| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Haemig, Paul D., et al.
(författare)
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Forecasting risk of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE): Using data from wildlife and climate to predict next year's number of human victims
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-1980 .- 0036-5548. ; 43:5, s. 366-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Over the past quarter century, the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has increased in most European nations. However, the number of humans stricken by the disease varies from year to year. A method for predicting major increases and decreases is needed. Methods: We assembled a 25-y database (1984-2008) of the number of human TBE victims and wildlife and climate data for the Stockholm region of Sweden, and used it to create easy-to-use mathematical models that predict increases and decreases in the number of humans stricken by TBE. Results: Our best model, which uses December precipitation and mink (Neovison vison, formerly Mustela vison) bagging figures, successfully predicted every major increase or decrease in TBE during the past quarter century, with a minimum of false alarms. However, this model was not efficient in predicting small increases and decreases. Conclusions: Predictions from our models can be used to determine when preventive and adaptive programmes should be implemented. For example, in years when the frequency of TBE in humans is predicted to be high, vector control could be intensified where infested ticks have a higher probability of encountering humans, such as at playgrounds, bathing lakes, barbecue areas and camping facilities. Because our models use only wildlife and climate data, they can be used even when the human population is vaccinated. Another advantage is that because our models employ data from previously-established databases, no additional funding for surveillance is required.
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| 16. |
- Aldieri, Luigi, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Marshallian and Jacobian Knowledge Spilloverson Jobs in the Solar, Wind and Energy Efficiency Sector
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 14:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to establish if Marshallian and Jacobian knowledge spillovers affect job creation in the green energy sector. Whether these two effects exist is important for the number of jobs created in related fields and jobs pushed away in other sectors. In the analysis, the production efficiency, in terms of jobs and job spillovers, from inventions in solar, wind and energy efficiency, is explored through data envelopment analysis (DEA), based on the Malmquist productivity index, and tobit regression. A panel dataset of American and European firms over the period of 2002–2017 is used. The contribution to the literature is to show the role of the spillovers from the same technology sector (Marshallian externalities), and of the spillovers from more diversified activity (Jacobian externalities). Since previous empirical evidence concerning the innovation effects on the production efficiency is yet weak, the paper attempts to bridge this gap. The empirical findings suggest negative Marshallian externalities, while Jacobian externalities have no statistical impact on the job creation process. The findings are of strategic importance for governments who are developing industrial strategies for renewable energy.
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| 17. |
- Aldieri, Luigi, et al.
(författare)
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Wind Power and Job Creation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:1
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to provide a global overview of job effects per MW of wind power installations, which will enable improved decision-making and modeling of future wind-power projects. We found indications that job creation connected to wind-power installations is rather limited. In total, 17 peer-reviewed articles and 10 reports/non-peer-reviewed papers between 2001 and 2019 were assessed. Our three major policy conclusions are as follows: (a) job creation seems to be limited; (b) each new project should consider a unique assessment, since all projects have been undertaken within different institutional frameworks, labor markets, and during separate years, meaning that the technology is not comparable; and (c) the number of jobs depends on the labor intensity of the country.
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| 18. |
- Allstrin, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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12 punkter om distansarbete efter Covid-19
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I och med att Covid-19-pandemin tvingade många anställda att skifta arbetsplatsen från kontoret till hemmet, tycks stigmat kring distansarbete, och framför allt hemarbete, ha minskat. Med ett möjligt slut av pandemin i sikte är frågan hur (kontors-)arbetslivet kommer att se ut framöver: Vad behöver man tänka på när man som arbetsgivare och/eller HR person funderar kring om distans- och/eller hybridarbete ska bibehållas, utökas – eller avvecklas? För företag blir det nödvändigt att analysera och planera hur den nya post-Covid verksamheten ska utformas. Det är av vikt för företag att uppnå en ny status quo när framtidens arbetsplats planeras; målet behöver vara att hitta ett arbetssätt som är gynnsamt för både arbetsgivare och anställda, oavsett om det rör sig om kontors-, distans- eller hybridarbete.Denna rapport syftar till att redogöra för forskningsläget kring hem- och distansarbete för att ge de som planerar för framtiden ett beslutsstöd. Forskningssammanställningen gör inte anspråk på fullständighet då det i nuläget är för tidigt att dra slutsatser om världens förändring efter pandemin. Rapporten diskuterar flera relevanta aspekter och presenterar konkret tolv punkter som är av vikt för den som leder och fördelar arbetet, samt dess stödfunktioner, på ett företag.
