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Sökning: WFRF:(Jernsand Eva Maria 1967)

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1.
  • Bennett, Juliana, 1992, et al. (författare)
  • Fjordguides in west coast Sweden: An empirical study of a blue public-private partnership
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: IASNR Europe.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The “blue economy” is a new governance buzzword. Public and private actors view coasts as offering sustainable development potential. Coastal tourism is a growing sector of the EU Blue Economy and Sweden views coastal fisheries tourism as a growth area. In Sweden’s “action plan” for fisheries tourism, the sector contributes to implementing the ecosystem approach while also making Sweden’s food industry competitive. We investigate a west Sweden fisheries tourism initiative called “fjord guides” supported by the EU rural development fund and coastal municipalities which is part of a national pilot project for implementing the ecosystem approach in Swedish fisheries and marine management. We examine the ‘fjord guides’ as types of ‘ecopreneurs’ tasked with contributing to national goals for sustainability, asking how public officials and the ‘ecopreneurs’ themselves appraise the guides’ contribution to improving social and marine conditions. Through interviews, we seek to understand what informs this partnership and how stakeholders negotiate and define the role of fisheries tourism in marine sustainable development, which to-date is a debate filled with murky and disparate evidence. This study offers an empirical contribution to scrutinizing blue public-private partnerships, which are increasingly part of environmental governance and are seen as “key” to developing the blue economy.
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2.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • An Introduction: Tourism, Knowledge and Learning
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Tourism, Knowledge and Learning. - London and New York : Routledge. - 9781003293316 ; , s. 1-8
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this chapter, the editors of the book introduce the reader to learning in a sustainable tourism context. Learning and personal development have emerged as motivations and interests in tourism and travel, in line with societal and market changes. This transformation relates to, for instance, the climate crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, rapid technological developments, and the fact that travellers are more experienced, knowledgable and aware. Learning and the collaborative production of knowledge is also seen as a necessity for dealing with threats to climate, biodiversity, welfare, security and democracy. The purpose of this book is to explore how tourism, knowledge and learning can be used as means towards sustainable development through current, new or changed structures, concepts, activities and communication efforts. In this first chapter, we also outline the main theoretical concepts of the book, and the conceptual, empirical and methodological contributions of each chapter.
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3.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Towards a research agenda on tourism, knowledge and learning
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Tourism, Knowledge and Learning. - London and New York : Routledge. - 9781003293316 ; , s. 113-119
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This chapter reconnects to the book’s theoretical starting point: experience-based and transformational learning. We then synthesize the results from the chapters under four themes: from passive to active, from analogue to digital, from generic to target group-adapted, and from fragmented to inclusive. Under each theme, we discuss prospects and limitations and suggest research avenues. As several of the chapters highlight the need to develop how learning experiences are created and organized, we encourage future research to address issues that can inform research and practice about 1) the role of the tourists in creating learning experiences, 2) the impacts of the digital transition, 3) the adaptation of tourism offers to tourists’ prior knowledge and preferences, and 4) the role of collaboration.
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4.
  • Lundberg, Erik, 1978, et al. (författare)
  • Science tourism: a conceptual development
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Tourism, Knowledge and Learning Conceptual Development and Case Studies. Edited By: Eva Maria Jernsand, Maria Persson, Erik Lundberg. - London and New York : Routledge. - 9781003293316 ; , s. 26-39
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Science tourism is an activity where people travel to learn about science and gain scientific knowledge and in some cases to participate in scientific research. This chapter provides an expanded conceptualization of science tourism that includes the role of researchers and scientific institutions in co-creating experiences of science tourism. The conceptual model can be used as an analytical lens to understand suppliers’ degree of embeddedness in tourism and science, and how the suppliers, through their activities, make it possible for tourists to immerse themselves in science tourism activities. In addition, the model helps tourism practitioners to strategically position themselves in this growing market.
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5.
