| 1. |
- Allard, Ingrid, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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A methodology to investigate the building energy performance gap
- 2015
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to evaluate compliance with requirements on building energy performance, it is necessary to find strategies to process discrepancies from the results of forward simulations in the design stage and of measurements in the operated stage. The gap between designed performance and measured performance is referred to as the “performance gap”. It can be divided into a procurement gap (between intended design and verified performance) and an operational gap (between verified performance and non-normalized measurements). In this work we introduced a methodology for performance gap analysis, based on separating the procurement- and operational gap. An important component to do this is calibrations of calculations using measured data. The suggested methodology allows for more detailed verifications of building energy performance and can be used to study how indicators reflect the performance gap. The proposed methodology is tested using data from a well-documented and measured operated single family building, in sub-arctic climate in Sweden.The indicators studied in the verification were carefully analyzed. The methodology was found reliable based on the obtained results and a sensitivity analysis. An overall observation is that the applicability of the methodology depends on the accuracy of the hybrid method. The accuracy of the performance gap analysis per definition depends on the available information of the operated building, and consequently to access to extensive measured data.
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| 2. |
- Allard, Ingrid
(författare)
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Achieving building energy performance : requirements and evaluation methods for residential buildings in Sweden, Norway, and Finland
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Building energy performance has always been important in the cold climate of Sweden, Norway and Finland. To meet the goal that all new buildings should be nearly zero-energy buildings by 2020, set in the EU directive 2010/31/EU [1] on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD recast), the building sector in Europe now faces a transition towards buildings with improved energy performance. In such a transition, a discussion is needed about the objective of the improvement – why, or to what end, the building energy performance should be improved. The objective of improving building energy performance is often a political decision, but scientific research can contribute with knowledge on how the objectives can be achieved.This thesis addresses how the indicators used in the requirements used to achieve building energy performance in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, and the methods used to evaluate these requirements, reflect building energy performance. It also addresses difficulties in achieving comparable and verifiable indicators in evaluations of building energy performance. The research objective has two parts: to review, compare, and discuss (i) requirements and (ii) evaluation methods used to achieve energy performance of residential buildings in Sweden, Norway and Finland. The work in this thesis includes reviews of the requirements used in national building codes and passive house criteria to achieve building energy performance, of methods used to evaluate compliance with such requirements, and of methods used specifically to evaluate the indicator Envelope Air Tightness. The results show that different sets of indicators are used to achieve building energy performance in the studied building codes and passive house criteria. The methods used to evaluate compliance with requirements used to achieve building energy performance are also different, but calculation methods are generally more often used than measurement methods. The calculation- and measurement methods used are often simple. A methodology to analyze the deviation between predictions- and measurements of building energy performance (the performance gap) was developed, to investigate the effects of different evaluation methods on different indicators used to achieve building energy performance. The methodology was tested in a case-study. This study indicated that the choice of method affects which parts of the performance gap reflected in the indicators Supplied Energy (see Terminology), Net Energy (see Terminology), and Overall U-value. Among the reviewed methods to evaluate air tightness, the Fan/Blower Door Pressurization is well known and preferred by professionals in the field. The results in this thesis may be useful when choosing indicators and evaluation methods to achieve different objectives of improving building energy performance and in the quest towards comparable and verifiable indicators used to achieve building energy performance.
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| 3. |
- Allard, Ingrid, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy evaluation methods for residential buildings in Nordic countries
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceeding of the Technoport Conference. - : Elsevier.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To meet the goals of the directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings, the building sector in Europe now faces a transition towards more energy efficient buildings. Research and development of new energy solutions and technology will be necessary for the transition and the importance of measuring and evaluating building energy performance increases. This paper attempts to review and evaluate different methods that are commonly used to analyze energy performance in residential buildings in Nordic countries, primarily in Sweden, Norway and Finland. A short international review of regulations is also included. Some advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, as well as commonly used methods in the three countries. Although the three Nordic countries have similar climate conditions and building traditions, the study shows that there exist relatively large variations in defining parameters related to energy performance in residential buildings, such as energy use, heated area, and climate zones. The outcome of the regulations could be investigated by adapting the codes on a selected set of buildings. Common analyzing methods, or parts of methods, are found to be used in several countries. These aspects may be considered in further work to develop more accurate and easily comparable methods to evaluate energy performance for residential buildings in cold climate.