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| 19. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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An Anatomy of Failure : China’s Wind Power Development
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Wuarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. - : Ludwig von Mises Institute. - 1098-3708 .- 1936-4806. ; 24:2, s. 317-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- China is currently the world’s largest installer of wind power. However,with twice the installed wind capacity compared to the United States in 2015, theChinese produce less power. The question is: Why is this the case? This article showsthat Chinese grid connectivity is low, Chinese firms have few international patents,and that export is low even though production capacity far exceeds domesticproduction needs. Using the tools of Austrian economics, China’s wind powerdevelopment from 1980 to 2016 is documented and analyzed from three angles:(a) planning and knowledge problems, (b) unproductive entrepreneurship, and (c)bureaucracy and government policy. From a theoretical standpoint, both a planningproblem and an entrepreneurial problem are evident where governmental policiescreate misallocation of resources and a hampering of technological development.
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| 20. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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An Anatomy of Mishaps – China´s Wind Power Development : USAEE Research Paper No. 18-375
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- China has in recent decades expanded its wind power generation capacity and become the world leader. Still, despite robust government support, wind power in China is obstructed by various barriers (e.g. quality deficiencies, inability to export, missing grid connections, and permit delays from central government for grid construction etc.). This paper synthesises the literature that has discovered weaknesses in the Chinese wind power development and suggests improvements. One observation is that when the Chinese government sets command-andcontrol construction targets over new installed capacity, actors delivered to target – but with several power plants without grid connectivity and severe quality problems. The article contributes to the academic debate over the role of policy making in renewable energy development and argues that China should improve their incentive structure and coordination of regulations.
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| 21. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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An Austrian economic perspective on failed Chinese wind power development
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- China is currently hailed as the world’s premier wind power producer. However, despite twice the installed wind power capacity compared to the United States in 2015, the Chinese installed capacity produces less power. Grid connectivity is remarkably low, Chinese firms have few international granted patents, and export is minimal even though production capacity far exceeds the domestic production needs. Using the tools of Austrian economics, failures in China's wind power development from 1980-2016 is documented and analysed. From a theoretical standpoint, both a planning problem and an entrepreneurial problem is evident where governmental policies create misallocation of resources and a hampering of technological development.
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| 22. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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Automatiseringen och jobben då och nu
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 48:2, s. 81-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 23. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Breaking circular economy barriers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 292
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite high estimated gains of a circular economy implementation, progress on the macro, meso and micro level is sluggish. The purpose of this paper is to examine, from a theoretical economics perspective, how four barriers – technological, market, institutional and cultural – can prevent the implementation of a circular economy. The barriers that currently hinder a circular economy from developing are identified and a mapping of these barriers is performed to understand how they are interdependent and entangled. The conclusion is that even small barriers could stop the emergence of a circular economy. Even though a circular economy is different from our traditional “linear” economy, the theoretical analysis in this paper gives no reason to believe that a circular economy will not follow the same rules as a traditional economy. There will be property rights, rule of law and price signals guiding the economy. If some of the essential parts of a market are lacking, a weaker circular economy than otherwise possible will materialize.
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| 24. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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China’s Wind Power Development – An Anatomy of Mishaps : Ratio Working Paper No. 317
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- China has inrecent decades expanded its wind power generation capacity and become the world leader.Still,despite robust government support, wind power in China is obstructed by various barriers (e.g. quality deficiencies, inability to export, missing grid connections, and permitdelays from central government for grid constructionetc.). This paper synthesisesthe literature that hasdiscovered weaknesses in the Chinese wind power developmentand suggestsimprovements. One energy policy relevant observationisthat when the Chinese government setscommand-and-control construction targetsovernew installed capacity,actorsdelivered to target–but with severalpower plants without grid connectivity and severe quality problems. The article contributes to the academic debate over the role of policy making in renewable energy development and argues that China should improve theirincentive structure and coordination of regulations.
