 (Available on CD).. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Having access to restorative, natural environments in urban residential areas is important for health and wellbeing. However, previous research on restorative environments is mainly focused on the visual impression. Knowledge is needed on the interaction between the acoustic/perceived soundscape and the visual appearance in residential settings intended for restoration and recreation. The present study examines audio-visual interactions in two laboratory settings – an attractive vs. unattractive courtyard. At each courtyard setting, six sound conditions were presented in a randomised order during 4 minutes each: only sounds from road traffic at LAeq 43, 50 and 55 dB, and these traffic sound levels together with birdsong. 24 subjects (12 men, 12 women) participated in the experiment. The results indicate that visual courtyard perception, road traffic noise annoyance, perceived soundscape (e.g., soothing, stressing), emotional reactions, and possibilities to rest/relax were affected by courtyard setting, sound levels, and birdsong. For example, noise annoyance decreased with the attractive courtyard setting and presence of birdsong. However, about 35 to 50% and 75 to 90% were annoyed at 50 and 55 dB, respectively. At these sound levels, few of the participants reported that they would like to visit the courtyards, even if it was the attractive one.
19.	Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, Anita, 1957, et al. (författare) Railway noise annoyance and the importance of number of trains, ground vibration, and building situational factors 2012 Ingår i: Noise & Health. - : Medknow. - 1463-1741. ; 14:59, s. 190-201 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Internationally accepted exposure-response relationships show that railway noise causes less annoyance than road traffic and aircraft noise. Railway transport, both passenger and freight transport, is increasing, and new railway lines are planned for environmental reasons. The combination of more frequent railway traffic and faster and heavier trains will, most probably, lead to more disturbances from railway traffic in the near future. To effectively plan for mitigations against noise and vibration from railway traffic, new studies are needed to obtain a better basis of knowledge. The main objectives of the present study was to investigate how the relationship between noise levels from railway traffic and general annoyance is influenced by (i) number of trains, (ii) the presence of ground borne vibrations, and (iii) building situational factors, such as orientation of balcony/patio and bedroom window. Socio-acoustic field studies were executed in residential areas; (1) with relatively intense railway traffic; (2) with strong vibrations, and; (3) with the most intense railway traffic in the country. Data was obtained for 1695 respondents exposed to sound levels ranging from LAeq,24h 45 to 65 dB. Both number of trains and presence of ground-borne vibrations, and not just the noise level per se, are of relevance for how annoying railway noise is perceived. The results imply that, for the proportion annoyed to be equal, a 5 - 7 dB lower noise level is needed in areas where the railway traffic causes strong ground-borne vibrations and in areas with a very large number of trains. General noise annoyance was twice as high among residents in dwellings with balcony / patio oriented towards the railway and about 1.5 times higher among residents with bedroom windows facing the railway.
20.	Gustafson, Andreas, et al. (författare) Kompletterande anvisningar för strategisk kartläggning av buller från väg- och spårtrafik med CNOSSOS-EU 2022 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Denna text utgör ett tillägg till kartläggningsanvisningarna i SP Rapport 2010:77 (SPR 2010:77), och innehåller kompletterande information som behövs för att genomföra strategisk kartläggning av buller från väg- och spårtrafik med beräkningsmetoden CNOSSOS-EU. Med strategisk kartläggning avses bullerkartläggning enligt EU:s omgivningsbullerdirektiv.
21.	Jerson, Tomas, et al. (författare) How does noise annoyance relate to traffic intensity? 2010 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Railway Noise, 18-22 October 2010, Nagahama, Japan. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
22.	Johansson, Lotta, 1965, et al. (författare) Evaluation of a sound environment intervention in an ICU : A feasibility study 2018 Ingår i: Australian Critical Care. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 1036-7314 .- 1878-1721. ; 31:2, s. 59-70 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Currently, it is well known that the sound environment in intensive care units (ICU) is substandard. Therefore, there is a need of interventions investigating possible improvements. Unfortunately, there are many challenges to consider in the design and performance of clinical intervention studies including sound measurements and clinical outcomes.Objectives: (1) explore whether it is possible to implement a full-scale intervention study in the ICU concerning sound levels and their impact on the development of ICU delirium; (2) discuss methodological challenges and solutions for the forthcoming study; (3) conduct an analysis of the presence of ICU delirium in the study group; and (4) describe the sound pattern in the intervention rooms.Methods: A quasi-randomized clinical trial design was chosen. The intervention consisted of a refurbished two-bed ICU patient room (experimental) with a new suspended wall-to-wall ceiling and a low frequency absorber. An identical two-bed room (control) remained unchanged.Inclusion criteria: Patients >18 years old with ICU lengths of stay (LoS) >48. h. The final study group consisted of 31 patients: six from the rebuilt experimental room and 25 from the control room. Methodological problems and possible solutions were continuously identified and documented.Results: Undertaking a full-scale intervention study with continuous measurements of acoustic data in an ICU is possible. However, this feasibility study demonstrated some aspects to consider before start. The randomization process and the sound measurement procedure must be developed. Furthermore, proper education and training are needed for determining ICU delirium.Conclusion: This study raises a number of points that may be helpful for future complex interventions in an ICU. For a full-scale study to be completed a continuously updated cost calculation is necessary. Furthermore, representatives from the clinic need to be involved in all stages during the project.