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| 4. |
- Allard, Ingrid, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy evaluation of residential buildings : Performance gap analysis incorporating uncertainties in the evaluation methods
- 2018
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Ingår i: Building Simulation. - : Tsinghua University Press. - 1996-3599 .- 1996-8744. ; 11:4, s. 725-737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Calculation and measurement-based energy performance evaluations of the same building often provide different results. This difference is referred as "the performance gap". However, a large performance gap may not necessarily mean that there are flaws in the building or deviations from the intended design. The causes for the performance gap can be analysed by calibrating the simulation model to measured data. In this paper, an approach is introduced for verifying compliance with energy performance criteria of residential buildings. The approach is based on a performance gap analysis that takes the uncertainties in the energy evaluation methods into consideration. The scope is to verify building energy performance through simulation and analysis of measured data, identifying any performance gap due to deviations from the intended design or flaws in the finished building based on performance gap analysis. In the approach, a simulation model is calibrated to match the heat loss coefficient of the building envelope [kWh/K] instead of the measured energy. The introduced approach is illustrated using a single-family residential building. The heat loss coefficient was found useful towards identifying any deviations from the intended design or flaws in the finished building. The case study indicated that the method uncertainty was important to consider in the performance gap analysis and that the proposed approach is applicable even when the performance gap appears to be non-existing.
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| 5. |
- Allard, Ingrid, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy performance criteria for residential buildings : A comparison of Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian building codes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building code are considered to be an effective policy tool to reduce energy use in buildings. In practice, national priorities influence the indicators and criteria adopted in the building codes. Consequently, neighbouring countries with similar climate conditions may use different criteria in their building codes to regulate the energy performance. In this paper, the energy performance criteria and their relative stringency in the latest residential building codes of Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia are compared. The study is based on energy performance evaluations of one single-family building and one multi-family building, located in the north of Sweden. Both buildings complied with the Norwegian and Russian building code. However, the buildings did not comply with the specific fan power and heat loss criteria in the Finnish building code. Additionally, the single-family building did not comply with the specific primary energy and electric powerdemand criteria in the Swedish building code when heated by an electric heater. The national standard input data were found to have a large influence on the buildings’ compliance with the studied energy use criteria. Policy implications of the results are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Allard, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Energy performance indicators in the Swedish building procurement process
- 2017
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 9:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, all new buildings need to comply with the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning’s requirement on specific purchased energy (kWh/m2). Accordingly, this indicator is often used to set design criteria in the building procurement process. However, when energy use is measured in finished buildings, the measurements often deviate significantly from the design calculations. The measured specific purchased energy does not necessarily reflect the responsibility of the building contractor, as it is influenced by the building operation, user behavior and climate. Therefore, Swedish building practitioners may prefer other indicators for setting design criteria in the building procurement process. The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to understand the Swedish building practitioners’ perspectives and opinions on seven building energy performance indicators (envelope air leakage, U-values for different building parts, average U-value, specific heat loss, heat loss coefficient, specific net energy, and specific purchased energy); and (ii) to understand the consequences for the energy performance of multi-family buildings of using the studied indicators to set criteria in the procurement process. The study involved a Delphi approach and simulations of a multi-family case study building. The studied indicators were discussed in terms of how they may meet the needs of the building practitioners when used to set building energy performance criteria in the procurement process.
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| 7. |
- Allard, Ingrid, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Methods for air tightness analysis for residential buildings in Nordic countries
- 2012
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Ingår i: Methods for air tightness analysis forresidential buildings in Nordic countries. - Southampton : WIT Press. - 9781845646141 ; , s. 311-322
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Envelope air tightness is one factor that has impact on the energy performance ofbuildings. The goals of the directive 2010/31/EU, on energy performance ofbuildings, raise the importance of building energy performance analysis in theprocess. Measurements of air tightness can be useful both when evaluatingbuilding energy performance and developing new building techniques. The aimof this paper is to review and evaluate methods to measure air tightness in bothnew and existing residential buildings in Sweden, Norway and Finland, based onan international literature study and a survey. The methods are categorized basedon a number of criteria to determine their suitability in different situations.Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed, as well ascommonly used methods in the three countries. The review shows that thestandard ISO 9972 is used for verification in all three countries, but alternativesexist that might be more suitable in certain situations. Simpler methods are usedin the building process to increase air tightness. To achieve a comparablemeasurement, both common methods and commonly defined units are needed.