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| 25. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Convergence of Inventive Capabilities within the European Union: A Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of a single economic market and rapid technological advances in the European Union (EU) have resulted in its Member States undergoing major structural changes over the past few decades. The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether or not there is convergence in the inventive capabilities across the EU. This is done by econometrically investigating, by means of parametric and non-parametric techniques, the development of patents granted per capita in 13 Member States per capita during the period 1990–2011. The findings of the β-convergence and σ-convergence tests show convergence in inventive capabilities. Moreover, a similar result is obtained when analysing the distributional dynamics of the invention capabilities. The speed of convergence is slow, however; this suggests that policy efforts implemented by the EU to reduce technological gaps among its Member States have been insufficient, and predicts negative long-term consequences for EU cohesion.
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| 26. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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Crowding Out or Knowledge Spillovers from the Wind Power Industry : The Effect on Related Energy Machinery
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a risk that if a government adopts a R&D spending policy directed towards wind power technology crowding out of other technologies might occur due to fiscal constraints and changes in relative prices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a backward-looking analysis of how the accumulation of wind energy patents and public R&D spending affected the domestic and neighboring country output of granted patents in the “related energy machinery field”. The econometric analysis, a Poisson fixed-effects estimator based on the Hausman, Hall and Griliches (1984) method, relies on a data set consisting of eight countries in Western Europe with the highest rates of patent production in the field of wind power between 1978 and 2008. The results show that an accumulation of a national wind power stock is a statistically significant negative determinant of a country’s related energy machinery patenting outcomes. However, no crowding out effects of public R&D spending were found
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| 27. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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Dags att städa upp : Koldioxidinfångningens potential
- 2022. - 1
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Den minskning av koldioxidutsläpp som behöver komma till stånd globalt dröjer och riskerar bli för långsam och för sen. Olika former av koldioxidinfångning kommer därför att vara nödvändiga. I Dags att städa upp – potential för koldioxidinfångning tar Jonas Grafström, miljöekonom, ett helhetsgrepp på infångningstekniken. Han sammanfattar såväl teknik som kringliggande aspekter gällande exempelvis ekonomi, infrastruktur och energi. De tre metoder av koldioxidinfångning som huvudsakligen beskrivs i boken är infångning från utsläppspunkter (CCS), bioenergi med infångning (BECCS) och atmosfärisk infångning (DAC). Dessa förenas alla av behovet av aktiv lagring av koldioxidgasen efter infångningen. Metoder som binder koldioxiden till marken berörs endast kort. Koldioxidinfångning står inför tre huvudsakliga, generella utmaningar: Att ytterligare utveckla tekniken; att se till att kostnaderna för den blir rimliga; och att den blir del av ett kretslopp och en marknad. Koldioxidinfångning inte är ett substitut för att drastiskt minska koldioxidutsläppen. Att fasa ut fossila bränslen, utöka förnybar energi och påskynda effektivitetsåtgärder, är nödvändigt. Infångning som begränsningsmetoder kommer ensamma inte räcka till för att förhindra uppvärmning. Det är inte ”antingen eller” utan ”både och”.
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| 28. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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Divergence of Renewable Energy Invention Efforts in Europe: An Econometric Analysis Based on Patent Counts
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to investigate the presence of convergence (or divergence) of invention efforts per capita in the renewable energy field across European Union (EU) countries. Divergence may imply a risk of a lower level of goal fulfilment regarding the share of renewable energy in the EU energy mix. This is due to free-rider issues and sub-optimal investment levels, in turn making it more expensive and cumbersome to expand renewable energy production. Convergence suggests a faster renewable energy goal achievement. The econometric analysis is based on patent application counts per capita for 13 EU Member States over the time period 1990–2012. The methods used draw on the economic convergence literature. First, we rely on a panel data set to test for conditional β-convergence. Moreover, a distributional dynamics approach is employed to test for σ- and γ-convergence, and analyse the intra-distributional dynamics. The results indicate conditional β- and σ-divergence in renewable energy invention capabilities across the 13 countries, thus suggesting that some EU countries tend to free-ride on the development efforts of other Member States.