23.	Kilbo Edlund, Karl, et al. (författare) Long-term exposure to air pollution, coronary artery calcification, and carotid artery plaques in the population-based Swedish SCAPIS Gothenburg cohort. 2022 Ingår i: Environmental research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 214:Pt 2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with cardiovascular events. A main suggested mechanism is that air pollution accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis, yet current evidence is inconsistent regarding the association between air pollution and coronary artery and carotid artery atherosclerosis, which are well-established causes of myocardial infarction and stroke. We studied associations between low levels of long-term air pollution, coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, and the prevalence and area of carotid artery plaques, in a middle-aged population-based cohort. The Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) Gothenburg cohort was recruited during 2013-2017 and thoroughly examined for cardiovascular risk factors, including computed tomography of the heart and ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. In 5070 participants (age 50-64 years), yearly residential exposures to air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, PMcoarse, NOx, and exhaust-specific PM2.5 1990-2015) were estimated using high-resolution dispersion models. We used Poisson regression to examine associations between long-term (26 years' mean) exposure to air pollutants and CAC score, and prevalence of carotid artery plaques, adjusted for potential confounders. Among participants with carotid artery plaques, we also examined the association with plaque area using linear regression. Mean exposure to PM2.5 was low by international standards (8.5μg/m3). There were no consistent associations between long-term total PM2.5 exposure and CAC score or presence of carotid artery plaques, but an association between total PM2.5 and larger plaque area in participants with carotid plaques. Associations with traffic-related air pollutants were consistently positive for both a high CAC score and bilateral carotid artery plaques. These associations were independent of road traffic noise. We found stronger associations among men and participants with cardiovascular risk factors. The results lend some support to atherosclerosis as a main modifiable pathway between low levels of traffic-related ambient air pollution and cardiovascular disease, especially in vulnerable individuals.
24.	Kropp, Wolfgang, 1959, et al. (författare) The failure of traditional traffic noise control for quiet areas 2004 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract One can consider the acoustic soundscape as consisting of two parts the direct acoustic soundscape and the diffuse acoustic soundscape. This fact has important consequences when attempting to change the acoustic soundscapes. The traditional approach to control traffic noise by means of noise barriers or change of traffic distribution is only valid for the areas directly exposed from sources (direct acoustic soundscape). These areas will experience a certain decrease of sound pressure levels when applying these noise control measures. However there will be a lower limit for reduction due to the presence of a diffuse acoustic soundscape. To control/modify such a diffuse acoustic soundscape has been shown very difficult by traditional means of noise control. Main characteristic of diffuse acoustic soundscapes is the presence of a multitude of sources, distributed over a wide area contributing evenly to the acoustic soundscape in a certain areas. Screening will only lead to a redistribution of sound, however consequences of such a redistribution will not be recognised in a diffuse sound field. Absorption has been identified as a main parameter to control diffuse acoustic soundscapes. Reducing sound pressure levels in shielded areas such as inner-yards can only be achieved by adding acoustically absorbing areas along the transfer path between source and receiver, but especially inside the inner-yard. Redistribution of traffic flow has been shown to have a tremendous effect on the directly exposed side, but only a small effect in shielded areas.
25.	Maclachlan, Laura, et al. (författare) Annoyance in Response to Vibrations from Railways 2018 Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 15:9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Rail transport is a key stepping stone in the EU’s transport policy and is pinpointed for investment and growth over the coming decades. This expanding infrastructure implies increased exposure to environmental stressors, such as noise and ground-borne vibrations. Little is known about the health impacts of exposure to these vibrations. The aim of this paper is to examine the association between annoyance from rail vibrations and the distance of residential dwelling from the railway. It reports the first results of a large epidemiological study, EpiVib, which was designed to investigate the long-term health effects of exposure to rail vibrations. The first part of this study examines a self-reported questionnaire. In total, 6894 individuals aged between 18 and 80 living within 1 km of a railway in west Sweden participated. Results presented here examine the association between distance to the railway and annoyance from vibrations and are stratified by train type. A positive association between closer distance and increased annoyance is seen. After adjustment for important modifiers, results showed that vibrations from freight trains and maintenance operations are reported to be moderately and highly annoying at distances of up to 400 m from the railway and diesel up to 300 m. Vibration from passenger and fast trains are significantly annoying up to 200 m from the track. Vibration from freight trains and maintenance operations were considered highly annoying up to 300 m from the track, diesel up to 400 m. Vibration from passenger and fast trains are not reported to be highly annoying after adjustment. Heavier, slower moving locomotives, in the form of diesel and freight trains, appear to be the source of annoyance at distances further from the railway compared to passenger and fast trains. This has implications in terms of property, transport, and infrastructure planning.