  • Persson, Maria, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Kunskapsturism som kan utveckla besöksnäringen : #21 NYFIKEN
  • 2022
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Vilka är egentligen anledningarna till att vi reser? Nöjen, eskapism och avkoppling är starka ”hedoniska” (som ger oss njutning) resemotiv som utgör ryggraden för besöksnäring och turism. Andra mer ”eudaemoniska” resemotiv som lärande och personlig utveckling har hittills setts som mer perifera nischmarknader. Men en förändring är på gång. Klimatkrisen, frågor om samhälls- och hållbar utveckling, covid-pandemin och resenärer som är mer erfarna, kunniga och medvetna än någonsin tidigare håller på att ändra efterfrågan. Resenärerna önskar upplevelser som relaterar till de värderingar de har, man vill lära sig något och utvecklas som individer. Rapporten NYFIKEN handlar om turism som på olika sätt har lärande som syfte. Den summerar forskningsprojektet Kunskapsturism som attraktion och resurs som genomförts av forskare vid Centrum för turism, Göteborgs universitet. Projektet visar på att kunskap bör ses både som attraktion och som resurs för hållbar destinationsutveckling. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i två typer av lärande: upplevelsebaserat och transformativt (begreppen förklaras närmare i kapitel 2). Då alltfler besökare efterfrågar lärandeupplevelser finns potential för destinationer att utveckla högkvalitativa kunskapsbaserade turismupplevelser och genom det bidra till hållbar utveckling. Kunskapsturism äger rum i både bebyggd miljö i form av museer, akvarier och djurparker, samt i natur-, kultur- och industrimiljöer som kulturarv, naturreservat och nationalparker. I rapporten ger forskarna tre exempel på upplevelsekoncept inom kunskapsturism: Biosfärområden, Marina kolonilotter och Scary seafood. Science tourism (vetenskapsturism) är en specifik form av kunskapsturism direkt eller indirekt kopplad till forskningsverksamhet. I vissa fall kan turister och besökare också bidra till forskningen genom sitt deltagande (så kallad medborgarforskning). Det är ett sätt att demokratisera kunskap genom att öppna upp i många fall sluten forskning och expertkunskap för att ge andra möjlighet att bidra till och också påverka vetenskaplig kunskap. Den globala utvecklingen och utmaningarna som följer av den ställer krav på nya strategier som främjar kunskapsutveckling om hållbar utveckling och kollektivt lärande. Detta är nödvändigt för att kunna transformera det globala turismsystemet till att gå i takt med FN:s Agenda 2030 och de globala hållbarhetsmålen. De omfattar att hantera hot mot både klimat och biologisk mångfald, välfärd, säkerhet och demokrati. Genom att utveckla kunskapsturism kopplat till destinationer kan besöksnäringen bidra aktivt till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Centralt i detta är samskapande mellan olika aktörer. Det behövs en bredare och fördjupad samverkan mellan besöksnäringens medarbetare, akademin och offentlig sektor för att bygga förståelse, kunskap och färdigheter och för att utveckla koncept för kunskapsturism.
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6.
  • Tourism, Knowledge and Learning
  • 2022
  • Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This book contributes to the understanding of how tourism can be designed to provide conditions for learning. This involves learning for tourists, the tourist industry, public authorities and local communities. We explore how tourism, knowledge and learning can be used as means towards sustainable development through current, new or changed structures, concepts, activities and communication efforts. The book should be seen as both an inspiration for tourism actors (e.g. tourism attractions, policy makers and other industry actors). and a scholarly contribution to further research. A holistic approach distinguishes this book from most existing literature that focuses on separate units of tourism, for instance, personal or community well-being, nature-based tourism, cultural heritage tourism, or tourism that is a result of researchers's travels (so called scientific tourism). The various contributors to the book provide a range of perspectives and experiences, from social sciences with a focus on marketing, innovation management, human geography and environmental law, to arts and humanities with a focus on heritage studies, archaeology and photography, and, finally, to natural sciences with a focus on marine sciences.
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7.