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| 29. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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Divergence of renewable energy invention efforts in Europe: an econometric analysis based on patent counts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Economics and Policy Studies. - : Springer. - 1432-847X .- 1867-383X. ; 20:4, s. 829-859
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to investigate the presence of convergence (or divergence) of invention efforts per capita in the renewable energy field across European Union (EU) countries. Divergence may imply a risk of a lower level of goal fulfilment regarding the share of renewable energy in the EU energy mix. This is due to free-rider issues and sub-optimal investment levels, in turn making it more expensive and cumbersome to expand renewable energy production. Convergence suggests a faster renewable energy goal achievement. The econometric analysis is based on patent application counts per capita for 13 EU Member States over the time period 1990–2012. The methods used draw on the economic convergence literature. First, we rely on a panel data set to test for conditional β-convergence. Moreover, a distributional dynamics approach is employed to test for σ- and γ-convergence, and analyse the intra-distributional dynamics. The results indicate conditional β- and σ-divergence in renewable energy invention capabilities across the 13 countries, thus suggesting that some EU countries tend to free-ride on the development efforts of other Member States.
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| 30. |
- Grafström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Diverging or converging technology capabilities in the European Union?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Technology Transfer. - : Springer Nature. - 0892-9912 .- 1573-7047.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ongoing debate among economists regarding the presence of economic convergence or divergence has been reignited. This paper aims to dissect the extent of technological divergence or convergence among European Union member states, evaluating the effectiveness of the EU's pronounced goals for convergence. Defining a countries technological level is not straightforward, this study examines six key indicators: (a) scientific journal publications, (b) total patents, (c) high tech exports, (d) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, (e) government budget on R&D, and (f) human resources in science and technology as a share of the active population. Employing both time-series and longitudinal methodologies, the analysis spans from 2000 to 2019. The findings reveal a gradual catching-up trend in the inventive capabilities across the EU. This modest pace of convergence necessitates a critical reassessment by policymakers of the current EU convergence strategies to ensure they effectively foster technological parity among member states.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Grafström, Jonas
(författare)
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International knowledge spillovers in the wind power industry : Evidence from Europe
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last 30 years, there has been a remarkable change in the wind power industry with declining costs and increasing electricity output. A factor that might speed up the innovative process and development of wind power is knowledge spillover, something that has been found and is considered important for other industries. However, when it comes to wind power, there is a shortage of comprehensive studies and previous research has found only limited evidence of knowledge spillovers in the industry. The paper studies the patents granted during the time period 1978-2008 as an innovative measure and focuses on core wind power countries in Western Europe in order to examine those countries that as a matter of fact invest and are engaged in the wind power industry. Domestic knowledge spillovers are found to have a positive effect on patent production while the results of international more are more ambiguous.
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| 33. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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International knowledge spillovers in the wind power industry: evidence from the European Union
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economics of Innovation and New Technology. - : Routledge. - 1043-8599 .- 1476-8364. ; 27:3, s. 205-224
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyze the presence of international knowledge spillovers in the wind power sector. Specifically, the paper investigates whether successful invention efforts in one country, measured by way of granted wind power patent counts, have had positive effects on the neighboring countries’ abilities to generate patents of the same category. Data on the number of patents granted at the European Patent Office during the period 1978-2008 are used for the eight national technological leaders in the western European wind power sector. The few comprehensive wind power studies that exist have only found limited evidence of international knowledge spillovers. However, in this paper we find that international spillovers are statistically significant determinants of a country’s wind power patenting outcomes. Geographical distance is also taken into consideration, and the knowledge spillover effects are shown to become stronger with decreases in this distance. The results should have important policy implications, e.g., for a national government when it comes to applying an investment strategy in wind power or, alternatively, free-riding on other countries’ invention efforts.
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| 34. |
- Grafström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Invention, innovation and diffusion in the European wind power sector
- 2016
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Ingår i: Technological forecasting & social change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625 .- 1873-5509. ; 114, s. 179-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to provide an economic analysis of the technology development patterns in the European wind power sector. The three classic Schumpeterian steps of technological development, invention, innovation and diffusion, are brought together to assess the relationship between these. Three econometric approaches are used, a negative binomial regression model for inventions approximated by patent counts, different learning curve model specifications that have been derived from a Cobb-Douglas cost function to address innovation, and a panel data fixed effect regression for the diffusion model. We suggest an integrated perspective of the technological development process where possible interaction effects between the different models are tested. The dataset covers the time period 1991–2008 in the eight core wind power countries in Western Europe. We find evidence of national and international knowledge spillovers in the invention model. The technology learning model results indicate that there exists global learning but also that the world market price of steel has been an important determinant of the development of wind power costs. In line with previous research, the diffusion model results indicate that investment costs have been an important determinant of the development of installed wind power capacity. The results also point towards the importance of natural gas prices and feed-in tariffs as vital factors for wind power diffusion.