26.	Persson Waye, Kerstin, 1959, et al. (författare) Assessing the exposure-response relationship of sleep disturbance and vibration in field and laboratory settings 2019 Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491. ; 245, s. 558-567 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Exposure to nocturnal freight train vibrations may impact sleep, but exposure-response relationships are lacking. The European project CargoVibes evaluated sleep disturbance both in the field and in the laboratory and provides unique data, as measures of response and exposure metrics are comparable. This paper therefore provides data on exposure-response relationships of vibration and sleep disturbance and compares the relationships evaluated in the laboratory and the field. Two field studies (one in Poland and one in the Netherlands) with 233 valid respondents in total, and three laboratory studies in Sweden with a total of 59 subjects over 350 person-nights were performed. The odds ratios (OR) of sleep disturbance were analyzed in relation to nighttime vibration exposure by ordinal logit regression, adjusting for moderating factors common for the studies. Outcome specific fractions were calculated for eleven sleep outcomes and supported comparability between the field and laboratory settings. Vibration exposure was significantly associated with sleep disturbance, OR = 3.51 (95% confidence interval 2.6–4.73) denoting a three and a half times increase in the odds of sleep disturbance with one unit increased 8 h nighttime log10 Root Mean Square vibration. The results suggest no significant difference between field and laboratory settings OR = 1.37 (0.59–3.19). However, odds of sleep disturbance were higher in the Netherlands as compared to Sweden, indicating unexplained differences between study populations or countries, possibly related to cultural and contextual differences and uncertainties in exposure assessments. Future studies should be carefully designed to record explanatory factors in the field and enhance ecological validity in the laboratory. Nevertheless, the presented combined data set provides a first set of exposure response relationships for vibration-induced sleep disturbance, which are useful when considering public health outcomes among exposed populations. Exposure-response relationships of vibration exposure from trains and sleep disturbance were derived from laboratory studies and field studies, with no significant differences between the settings. © 2018 The Authors
27.	Persson Waye, Kerstin, 1959, et al. (författare) Hälsopåverkan av lågfrekvent buller inomhus 2017 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Lågfrekvent buller omfattar frekvensområdet 20 till 200 Hz. Sverige har sedan 1996 haft rekommenderade värden för bedömning av störning och annan hälsopåverkan av lågfrekvent buller i den allmänna miljön. Dessa utgår från tredjedelsoktavbandsnivåer vilka inte bör överskridas och återfinns i Folkhälsomyndighetens allmänna råd för buller inomhus (FoHMFS 2014:13). Det har visat sig att riktvärdena för lågfrekvent buller åberopas relativt ofta, och anses väl fungerande av miljöinspektörer som använder dem i sitt arbete. Motsvarande konstruktion av rekommenderade värden för lågfrekvent buller finns sedan 2005 även i arbetsmiljön. Denna rapport sammanställer forskningsresultat kring effekterna av buller innehållande låga frekvenser inomhus i bostäder.För att översiktligt studera vilka källor utöver de redan välkända kontinuerliga källorna (motorer, fläktar, pumpar och kompressorer) som riskerar att ge höga inomhusnivåer i det lågfrekventa området har vi utgått från ett antal mätningar av olika källor, framförallt trafik och tågtrafik. För de källor där endast utomhusnivån är undersökt har vi räknat om till inomhusnivåer med hjälp av uppmätt ljudisolering i villor. För en kortaste utvärderingstid om 30 sekunder riskerar lastbilar, bussar och diesellok att ge upphov till höga nivåer i de lägsta tersbanden utan att Trafikverkets A-vägda riktvärden överskrids. Detsamma gäller höghastighetståg, men här är materialet mycket begränsat. Det är lägre risk att buller från vindkraftverk överskrider tersbandsnivåer så länge som utomhusriktvärdet uppfylls, men marginalerna är små varför det inte går att utesluta i enskilda fall. För varierande och transient buller som lågfrekventa fordonspassager som sker med viss regelbundenhet, men antalet händelser varierar beroende på trafikflödet, är det vår uppfattning att störning och hälsopåverkan inomhus från dessa källor bör utgå från de tersbandsnivåer som anges i Folkhälsomyndighetens allmänna råd för buller inomhus (FoHMFS 2014:13). Det saknas dock tillräckligt underlag för att avgöra hur denna typ av buller skall värderas i förhållande till nämnda tersbandsnivåer. Nuvarande kunskapsläge talar för att hänsyn bör tas till hur ofta händelserna förekommer, speciellt nattetid. Utifrån studier av buller där vi saknar specifikation av lågfrekvensinnehållet, men som rör godståg, flyg och lastbilsbuller kan man se att när antalet händelser ökar över ett vist antal, typiskt 2 till 8 per timme, ökar störning och sömnpåverkan väsentligt. Vår rekommendation är att mätning och värdering av varierande och transienta ljud studeras ytterligare och att ett förslag tas fram som säkerställer korrekt mätteknik samt är kopplat till människans respons på låga frekvenser.
28.	Persson Waye, Kerstin, 1959, et al. (författare) Rail freight vibration impacts sleep and community response: An overview of CargoVibes 2014 Ingår i: ICBEN 2014, the 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem. Nara, Japan, 2014 June 1 to June 5. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The European Union funded CargoVibes project involving 10 partners from 8 nations has aimed to examine ground-borne vibration affecting residents close to freight railway lines. This poster presents an overview of the work package investigating human response to vibration, with particular focus on physiological and psychological impact on sleep, community annoyance and the development of guidance in evaluating response. The effects of vibration on sleep were measured in a series of laboratory trials at the University of Gothenburg. Existing field studies of community response were supplemented with further field work in the Netherlands and Poland, and a meta-analysis conducted to determine dose-response relationships for railway vibration. Numerous outcomes of vibration exposure were found, with physiological markers such as greater heart rate response and cortical reactions during sleep, and annoyance and sleep disturbance increasing with higher vibration amplitudes. A guidance document considering current state of the art regarding vibration measurement and assessment was produced pertaining to human perception, evaluation methods, annoyance, sleep impacts, and non-exposure factors. The outcomes of this work represent a significant advance in the understanding of the human response to railway vibration and a step towards a much needed harmonisation of assessment methods. The findings presented in this poster highlight the importance of considering environmental vibration in the planning, construction, and maintenance of railways in residential environments.