  • Adolfsson, Caroline, et al. (författare)
  • Collaborative introspection as a methodological tool of reflexivity - from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary co-production
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Transdisciplinarity Conference (ITD21), 13-17 Sept: Creating spaces and cultivating mindsets for learning and experimentation.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper explores reflexivity through "collaborative introspection" as a methodological tool for transcending a multidisciplinary dialogue and achieving transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge. Reflexivity is argued to be applicable for critically addressing assumptions and ideologies of the research team (Popa et al., 2015), joint problem framing (Pearce & Ejderyan, 2019), experimentation (Popa et al., 2015), or more generally as a focal area to be used for addressing challenges in transdisciplinary projects (Jahn, et al., 2012; Polk, 2015). However, discussions on reflexivity rarely place focus on how a reflexive dialogue can be used to gather empirical material in a collaborative manner, making use of the participating researchers’ subjectivity, personal experiences and understandings of a specific topic. The authors of this text are part of a transdisciplinary research team exploring the role of tourism in multicultural societies. The team involves researchers from the fields of design, marketing, tourism studies, human-computer interaction, and migration studies. In the project we collaborate with each other across disciplines in different case studies. However, we have experienced a tendency to fall back into our disciplinary silos, where we explore the same topic from our own disciplinary lenses. As an attempt to bring ourselves together we decided to go personal. Instead of looking at the role of tourism in multicultural societies from our disciplinary viewpoints, we dug into our memories of acting as tourists ourselves in a reflective session. More specifically, inspired by the tool Tell your story by means of an object (td-net, 2021), we shared and reflected upon our own tourism experiences through our core project concepts, which are diversity, inclusivity and integration. The dialogue that emerged forced us to focus on our research topic not as researchers who are expected to maintain objectivity but rather as individuals allowing ourselves to be subjective. This created a feeling of working ‘together’ instead of ‘with’ each other. The reflections created genuine and honest dialogue highlighting our national, cultural, gender and racial differences. The differences and similarities of our personal experiences depend on the social categories and identities that we are part of. Thus, by bringing our personal stories as empirical material, we created an opportunity to listen to each other beyond our disciplinary boundaries. It made us understand the layers of hierarchy, privilege and disadvantages that we face in our lives as individuals, and to understand instances of inclusion and exclusion in tourism at a deeper level. From our experience, we propose what we term "collaborative introspection" as a reflexive methodological tool for transdisciplinary research and practice. Collaborative introspection exercises challenge the commonly held idea of neutrality. It can be used as a tool for a transdisciplinary group to come together, transform thoughts and develop empathy and ethics in research. References: Jahn, T., Bergmann, M. & Keil, F. (2018). Transdisciplinarity: between mainstreaming and marginalization, Ecological Economics 79 Pearce, B. J., & Ejderyan, O. (2020). Joint problem framing as reflexive practice: honing a transdisciplinary skill. Sustainability science, 15(3), 683-698. Polk, M. (2015). Transdisciplinary co-production: Designing and testing a transdisciplinary research framework for societal problem solving. Futures, 65, 110-122. Popa, F., Guillermin, M., & Dedeurwaerdere, T. (2015). A pragmatist approach to transdisciplinarity in sustainability research: From complex systems theory to reflexive science. Futures, 65, 45-56. Td-net (2021, April 7). Tell your Story by Means of an Object. Retrieved from: https://naturalsciences.ch/co-producing-knowledge-explained/methods/td-net_toolbox/_tell_your_story_by_means_of_an_object_
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8.
  • Aronsson, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • Place making taking place: the New Mill Town
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: 29th Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21-23 Sept. Shaping mobile futures: Challenges and possibilities in precarious times.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Traditionally, place making has been associated with specific settings, with functions that contribute to the uniqueness of the place, for spatial planning purposes and in projects that aim at upgrading or maintaining spaces. This focus on physical elements as end products, and experts as decision-makers, has been challenged by a democratic view, with active involvement of interested parties. The place is made sense of by those who use it, and place making is described as a collective effort and an empowering tool. We argue that top-down and bottom-up perspectives of place making constitute a continuum of exclusion, at one end, and inclusion of people at the other. Most places develop through a combination of top-down and bottom-up processes, with several actors involved who have multiple, often unspoken and even conflicting objectives and values. The study examines the interplay between exclusion and inclusion in place making and the challenges and opportunities associated with making multiple voices heard. The development of a cultural and creative center in southwest of Sweden constitutes the case study. The area has gone from an industrial community (mill town) to an international cultural environment and tourist attraction through decisions and actions that individuals, groups, businesses and public authorities have been part of in different phases. The methods are observations and interviews together with analysis of written historical and contemporary documents. The preliminary results indicate that inclusion works well in specific sectors and spaces, however, outside these, there is little inclusion, although there is benevolence and mutual dependence.