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| 35. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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Kappa
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 36. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
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Kinas misslyckade vindkraftssatsning 1980–2016
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm : Nationalekonomiska Föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 49:7, s. 51-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Kinas misslyckade vind-kraftssatsning 1980-2016 jonas grafström I en serieteckning publicerad 1952 i den sovjetiska satiriska tidskriften Krokodil skämtas det med Sovjets ekonomiska system. En arbetare och en byråkrat av-bildades under en 2 000 kilos spik. Ar-betaren frågade vem som behövde en så stor spik och byråkraten svarade: Måna-dens planmål uppfyllt (Nove 1986, s 94). I en artikel i Foreign Affairs från 1953 med rubriken "The Soviet Economy Outpa-ces the West" förutspår Peter Wiles, ba-serat på Sovjetunionens officiella statis-tik, att Sovjet skulle växa om västvärlden. Det Peter Wiles och många forskare vid den tiden inte såg var sprickor i det sov-jetiska ekonomiska systemet (Boettke 2001). Sovjetunionen är borta, den nå-got yngre 70-åriga Folkrepubliken Kina är fortfarande-i blandad utsträckning 1-en planekonomi som vissa tror kom-mer växa förbi väst. Sprickor kan dock ses i den kinesiska ekonomin. Den kinesiska vindkraftsindustrin fram till åtminstone år 2016 bör läggas till listan av sprickor. Efter att ha sam-manställt utvecklingen med data samt publicerade journalartiklar från framför allt kinesiska forskare som sa att Kinas vindkraft var "fantastisk men…" är det svårt att säga något annat än att den ki-nesiska vindkraften liknar spikfabriken i den sovjetiska satirteckningen. Trots att Kina hade en nästan dub-belt så stor installerad vindkraftskapaci-tet som USA år 2015 levererade den ki-nesiska installerade kapaciteten mindre elektricitet (IRENA 2018). Nätanslut-ningen var låg, kinesiska företag hade få beviljade internationella patent och exporten va
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| 37. |
- Grafström, Jonas
(författare)
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Kinetics of protein-based in vivo imaging tracers for positron emission tomography
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Within the framework of the “Sel-tag imaging project”, a novel method was used to rapidly label protein tracers and the in vivo targeting abilities of these tracers were studied in animal models of cancer using a preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) camera. To first evaluate and optimize preclinically the use of PET tracers can facilitate their translation to and implementation in human patient studies. The ultimate goal of the different projects within the Sel-tag imaging project was to find imaging biomarkers that could potentially be used for individualizing cancer treatment and thereby improve the therapeutic results. This thesis focuses on methods employed to describe the distribution of these protein-based tracers in human xenografts. Many of the techniques used had been developed for other imaging circumstances. Therefore verification for these imaging applications was an important aspect of these papers. Paper I examined the distribution in a tumour of a medium-sized AnnexinA5-based tracer that targeted phosphatidylserine externalised during cell death in tumours in two cases; first, with no pre-treatment (baseline) and, second, after pre-treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent. Small differences between tracer uptakes in the two cases required a macro parameter analysis method for quantifications. Evaluations of the influence of the enhanced permeability and retention effect by using a size-matched control were introduced. The AnnexinA5 results were compared to those of the metabolic tracer [18F]FDG and complemented with circulating serum markers to increase sensitivity. Paper II extended the analysis in paper I to incorporate more verifications that were also more thorough. The choice of input (blood or reference tissue) and the statistical significance of intergroup comparisons when using conventional uptake measurements and the more involved macro parameter analyses like in paper I were compared. We also proposed that distribution volume ratio was a more appropriate quantification parameter concept for these protein-based tracers with relatively large non-specific uptake. Paper III assessed the smaller Affibody™ tracer ZHER2:342 as an imaging biomarker for human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), whose overexpressions are associated with a poor prognosis for breast cancer patients. In order to demonstrate specific binding to HER2, pre-treatment of the tumour with unlabelled protein and uptake in xenografts with low HER2 expression was evaluated. Ex vivo immunohistochemistry of expression levels supported the imaging results. Paper IV examined a radiopharmaceutical that targeted the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), whose overexposure in tumours is associated with a negative prognosis. Again an Affibody™ molecule, (ZEGFR:2377), was used and, as in in paper I, a size-matched control was also used to estimate the non-specific uptake. Uptakes, quantified by conventional uptake methods, varied in tumours with different EGFR expression levels. Ex vivo analyses of expression levels were also performed. Paper V addressed the non-uniform (heterogeneous) uptake of different tracers in a tumour tissue. An algorithm was written that aimed at incorporating all relevant aspects that will influence non-uniformity. Histograms were generated that visualized how the frequency and spread of deviations contributed to the heterogeneity. These aspects could not always be attended in a direct manner, but instead had to be handled in an indirect way. The effect of varying imaging parameters was examined as part of the validation procedure. The method developed is a robust, user-friendly tool for comparing heterogeneity in similar volume preclinical tumor tissues.