29.	Persson Waye, Kerstin, 1959, et al. (författare) The impact of railway freight with regard to vibration level, noise and number of trains on sleep 2014 Ingår i: Proceedings of 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN), 1-5 June 2014, Nara, Japan. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
30.	Pyko, Andrei, et al. (författare) Long-Term Exposure to Transportation Noise and Ischemic Heart Disease: A Pooled Analysis of Nine Scandinavian Cohorts. 2023 Ingår i: Environmental health perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 1552-9924 .- 0091-6765. ; 131:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Transportation noise may induce cardiovascular disease, but the public health implications are unclear.The study aimed to assess exposure-response relationships for different transportation noise sources and ischemic heart disease (IHD), including subtypes.Pooled analyses were performed of nine cohorts from Denmark and Sweden, together including 132,801 subjects. Time-weighted long-term exposure to road, railway, and aircraft noise, as well as air pollution, was estimated based on residential histories. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models following adjustment for lifestyle and socioeconomic risk factors.A total of 22,459 incident cases of IHD were identified during follow-up from national patient and mortality registers, including 7,682 cases of myocardial infarction. The adjusted HR for IHD was 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00, 1.05] per 10 dB Lden for both road and railway noise exposure during 5 y prior to the event. Higher risks were indicated for IHD excluding angina pectoris cases, with HRs of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.08) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) per 10 dB Lden for road and railway noise, respectively. Corresponding HRs for myocardial infarction were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.05) and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.08). Increased risks were observed for aircraft noise but without clear exposure-response relations. A threshold at around 55 dB Lden was suggested in the exposure-response relation for road traffic noise and IHD.Exposure to road, railway, and aircraft noise in the prior 5 y was associated with an increased risk of IHD, particularly after exclusion of angina pectoris cases, which are less well identified in the registries. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10745.
31.	Pyko, A., et al. (författare) Long-Term Exposure to Transportation Noise in Relation to Development of Obesity-a Cohort Study 2017 Ingår i: Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 125:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: Exposure to transportation noise is widespread and has been associated with obesity in some studies. However, the evidence from longitudinal studies is limited and little is known about effects of combined exposure to different noise sources. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this longitudinal study was to estimate the association between exposure to noise from road traffic, railways, or aircraft and the development of obesity markers. METHODS: We assessed individual long-term exposure to road traffic, railway, and aircraft noise based on residential histories in a cohort of 5,184 men and women from Stockholm County. Noise levels were estimated at the most exposed facade of each dwelling. Waist circumference, weight, and height were measured at recruitment and after an average of 8.9 y of follow-up. Extensive information on potential confounders was available from repeated questionnaires and registers. RESULTS: Waist circumference increased 0.04cm/y (95% CI: 0.02, 0.06) and 0.16cm/y (95% CI: 0.14, 0.17) per 10 dB L-den in relation to road traffic and aircraft noise, respectively. No corresponding association was seen for railway noise. Weight gain was only related to aircraft noise exposure. A similar pattern occurred for incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of central obesity and overweight. The IRR of central obesity increased from 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.39) in those exposed to only one source of transportation noise to 2.26 (95% CI: 1.55, 3.29) among those exposed to all three sources. CONCLUSION: Our results link transportation noise exposure to development of obesity and suggest that combined exposure from different sources may be particularly harmful
32.	Pyko, A., et al. (författare) Long-term transportation noise exposure and incidence of ischaemic heart disease and stroke: a cohort study 2019 Ingår i: Occupational and environmental medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 76:4, s. 201-207 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background There is limited evidence from longitudinal studies on transportation noise from different sources and development of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Objectives T his cohort study assessed associations between exposure to noise from road traffic, railway or aircraft and incidence of IHD and stroke. Methods I n a cohort of 20 012 individuals from Stockholm County, we estimated long-term residential exposure to road traffic, railway and aircraft noise. National Patient and Cause-of-Death Registers were used to identify IHD and stroke events. Information on risk factors was obtained from questionnaires and registers. Adjusted HR for cardiovascular outcomes related to source-specific noise exposure were computed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results N o clear or consistent associations were observed between transportation noise and incidence of IHD or stroke. However, noise exposure from road traffic and aircraft was related to IHD incidence in women, with HR of 1.11 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.22) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.44) per 10 dB L den, respectively. For both sexes taken together, we observed a particularly high risk of IHD in those exposed to all three transportation noise sources at= 45 dB L den, with a HR of 1.57 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.32), and a similar tendency for stroke (HR 1.42; 95% CI 0.87 to 2.32). Conclusion N o overall associations were observed between transportation noise exposure and incidence of IHD or stroke. However, there appeared to be an increased risk of IHD in women exposed to road traffic or aircraft noise as well as in those exposed to multiple sources of transportation noise.
33.	Pyko, A., et al. (författare) Transportation noise and incidence of hypertension 2018 Ingår i: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 1438-4639 .- 1618-131X. ; 221:8, s. 1133-1141 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: The evidence on exposure to transportation noise and development of hypertension is inconclusive, mostly because of a lack of high quality studies of longitudinal design. Objectives: This cohort study aimed at investigating the association between exposure to road traffic, railway or aircraft noise and incidence of hypertension. We also assessed effects of varying lengths of exposure as well as of multiple sources of exposure. Methods: Based on the residential histories of a cohort of 4854 men and women from Stockholm County, we estimated the residential exposure to road traffic, railway and aircraft noise in 1, 5 and 10 year time-periods. Hypertension was assessed by blood pressure measurements, information from questionnaires and hospital diagnoses. Extensive information on potential confounders was available from repeated questionnaires and registers. Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of hypertension related to noise exposure was computed from Cox regression models. Results: We observed a positive association between aircraft noise exposure and incidence of hypertension with a HR of 1.16 (95% CI 1.08-1.24) per 10 dB L-den 5 years preceding the event. No clear differences in risk were indicated between the three exposure time windows. Road traffic and railway noise were not associated with incidence of hypertension during any of the exposure periods. There appeared to be a particularly high risk of hypertension among persons exposed to both aircraft and road traffic noise >= 45 dB L-den with an HR of 1.39 (95% CI 1.14-1.70). Conclusions: Exposure to aircraft noise may result in increased risk of hypertension.