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| 8. |
- Allard, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Methods for energy analysis of residential buildings in Nordic countries
- 2013
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Pergamon-Elsevier Science. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 22, s. 306-318
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- To meet the goals of the directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings, the building sector in Europe now faces a transition towards more energy efficient buildings. Research and development of new energy solutions and technology will be necessary for the transition and the importance of analyzing building energy performance increases. This paper aims to review and evaluate different methods that are commonly used to analyze energy performance in residential buildings in Nordic countries, primarily in Sweden, Norway and Finland. A short international review of regulations is also included. The goal is to find commonly used methods and possibilities for the future. The introduced methods are summarized, categorized and compared based on their advantages and disadvantages. Although the three Nordic countries have similar climate conditions and building traditions, the review shows relatively large variations in the definitions of energy performance for residential buildings, as well as variations in how measurements and calculations are used in the methods for energy performance analysis. In the conducted review, methods, or parts of methods, are also found to be used. The methods used to analyze energy performance are found to be more similar than the concepts of energy performance itself in the three countries. These aspects may be considered in further work to develop an international policy practice for energy performance of residential buildings in cold climate.
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| 9. |
- Allard Stolterman, Ingrid, 1986-
(författare)
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Regulating energy performance of residential buildings in cold climate : a study of indicators, criteria, and evaluation methods
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Building energy performance has been important in Fennoscandia ever since the early vernacular houses, to combat the cold climate. Due to EU directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD recast), building energy performance has become even more relevant in northern Europe the last decade. Objectives for improving building energy performance may include reducing cost and CO2-emissions, increasing energy independency, and improving the indoor climate. Different indicators, criteria, and evaluations methods may be used to reach these objectives. This dissertation addresses indicators, criteria, and evaluation methods used to regulate energy performance of residential buildings in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Russia. Four research objectives are covered: (RO1) comparing criteria and evaluation methods used to regulate energy performance of residential buildings in Sweden, Norway, and Finland, (RO2) studying the perspective of professionals with experience in building energy performance evaluation on (a) methods for evaluating envelope air leakage of residential buildings in Sweden and Finland and (b) potential energy performance indicators in the Swedish procurement process of multi-family buildings, (RO3) developing an approach for analysing the performance gap between design predictions and measurements that can be used to verify compliance with requirements on building energy use in practice, and (RO4) comparing the stringency of the energy performance criteria for residential buildings between the Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, and Russian national building code. Many differences were found between how energy performance of residential buildings was regulated in the four countries. In Sweden, measurements were used more for evaluating building energy performance than in the other countries. As of 1st January 2020, the Finnish building code was characterized by its focus on the building heat loss and stringent energy performance criteria compared to the other countries. The Norwegian building code was characterized by a relatively narrow system perspective on energy performance, with no regulation of the energy production efficiency or energy source. The Russian building code also had a narrow system perspective but was also characterized by its focus on the form factor – the relationship between building volume and enclosing area. The practitioners wanted to minimize the influence from building operation and user behaviour on energy performance evaluations in the Swedish building procurement process of multi-family buildings. Hence, they preferred component-focused indicators or indicators with a narrow system boundary. An approach has been developed for analyzing the performance gap between design phase predictions and measurements. The approach can be used to verify the finished building’s energy performance, with minimal influence from occupant behavior and building operation.
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| 10. |
- Bergh, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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No link between viral findings in the prostate and subsequent cancer development
- 2007
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - London : Nature Publishing Group. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 96:1, s. 137-139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an investigation of 201 prostate tissue samples from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia that later progressed to prostate cancer and 201 matched controls that did not, there were no differences in the prevalence of adenovirus, herpesvirus, papilloma virus, polyoma virus and Candida albicans DNA.