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| 38. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge Accumulation from Public Renewable Energy R&D in the European Union: Converging or Diverging Trends?
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to investigate the presence of convergence (or divergence) in public renewable energy R&D spending accumulation in 12 Member States of the European Union (EU) and an extended set of 17 OECD countries. Specifically, we employ a data set covering the period 1980-2012. The motivation for investigating convergence in the selected countries are in part due to the political economy of imposing stricter targets for renewable energy. The method draws inspiration from the classic economic convergence literature. Various empirical specifications for conditional β-convergence is tested. The empirical results suggest divergence in public R&D-based knowledge accumulation, and this is consistent with free-riding behavior on the part of some Member States. Energy import dependence and electricity regulation also affect the divergence pattern, e.g., the speed of divergence.
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| 39. |
- Grafström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge Accumulation fromPublic Renewable Energy R&D in the European Union : Converging or Diverging Trends?
- 2017
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bottom-up processes of policy convergence are increasingly discussed as a substitute for the absence of supranational energy policy coordination and harmonization in the EU. The overall objective of this paper is to analyse the development of government support to renewable energy R&D across EU countries over time: does the empirical evidence suggest bottom-up convergence? In order to answer this question, we first construct country-specific R&D-based knowledge stocks, and then investigate whether the developments of these stocks tend to converge or diverge across EU countries. A data set covering 12 EU Member States over the time period 1990-2012 is employed to test for the presence of conditional β-convergence using a bias-corrected dynamic panel data estimator. The empirical results are overall robust and suggest divergence in terms of public R&D-based knowledge build-up in renewable energy technology. This finding is consistent with free-riding behavior on the part of some Member States, and the presence of industrial policy motives in other States in combination with agglomeration effects in the renewable energy sector. Energy import dependence and electricity regulation are found to influence the growth of the R&D-based knowledge stock, and the deregulation of the EU electricity markets has tended to contribute to a lower speed of divergence.
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| 40. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Koldioxidinfångning direkt ur luften, dyrt idag – billigt i framtiden?
- 2019
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sammanfattning i punktform:Om DAC med dagenskostnad skulle användas för uppfångning av koldioxid motsvarande världens årliga utsläpp, skulle det årligen kosta en summa motsvarande en fjärdedel av världsekonomin.Av de fåtal företag som bedriver direktuppfångning av atmosfärisk koldioxid (DAC) har bara ett av dessa offentliggjort sina kostnader. Företaget redovisar idag en kostnad som uppgår till 5600 SEKper insamlat ton.•Det finns dock stor potential för minskade kostnader över tid.Osäkerheten i denna potential är mycketstor eftersom innovation, lärkurvor och energipriser generellt är svåra att uppskatta på längre sikt.Efter en bästa gissning baserat på liknande kostnadsminskningar som för ex. solceller och vindkraft uppskattar vi kostnaderna för DAC att sjunka till ca. 750 SEK/tCO2 år 2050, eller någonstans mellan 168–2092 SEK.Med utvecklingstakten ovan blir DAC samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt omkring år 2045.För att nå denna potential krävs kraftiga investeringar i stöttande infrastruktur för snabb uppskalning och ekonomiska incitament för infångande (och senare lagring) av koldioxid.Koldioxidskatter och andra typer av policyåtgärderpåverkar när DAC:s blir lönsam.