34.	Roswall, Nina, et al. (författare) Long-term exposure to traffic noise and risk of incident colon cancer : A pooled study of eleven Nordic cohorts 2023 Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 224 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundColon cancer incidence is rising globally, and factors pertaining to urbanization have been proposed involved in this development. Traffic noise may increase colon cancer risk by causing sleep disturbance and stress, thereby inducing known colon cancer risk-factors, e.g. obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption, but few studies have examined this.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the association between traffic noise and colon cancer (all, proximal, distal) in a pooled population of 11 Nordic cohorts, totaling 155,203 persons.MethodsWe identified residential address history and estimated road, railway, and aircraft noise, as well as air pollution, for all addresses, using similar exposure models across cohorts. Colon cancer cases were identified through national registries. We analyzed data using Cox Proportional Hazards Models, adjusting main models for harmonized sociodemographic and lifestyle data.ResultsDuring follow-up (median 18.8 years), 2757 colon cancer cases developed. We found a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99–1.10) per 10-dB higher 5-year mean time-weighted road traffic noise. In sub-type analyses, the association seemed confined to distal colon cancer: HR 1.06 (95% CI: 0.98–1.14). Railway and aircraft noise was not associated with colon cancer, albeit there was some indication in sub-type analyses that railway noise may also be associated with distal colon cancer. In interaction-analyses, the association between road traffic noise and colon cancer was strongest among obese persons and those with high NO2-exposure.DiscussionA prominent study strength is the large population with harmonized data across eleven cohorts, and the complete address-history during follow-up. However, each cohort estimated noise independently, and only at the most exposed façade, which may introduce exposure misclassification. Despite this, the results of this pooled study suggest that traffic noise may be a risk factor for colon cancer, especially of distal origin.
35.	Roswall, N., et al. (författare) Long-Term Exposure to Transportation Noise and Risk of Incident Stroke: A Pooled Study of Nine Scandinavian Cohorts 2021 Ingår i: Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 129:10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: Transportation noise is increasingly acknowledged as a cardiovascular risk factor, but the evidence base for an association with stroke is sparse. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the association between transportation noise and stroke incidence in a large Scandinavian population. METHODS: We harmonized and pooled data from nine Scandinavian cohorts (seven Swedish, two Danish), totaling 135,951 participants. We identified residential address history and estimated road, railway, and aircraft noise for all addresses. Information on stroke incidence was acquired through linkage to national patient and mortality registries. We analyzed data using Cox proportional hazards models, including socioeconomic and lifestyle confounders, and air pollution. RESULTS: During follow-up (median = 19.5 y), 11,056 stroke cases were identified. Road traffic noise (Lden) was associated with risk of stroke, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.06 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.08] per 10-dB higher 5-y mean time-weighted exposure in analyses adjusted for individual- and area-level socioeconomic covariates. The association was approximately linear and persisted after adjustment for air pollution [particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of <= 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) and NO2]. Stroke was associated with moderate levels of 5-y aircraft noise exposure (40-50 vs. <= 40 dB) (HR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.27), but not with higher exposure (>= 50 dB, HR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.11). Railway noise was not associated with stroke. DISCUSSION: In this pooled study, road traffic noise was associated with a higher risk of stroke. This finding supports road traffic noise as an important cardiovascular risk factor that should be included when estimating the burden of disease due to traffic noise.
36.	Salomons, E. M., et al. (författare) Traffic noise, honking and urban planning in Amsterdam in 1930 2014 Ingår i: Noise Control Engineering Journal. - : Institute of Noise Control Engineering. - 0736-2501. ; 62:6, s. 422-435 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Traffic noise was seen as a serious problem around 1930. Cars and trucks were noisier than today, and the horn was used more frequently. This led to loud protests and anti-noise campaigns, which have been discussed by historians in studies of the evolution of traffic noise in the twentieth century. In this article we first describe the situation around 1930 from a historical point of view, and next we present an approximate quantitative assessment of traffic noise around 1930, including horn noise, focusing on the city of Amsterdam. Noise maps of Amsterdam are presented for cars, trucks, and horns in 1930, and for comparison also for cars and trucks in 2012. The noise maps for 1930 are based on detailed traffic data for Amsterdam in 1930, which were derived from two reports published in 1934 and 1940 about an extensive traffic count in Amsterdam in 1930. The traffic count was carried out in the framework of the Amsterdam Expansion Plan of 1934. The results of the traffic noise analysis presented here are discussed in the light of expectations around 1930 about future developments of Amsterdam, as well as in the wider context of sprawling cities after World War II. The results also put today's approach of traffic noise mapping and annoyance assessment in perspective.
37.	Seidler, A., et al. (författare) Health effects of railway-induced vibration combined with railway noise-A systematic review with exposure-effect curves 2023 Ingår i: Environmental Research. - 0013-9351. ; 233 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: The combined health impact of concurrent railway noise and railway vibration exposure is not yet well understood. Objectives: This systematic review gives an overview of epidemiological studies on health effects from railway vibration, aiming to quantify this association with exposure-effect curves. Moreover, the combined health effects of vibration and concurrent noise were investigated.Methods: We converted the vibration metric to an equivalent noise level and calculated an overall noise level by energetically summing the equivalent and railway noise level. The combined health effect was determined by using published evidence-based exposure-effect formulas.Results: Studies included in this systematic review predominately investigated annoyance and self-reported sleep disturbances; no studies on manifest diseases were identified. For the combined effects of vibration and noise on "total" annoyance, the results based on the pooled analysis of CargoVibes project are recommended as conservative approach.Discussion: Converting railway vibration into equivalent noise levels in dB may offer a pragmatic approach to assess the combined health effects of railway noise and railway vibration exposure. Future studies should include cardiovascular and mental diseases in addition to vibration-induced annoyance and sleep disturbances. Furthermore, future studies should include in-depth investigations of the interaction between railway noise and railway vibration to allow for a more accurate assessment of the railway-induced burden of disease.