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| 11. |
- Fresard, Laure, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of rare-disease genes using blood transcriptome sequencing and large control cohorts
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Medicine. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 25:6, s. 911-919
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is estimated that 350 million individuals worldwide suffer from rare diseases, which are predominantly caused by mutation in a single gene(1). The current molecular diagnostic rate is estimated at 50%, with whole-exome sequencing (WES) among the most successful approaches(2-5). For patients in whom WES is uninformative, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has shown diagnostic utility in specific tissues and diseases(6-8). This includes muscle biopsies from patients with undiagnosed rare muscle disorders(6,9), and cultured fibroblasts from patients with mitochondrial disorders(7). However, for many individuals, biopsies are not performed for clinical care, and tissues are difficult to access. We sought to assess the utility of RNA-seq from blood as a diagnostic tool for rare diseases of different pathophysiologies. We generated whole-blood RNA-seq from 94 individuals with undiagnosed rare diseases spanning 16 diverse disease categories. We developed a robust approach to compare data from these individuals with large sets of RNA-seq data for controls (n = 1,594 unrelated controls and n = 49 family members) and demonstrated the impacts of expression, splicing, gene and variant filtering strategies on disease gene identification. Across our cohort, we observed that RNA-seq yields a 7.5% diagnostic rate, and an additional 16.7% with improved candidate gene resolution.
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| 12. |
- Nair, Gireesh, et al.
(författare)
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Building professionals' views on energy efficiency compliance requirements
- 2017
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Ingår i: 11th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics, NSB 2017. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 988-993
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, the national building code (BBR) stipulates the specific energy use as an indicator to verify whether a newbuilding is complying with its design-phase energy performance values. However, previous studies have shown that there may belarge differences between the calculated specific energy and the actual monitored energy use. The differences are attributed tovarious reasons including the actual energy behaviour of the occupants as compared to the standard values used in thesimulations. This may lead to disputes between the client and the contractor on the responsibility of meeting the energyrequirements.In this study an adapted version of Delphi methodology was used to understand the building professionals’ view on variousindicators used to verify building energy performance. The study showed that professionals are concerned with the use of specificenergy as an indicator in the building procurement process as they do not have control over the occupants’ energy behaviour.Majority of the professionals expressed a large confidence in the average U-value of the building, component U-values and thespecific heat loss figure by the Swedish center for zero-energy buildings as indicators of building energy performance.
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| 13. |
- Olofsson, Thomas, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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A quantitative evaluation of airtightness measurement experiences
- 2014
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Ingår i: NSB 2014 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics 15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden. - 9789188722539
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation of building air tightness based on field measurements is an important aspect in the process to provide good indoor environment and energy efficient buildings. The measurements are generally conducted by experts. To improve field methods for evaluation of building air tightness, experience of these experts can be useful. The scope of this paper is to problematize usefulness of methods for airtightness measurements, how and when methods are used and potential for future development. Surveyed Swedish and Finnish experts have valued the performance and usefulness of methods in the perspective of being used for singe family, multifamily, new, inhabited, under construction, renovation, leaky and air-tight buildings. They also valued the future potential, as well as their own level of experience and expertise, of the methods. Although the results of the survey were based on a small set of collected data, it indicated that the experts favored methods with their highest assessed experience and expertise, i.e. Blower door and Surface temperature measurements/Thermography. Potential of future development within quantitative and component methods was assessed to be positive in general and in particular for the favored methods.
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| 14. |
- Stenman, U H, et al.
(författare)
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Summary report of the TD-3 workshop: characterization of 83 antibodies against prostate-specific antigen
- 1999
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Ingår i: Tumor Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1423-0380 .- 1010-4283. ; 20:Suppl. 1, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twelve research groups participated in the ISOBM TD-3 Workshop in which the reactivity and specificity of 83 antibodies against prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were investigated. Using a variety of techniques including cross-inhibition assays, Western blotting, BIAcore, immunoradiometric assays and immunohistochemistry, the antibodies were categorized into six major groups which formed the basis for mapping onto two- and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) models of PSA. The overall findings of the TD-3 Workshop are summarized in this report. In agreement with all participating groups, three main antigenic domains were identified: free PSA-specific epitopes located in or close to amino acids 86-91; discontinuous epitopes specific for PSA without human kallikrein (hK2) cross-reactivity located at or close to amino acids 158-163; and continuous or linear epitopes shared between PSA and hK2 located close to amino acids 3-11. In addition, several minor and partly overlapping domains were also identified. Clearly, the characterization of antibodies from this workshop and the location of their epitopes on the 3-D model of PSA illustrate the importance of selecting appropriate antibody pairs for use in immunoassays. It is hoped that these findings and the epitope nomenclature described in this TD-3 Workshop are used as a standard for future evaluation of anti-PSA antibodies.