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| 41. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
-
Less from More: China Built Wind Power, but Gained Little Electricity
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Questioning the Entrepreneurial State. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030942724 - 9783030942731 ; , s. 219-231
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter investigates Chinese wind power development and concludes that innovation cannot be pushed by the efforts of many, and that when the state clarifies directions and objectives, these can be achieved but with severe and unexpected side effects. Two topics are explored: wind curtailment and low technological development, both examples of unproductive entrepreneurship induced by government policies. The goal of wind power capacity expansion leads to construction (i.e., generation capacity) but little electricity. Examples of failures include low grid connectivity with, some years averaging 15% of generation capacity broken or unconnected to the grid. A key lesson for Europe is that forced innovation often amounts to little and that the old saying holds up: “no plan survives contact with reality.”
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| 42. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Mer för mindre? : Tillväxt och hållbarhet i Sverige
- 2020
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Baksidestext:Går det att förena ekonomisk tillväxt med hållbar utveckling? Den här boken beskriver hur miljöskadliga utsläpp och användningen av naturresurser i Sverige har förändrats över tid.Sedan 1990 har Sveriges befolkning ökat med drygt 1,6 miljoner och ekonomin nästan fördubblats. Samtidigt har koldioxidutsläppen minskat med 27 procent mellan åren 1990 och 2018, konsumtionen av el, vatten och energi har stått still vilket innebär att ekonomin är nästan dubbelt så effektiv. Av de 26 luftföroreningar Naturvårdsverket mätt sedan 1990 har 24 gått ner fram till 2017. I många fall har det skett mer än en halvering.
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| 43. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
-
Modern era Knowledge Spillovers in the Solar energy sector
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated analysis of international knowledge spillovers in the solar energy sector. Specifically, the paper investigates how the accumulation of solar energy patents and public R&D spending affected the output of domestic granted solar energy patents. The econometric analysis relies on a data set consisting of most of the OECD countries plus China and analyzes two time periods; from 1990 to 2014 and the years 2000 to 2014. To analyze the data material, a Poisson fixed-effects estimator based on the Hausman, Hall and Griliches (1984) method was used. The empirical findings suggest that the domestic accumulation of patents and R&D is important for the potential development of new ones. Indeed, early investment in specific technology can be an indicator of future leadership in that field. It also seems to be the case that long run investment works better for a country that wants to be a part of the development of a particular technology.
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| 44. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
-
Moderna tider 4.0 : Från kugge i maskineriet till vinnare bland algoritmerna
- 2020. - 1
-
Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I den klassiska filmen Moderna tider står Chaplins lille luffare vid löpande bandet och drar åt muttrar i vansinnestakt. När en ny maskin ökar bandets fart ytterligare tappar luffaren fattningen och löper amok i fabriken. Om förändringens vindar blåste på 1920-talet så blåser de ännu, hundra år senare. Men vindbyarna är nu kraftigare än i någon storm vi hittills sett.VI HAR VARIT HÄR FÖRUT – OCH VI HAR ALDRIG SETT NÅGOT LIKNANDE.Vi är många som närmar oss ett vägval: antingen kan vi börja på en yrkesväg som leder till guld och gröna skogar, eller fortsätta trampa en allt smalare och allt mer eftersatt stig. Den här boken vänder sig till dig som är nyfiken på vad det är som förändras i Sverige och världen idag, vad vi kan lära oss av historiska omställningar och vilka branscher som kan påverkas, blomstra – eller dö.Historien visar att oavsett om det är teknologisk utveckling eller oförutsedda globala händelser som orsakar branschförändringar är en sak klar: förändringarna sker snabbt. Många kommer inte hinna med tåget. Det här är guiden till framtidens yrken för dig som inte vill bli kvar på perrongen.Kan Skalman, Karl Marx och South Park lära oss något om vad som händer på arbetsmarknaden nu? Och vad blir egentligen konsekvenserna när robotar städar, fixar pizzadegen samt sköter den finansiella marknaden och artificiell intelligens tänker snabbare och kör bil bättre än vi? Försvinner verkligen jobb eller är det i själva verket yrken som förändras? Det är dessa frågor Jonas Grafström tar sig an i boken Moderna tider 4.0 och visar att vi på många sätt är inne i en ovanlig tid. I dag går utvecklingen tio gånger snabbare, skalan är 300 gånger större, vilket grovt räknat ger 3 000 gånger större effekt.