38.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) A laboratory study on the effects of wind turbine noise on sleep: Results of the polysomnographic WiTNES study 2020 Ingår i: Sleep. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1550-9109 .- 0161-8105. ; 43:9, s. 1-14 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Study Objectives: Assess the physiologic and self-reported effects of wind turbine noise (WTN) on sleep. Methods: Laboratory sleep study (n = 50 participants: n = 24 living close to wind turbines and n = 26 as a reference group) using polysomnography, electrocardiography, salivary cortisol, and questionnaire endpoints. Three consecutive nights (23:00-07:00): one habituation followed by a randomized quiet Control and an intervention night with synthesized 32 dB LAEq WTN. Noise in WTN nights simulated closed and ajar windows and low and high amplitude modulation depth. Results: There was a longer rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency (+16.8 min) and lower amount of REM sleep (-11.1 min, -2.2%) in WTN nights. Other measures of objective sleep did not differ significantly between nights, including key indicators of sleep disturbance (sleep efficiency: Control 86.6%, WTN 84.2%; wakefulness after sleep onset: Control 45.2 min, WTN 52.3 min; awakenings: Control n = 11.4, WTN n = 11.5) or the cortisol awakening response. Self-reported sleep was consistently rated as worse following WTN nights, and individuals living close to wind turbines had worse self-reported sleep in both the Control and WTN nights than the reference group. Conclusions: Amplitude-modulated continuous WTN may impact on self-assessed and some aspects of physiologic sleep. Future studies are needed to generalize these findings outside of the laboratory and should include more exposure nights and further examine possible habituation or sensitization.
39.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Effects of ground-borne noise from railway tunnels on sleep: A polysomnographic study 2019 Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323. ; 149, s. 288-296 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Residents of dwellings near railway tunnels may be exposed to noise, which propagates through the tunnel and ground and into the home. Noise radiated into bedrooms may disrupt sleep, which can have negative consequences for physical and mental wellbeing. In this paper, we present a laboratory investigation of the impact of ground-borne railway noise on physiologic and self-reported sleep. Over five consecutive nights, including habituation and control nights, 23 healthy participants were exposed to noise of two different frequency spectra at maximum levels of 35,40 and 45 dB. Sleep was measured using polysomnography and questionnaires. Heart rate was measured using electrocardiography. Sleep was significantly disturbed, both in terms of physiologic and self-reported measures, during nights with 45 dB noise, although the number and size of effects was modest. No significant differences in overall sleep structure or subjective sleep disturbance and quality were found between control and 35 dB nights. Within 60 s following noise onset, the noise spectrum with higher amplitude frequencies above 100 Hz led to increases in heart rate at noise levels of 35 dB and above, and increased arousal probability at a noise level of 45 dB. The results generally support that the proposed Swedish guideline value of 35 dB maximum noise level indoors may be suitable for protecting against adverse sleep outcomes due to ground-borne railway noise.
40.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Freight trains, nocturnal vibration and noise, and their physiological effects during sleep 2014 Ingår i: 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN) 2014, Nara, JAPAN. Proceedings of ICBEN 2014. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract There has been much previous research examining the effects of environmental noise on sleep, but the specific influence of vibration exposure has largely been neglected and primarily limited to cross-sectional field studies. Within the EU CargoVibes project, we experimentally investigated physiological reactions to freight train vibration and noise exposure during sleep. Polysomnography was used to determine the impact on sleep architecture, in terms of macrostructure and for event-related autonomic and cortical arousals. The work aimed to examine the effects on sleep of vibration amplitude, number of events, and the interaction of vibration and noise. Nights with 36 events and high vibration were found to result in greatest sleep fragmentation, more changes to lighter sleep stage, shorter continuous time in slow wave sleep and earlier awakenings than the control, and increased wakefulness and reduced rapid eye movement sleep relative to the 20 train night. The likelihood of the occurrence of event-related awakenings, arousals and changes in sleep depth all increased with vibration amplitude. Heart rate response was greater during exposure to high than moderate vibration. Comparison between first and second half of the night indicated that cardiac reactions sensitized to repeated vibration exposure. Vibration in residential environments from railway freight contributes towards sleep fragmentation which may have implications for health outcomes. Guidelines to prevent adverse health outcomes for freight lines where there is a risk for vibration exposure therefore need to consider not only noise but also the added impact of vibration.
41.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Jämförelse av fysiologisk respons vid exponering för buller eller vibrationer 2014 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Tågtrafik ger upphov till buller och i vissa fall vibrationer i bostäder nära järnvägen, i synnerhet för godståg som är väsentligt tyngre än persontåg. Denna rapport redovisar vid vilka vibrationshastigheter som effekterna av vibrationer för de boende är ungefär likvärdiga som motsvarande ljudtrycksnivå (bullernivå). Effekterna är i detta sammanhang självrapporterad störning eller sömnstörning i tvärsnittsstudier och olika påverkan på sömnkvalité uppmätt i fält eller i sömnlaboratorium.