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| 15. |
- Sundman-Eriksson, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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[(3)H]Tiagabine binding to GABA transporter-1 (GAT-1) in suicidal depression.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 71:1-3, s. 29-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: In depressive disorders, alterations of GABA concentrations and number of postsynaptic GABA related receptor binding sites, as well as antidepressant effects exerted by GABA agonists, suggest a pathogenetic involvement of the GABA system. METHOD: The binding of the presynaptic GABA ligand [(3)H]tiagabine to GABA transporter-1 (GAT-1) was studied in post mortem human frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus from 13 suicide victims and 19 controls without known neurological or psychiatric disorder. RESULTS: No differences were found between the suicide victims and the controls with regard to the number of [(3)H]tiagabine binding sites (B(max)) or apparent affinity (K(d)). LIMITATIONS: The study was limited to two brain regions. CONCLUSION: Findings in other studies of alterations in the GABA system in depression seem according to the present results not to be associated with significant changes in the GABA uptake binding sites in the regions investigated.
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| 16. |
- Sundman-Eriksson, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Age-correlated decline in [3H]tiagabine binding to GAT-1 in human frontal cortex.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. - 1594-0667 .- 1720-8319. ; 18:3, s. 257-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In spite of the fact that GABA is a significant transmitter, little is known about the GABA system in aging, compared with other transmitter systems. [(3)H]tiagabine is a ligand for GABAergic neurons, which binds with 10-fold higher affinity to the GABA uptake site than [(3)H]nipecotic acid. The aim of this study was to study the binding of [(3)H]tiagabine to the GABA transporter 1, GAT-1, in human frontal cortex and cingulate cortex from individuals of varying ages. METHODS: [(3)H]tiagabine binding experiments were conducted on post-mortem brain tissue from 19 individuals (age range 17-78 years) without known neurological or psychiatric disorders. Binding data vs age and postmortem interval was analysed by Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The density of [(3)H]tiagabine binding to GAT- 1 decreased significantly with increasing age in the frontal cortex, whereas binding affinity was unchanged. No significant alterations in binding parameters were observed in the cingulate cortex. No correlation was found between post-mortem delay and the number of [(3)H]tiagabine binding sites. CONCLUSIONS: According to the present study, presynaptical alterations in the GABA system are correlated with aging in the frontal cortex of the human brain. Further studies involving a broader range of brain regions seem warranted, to confirm the present findings and to enlarge knowledge about the GABA system in aging.
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| 17. |
- Sundman, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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GABA uptake sites in frontal cortex from suicide victims and in aging.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Neuropsychobiology. - 0302-282X .- 1423-0224. ; 35:1, s. 11-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The binding of [3H]nipecotic acid to GABA uptake sites was studied in post mortem human frontal cortex from 17 suicide victims and 21 controls without known neurological or psychiatric disorder. The suicide victims were subclassified according to the use of violent or non-violent methods and to the presence or absence of a known history of a depressive disorder. No difference was found between the suicide victims and the controls with regard to [3H]nipecotic acid binding to GABA uptake sites (Bmax) and apparent affinity (Kd). No differences were found either with regard to method of suicide or whether a depressive symptom existed or not. The binding of [3H]nipecotic acid to GABA uptake sites was also studied in post mortem human frontal cortex with regard to aging. The age of the subjects ranged from 16 to 84 years. No significant difference in either Bmax or Kd was found. The present findings suggest that the GABA uptake sites in the human frontal cortex are not subjected to regulation or degenerative changes in conditions investigated.
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