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| 45. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
-
Mycket merför mindre : Tillväxt och hållbarhet i Sverige
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Världens koldioxidutsläpp stiger fortfarande, vilket är ett enormt problem och arbete återstår. Men empiriska data från Sverige visar att det har gått att kombinera en växande ekonomi med krympande miljöpåverkan. Detta betyder att positiv förändring kan ske och möjligen kan överföras till andra länder.Sedan år 1990 har Sveriges befolkning ökat med drygt 1,6 miljoner och ekonomin nästan fördubblats. Samtidigt har koldioxidutsläppen minskat med 27 procent mellan åren 1990 och 2018. BNP per koldioxidenhet gick under perioden ner med 60 procent.Sedan 2008 (första året författarna har tillgängliga data ifrån) har de konsumtionsbaserade utsläppen från utlandet minskat.Utsläppen från bilar har minskat, trots att antalet bilar ökade med 1,2 miljoner.Av de 26 farliga utsläpp i luften som SCB har tillgänglig statistik över, har 24 minskat. I många fall är minskningen mer än 50 procent. Efter 1995 års förbud mot bly i bensin har dessa utsläpp minskat med 95 procent.Utsläppen av svaveldioxid har gått ner med 80 procent sedan 1990, trots den ekonomiska tillväxt som ägt rum under perioden. Nedgången i användning av kol och eldningsolja tycks vara främsta orsak till denna minskning.Det går att se kraftiga utsläppsminskningar av nickel, kadmium, krom, koppar, nickel och arsenik.Antalet inrikesresor minskade marginellt jämfört med 1990-talets början, men utsläppen sjönk 13 procent. Utrikesresor har dock stigit.Elanvändningen har gått upp med 2,8 procent sedan år 1990. Per capita och per BNP enhet har dock elanvändningen gått ner.Sverige tar ut mindre vatten och använder mindre vatten per person sedan både 1970 och 1990.
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| 46. |
- Grafström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
No evidence of counteracting policy effects on European solar power invention and diffusion
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 172
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, the questions of how support policies affect invention and diffusion of solar PV technology and whether the effect is heterogeneous and counteracting are investigated in order to help policy makers produce a better policy mix. The policies (and policy proxies) investigated are Feed-in-tariffs (FITs), Public R&D stock and flow, Environmental tax, and Environmental Policy Stringency Index. The policies are within the control of national government and no EU level policies are investigated. Evaluating policies on several dimensions is highly important since there is a risk that policies can promote one aspect of technological progress such as invention but derail diffusion. A Schumpeterian technological development approach is utilised on a panel dataset covering 23 European countries between 2000 and 2019. Two econometric approaches are employed, a negative binomial regression model is used to assess inventions and a panel data fixed effect regression is used for the diffusion model. The empirical findings suggest that no counteracting policy effects were present.
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| 47. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
-
Public policy failures related to China ́s Wind Power Development
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An anecdote about the failure of the Soviet economic system tells about a factory which were evaluated based on tons of nails produced – unsurprisingly the nails became heavy. China is currently hailed as the worlds primer wind power producer; however, a closer examination reveals a string of policy failure making the Chinese wind power development resemble the infamous Soviet nail example. From a technological transition perspective, policy failures in China's wind power program from 1980-2016 is documented and analysed. Five overarching topics are analysed including: Conflicting policies, quality problems, underwhelming technological development, lacking technological standards and insufficient grid transmission system. One conclusion is that when the Chinese government set a command and control target of how much new installed capacity that was going to be constructed the state utilities delivered to target but with an abundance of power plants without grid connectivity, severe quality problems and low technological development.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
-
Technological Change and Wage Polarization : The IlliberalPopulist Response
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is discuss how technological change affect the labor marketand what populist actions that are expected follow. The causes and consequences of possibletechnological unemployment will be addressed and to what extent it could be expected thatthe rapid technological change leads to unemployment (or that the labor market adapts in asimilar way to previous technological changes as has been seen in history so far). A changinglabor market will constitute challenges for the future of liberalism - possible wage polarizationand heterogeneous distribution of unemployment in the labor force might create a demand forpolicy solutions that have an illiberal direction. In the paper it will be argued that the threatof populism will come from a disgruntled middle class rather than as commonly believed thepoorer stratas of the wage distribution.
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| 50. |
- Grafström, Jonas, 1985-
(författare)
-
Technological Change in Service of the Environment
- 2018
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Jonas Grafstrom provides an outline of how technological change in the renewable energy field can contribute to mitigate climate issues. Such knowledge enables policy makers (e.g., at the EU level) to make better and more informed decisions.
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