42.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Nocturnal vibration and noise from freight trains impacts sleep 2013 Ingår i: Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. - : ASA. - 1939-800X. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract There is a proposed increase in the number of freight trains on the European railway networks, with this growth being facilitated through using the available night time periods. Freight trains are particularly problematic with regards to generation of low frequency vibration and noise which has the potential to propagate to nearby homes and influence the sleep of residents. To investigate the potential impact we conducted a laboratory trial on 24 young healthy persons to ascertain physiological and psychological reactions to nocturnal vibration and noise from freight traffic, and to examine differences between gender and noise sensitivity. Nights with moderate (0.0102 m/s2) and high (0.0204 m/s2) maximum Wd weighted vibration amplitudes and low (20) and high (36) number of train passages were simulated with noise levels being of the same order between nights. Polysomnography was used to record sleep stage and EEG arousals and awakenings. Event-related cardiac activations were analysed using ECG recordings. Questionnaires were administered to obtain subjective sleep parameters. Sleep was more fragmented during nights with higher vibration amplitudes and number of events. Furthermore, heart rate response was higher in the high vibration condition. Results from the subjective data showed less discrimination between nights.
43.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Nocturnal vibration from high numbers of freight trains leads to fragmented sleep 2013 Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966. ; 133:5 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
44.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) On the Influence of Freight Trains on Humans: A Laboratory Investigation of the Impact of Nocturnal Low Frequency Vibration and Noise on Sleep and Heart Rate 2013 Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background A substantial increase in transportation of goods on railway may be hindered by public fear of increased vibration and noise leading to annoyance and sleep disturbance. As the majority of freight trains run during night time, the impact upon sleep is expected to be the most serious adverse effect. The impact of nocturnal vibration on sleep is an area currently lacking in knowledge. We experimentally investigated sleep disturbance with the aim to ascertain the impact of increasing vibration amplitude. Methodology/Principal Findings The impacts of various amplitudes of horizontal vibrations on sleep disturbance and heart rate were investigated in a laboratory study. Cardiac accelerations were assessed using a combination of polysomnography and ECG recordings. Sleep was assessed subjectively using questionnaires. Twelve young, healthy subjects slept for six nights in the sleep laboratory, with one habituation night, one control night and four nights with a variation of vibration exposures whilst maintaining the same noise exposure. With increasing vibration amplitude, we found a decrease in latency and increase in amplitude of heart rate as well as a reduction in sleep quality and increase in sleep disturbance. Conclusions/Significance We concluded that nocturnal vibration has a negative impact on sleep and that the impact increases with greater vibration amplitude. Sleep disturbance has short- and long-term health consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to define levels that protect residents against sleep disruptive vibrations that may arise from night time railway freight traffic.
45.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Physiological effects of railway vibration and noise on sleep 2017 Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 141:5, s. 3262-3269 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper evaluates the relative contribution of vibration and noise from railway on physiological sleep outcomes. Vibration from railway freight often accompanies airborne noise, yet is almost totally absent in the existing literature. In an experimental investigation, 23 participants, each sleeping for six nights in the laboratory, were exposed to 36 simulated railway freight pass-bys per night with vibration alone (aWd,max=0.0204ms−2), noise alone (LAF,max=49.8dB), or both vibration and noise simultaneously. A fourth exposure night involved 52 pass-bys with concurrent vibration and noise. Sleep was measured with polysomnography. Cardiac activity was measured with electrocardiography. The probability of cortical arousals or awakenings was greater following all exposures, including vibration alone, than spontaneous reaction probability (p<0.05). The effects of vibration exposure and noise exposure on changes of sleep stage and arousals were directly additive. Vibration and noise exposure both induced heart rate acceleration above spontaneously expected fluctuations at baseline. The results indicate that vibration and noise are processed in the brain separately yet in parallel, with both contributing towards the likelihood of sleep disruption. The findings show that vibration is of importance when considering the impact of railway freight on sleep.
46.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Physiological effects of wind turbine noise on sleep 2016 Ingår i: Proceedings of 22nd International Congress on Acoustics. Buenos Aires, 5 to 9 September, 2016. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In accordance with the EU energy policy, wind turbines are becoming increasingly widespread throughout Europe, and this trend is expected to continue globally. More people will consequently live close to wind turbines in the future, and hence may be exposed to wind farm noise. Of particular concern is the potential for nocturnal noise to contribute towards sleep disturbance of nearby residents. To examine the issue, we are implementing a project titled Wind Turbine Noise Effects on Sleep (WiTNES). In a pilot study described in this paper, we performed an initial investigation into the particular acoustical characteristics of wind turbine noise that might have the potential to disturb sleep. Six young, healthy individuals spent 5 nights in our sound exposure laboratory. During the final 3 nights of the study, the participants were exposed to wind turbine noise, which was synthesised based on analysis of field measurements. Exposures involved periods of different amplitude modulation strengths, the presence or absence of beats, different blade rotational periods, and outdoor LAEq,8h=45 or 50 dB with indoor levels based on the windows being fully closed or slightly open. Physiological measurements indicate that nights with low frequency band amplitude modulation and LAEq,8h=45 dB, slightly open window (LAEq,8h=33 dB indoors) impacted sleep the most. The presence of beats and strong amplitude modulation contributed to sleep disturbance, reflected by more electrophysiological awakenings, increased light sleep and wakefulness, and reduced REM and deep sleep. The impact on sleep by these acoustic characteristics is currently the focus of interest in ongoing studies.
47.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Physiological reaction thresholds to vibration during sleep 2015 Ingår i: Euronoise 2015. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In the Night Noise Guidelines for Europe 2009, the World Health Organisation report that there is sufficient available evidence for biological effects of noise on sleep starting from LAF,max,inside=32 dB. There is however no such evidence for vibration. Vibration is expected to affect an increasing number of people living close to rail or trafficked roads. It was therefore the objective to determine vibration amplitude thresholds for sleep disruption. These disruptions include cortical arousals and awakenings, alterations of sleep depth, and changes in cardiovascular activity. An experimental laboratory study was performed in a setting designed to closely resemble a home environment. Participants slept in the sleep laboratory for five consecutive nights, composed of a habituation night, a quiet control night, and three exposure nights. Sleep was measured using polysomnography, and heart rate measured using electrocardiogram (ECG). This pilot study involved five young, healthy participants, free of self-reported sleep problems. Exposure nights composed of 36 simulated freight train passages, with low level noise (LAF,max=30dB) and vibration. Each series of 36 trains involved 12 trains per night with maximum vibration amplitudes of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm/s. The results indicate that alterations of sleep depth and cortical arousals may begin at 0.3 mm/s. A study involving a larger number of people is currently underway to further investigate thresholds for sleep disruption.
48.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Physiological reaction thresholds to vibration during sleep : Vibrationsnivåer som framkallar fysiologisk reaktion under sömn 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The World Health Organization Night Noise Guidelines for Europe 2009 report that there is sufficient evidence for biological effects of noise on sleep, starting at LAF,max,inside=32 dB [1]. Alterations in sleep structure and electroencephalogram (EEG) awakenings start to occur at LAF,max,inside=35 dB. Changes in cardiovascular activity during sleep also occur as a result of noise exposure, but threshold levels have not been determined. Noise from freight trains in particular has been found to cause more frequent awakenings [2] and stronger cardiac response [3] than passenger trains. In the field, freight trains are often accompanied by low frequency vibration, with amplitudes commonly around 0.4 – 1.5 mm/s (comfort weighted [4]) near railway lines [5]. As with noise, moderate to high level vibration from freight has been shown to contribute towards cortical EEG reactions and changes of heart rate during sleep [6-8]. However, it is not presently known at what threshold levels physiological effects due to vibration begin to occur. The research group aimed to identify a physiological reaction threshold to vibration during sleep. An initial pilot study was conducted to give a first indication of where such a threshold might lie. A subsequent larger-scale main study further investigated the vibration level response threshold, and also provided knowledge regarding what physiological response occur at 0.4 mm/s, the current lowest limit value enforced for new railway lines in Sweden [9]. Changes in sleep stage and awakenings were observed at 0.4 mm/s, while indications were seen at 0.3 mm/s but not 0.2 mm/s (see Figure 1). Changes in heart rate were seen at 0.3 and 0.4 mm/s, but not at 0.2 mm/s (see Figure 2). This study found that the physiological effects and threshold levels for these WHO defined effects were 0.3 mm/s for changes in cardiac activity, and 0.4 mm/s for EEG awakenings and changes in sleep structure and fragmentation of sleep (see Table 2).
49.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) The effects on sleep of ground borne noise from trains in tunnels 2018 Ingår i: Euronoise 2018. May 27-31, Hersonissos, Crete.. - 2226-5147. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In residential areas around railway tunnels, there is no direct airborne noise from the railways, but residents may be exposed to ground borne noise. Nocturnal airborne railway noise has been shown to be potentially disruptive to sleep, but there is only limited previous research on the effects of ground borne railway noise. Here we present laboratory studies investigating how ground borne railway noise at levels occurring in the field impacts on sleep. Data on sound pressure level, duration and frequency content of ground borne noise from railways were collected from the scientific literature, from measurement reports and by renewed measurements at a few locations in Stockholm, Sweden. Using these data as input, the exposures for the sleep studies were synthesised to represent the variation seen in the gathered data. An initial pilot study (n=5) investigated possible differential effects of frequency content and duration (passenger vs. freight trains). Data from the pilot study implicated very low frequency train passages as potentially disruptive for sleep. The following main study (n=23) therefore further examined frequency content, and additionally examined the effect of noise level. Across both studies, young and healthy individuals spent five nights in a laboratory furnished to resemble an apartment. The first night was for adaptation to the study setting. The following four nights included a single quiet night to obtain baseline sleep, and three exposure nights involving synthesised ground borne noise from passenger and freight trains. Effects on sleep physiology and self-reported sleep outcomes were obtained using polysomnography and questionnaires respectively, although physiologic outcomes from the pilot only are herein reported.
50.	Smith, Michael, et al. (författare) Vibration and Noise Induced Sleep Disturbance from Freight Trains - An experimental Study 2012 Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966. ; 131:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A substantial increase in transportation of goods on railway networks may be hindered by public fear of annoyance and sleep disturbance due to a corresponding increase in vibration and noise. As the majority of freight trains run during night time, sleep disturbance is expected to be the most serious adverse health effect arising from resulting vibration and noise. However, very little data exists that may be used to investigate the potential impact. As part of the European project Cargovibes, we are experimentally investigating sleep disturbance. An initial pilot study explored the relative perception of horizontal versus vertical vibration for subjects in a supine position and a following study investigated the relationship between various levels of horizontal vibration and sleep disturbance. Sleep was assessed using polysomonography and questionnaires. In total 12 subjects slept for six nights in the sleep laboratory, with one adaptation night, one control night and four nights with a variation of vibration exposures maintaining the same noise exposure. The results will be discussed at the conference.

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