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9.
  • Björner, Emma, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Crafting Sweden as a sustainable destination - Place branding, destination governance and social learning
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: The 7th Annual Conference of the International Place Branding Association, Helsingborg, 18-20 October.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Tourism destinations have been conceptualized as being in a persistent state of ‘becoming’, due to their ongoing sustainability actions and their commitment to sustainable destination development. Governments and DMOs have leading roles in the development of sustainable destinations, while other stakeholders also are involved in a participatory agenda. Collaboration and learning have been depicted as a key to success when developing sustainable destinations. There have been calls for further research on destination governance, its structures, processes and how it is carried out. The aim of this study is to explore how a destination is governed to become and appear sustainable, and especially how collaboration and learning materialises in the process. The study includes an analysis of national destination governance in Sweden in recent years, which has developed to involve more stakeholders and various aspects of sustainability. Methods include action-oriented research and document analysis, with a focus on national and regional initiatives. The findings outline actions and initiatives by the Swedish government, the national DMO and regional DMOs, to move the Swedish tourism industry, and Sweden as a destination, in a more sustainable direction. Collaboration and learning can be traced in all initiatives. A participatory agenda permeates the destination governance, through a multi-stakeholder process based on a distributed approach to steering and managing destinations. In tandem, leadership and guidance are desired when it comes to coordination and unifying of forces to move the destination Sweden in a sustainable direction.
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10.
  • Björner, Emma, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Destination governance and social learning: Crafting Sweden as a sustainable destination
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: 5th Advances in Destination Management (ADM 2022), Linnaeus University, Kalmar Campus, June 8-10.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Destination governance is crucial for sustainable tourism as it involves management and planning processes, including the steering and mobilization of actions. A key element of destination governance is social learning, meaning the sharing of knowledge, ideas and aspirations among stakeholders; the collaborative construction of visions and plans for action; the lessons learned from evolving experience; and the reaction and adaptation to changing circumstances. In larger destinations, DMOs have the role of organizing and developing destination governance, and thus, social learning. However, DMOs recent development towards benefitting, supporting and managing collaboration is still in its infancy. The aim of this study is to explore the structures and processes needed for social learning in destination governance. We focus on the development and branding of Sweden as a sustainable destination, and have followed a sustainability initiative facilitated by Sweden’s national DMO over a period of two years.
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11.
  • Goolaup, Sandhiya, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Learning through extraordinary tourism experiences: the case of oyster safaris in Lysekil and the oyster bar on Käringön
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Abstract presented at the 9th International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism (CMT2017), University of Gothenburg, Sweden, 13-16 June.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Tourist experience is a core aspect surrounding the hospitality and tourism industry. Tourists are increasingly looking for new experiences that not only provide them with mere fun and satisfaction but can also engage them intellectually through immersion in activities, time and space. In short, they are in search of experiences that are extraordinary in nature. Extraordinary experiences are typically perceived as being emotionally intense, transformative and yield feeling of personal triumph and sense of achievement. Extant research has demonstrated that learning is a core aspect underlying extraordinary experience since it makes the experience more meaningful (e.g. Goolaup and Mossberg 2016). Despite being a critical element in such experience, learning has received scant attention, since the literature provides few answers to how and in what situations tourists learn (Falk et al. 2012). Hence, the purpose of this study is to understand how tourists learn through extraordinary experience. Theoretically, it is encased within learning theory, where knowledge and skills are considered as being obtained in an ongoing cumulative process (Gipps, 1999), where the learner’s beliefs are challenged and experiences are made sense of (Shephard, 1992). The case of oyster safaris in Lysekil and the Karingo oyster bar, both situated on the Swedish west coast, are used to highlight how learning takes place for tourists engaged in extraordinary food experiences. These two contexts are appropriate since tourists perceive the experiences as being extraordinary in nature. They also provide a range of activities and opportunities for tourists’ learning. The empirical material comprise of observations (during the trips) and face-to-face interviews (after the trips) using a phenomenological approach. Preliminary findings indicate that tourists involved in extraordinary experiences are more likely to learn by being in a stimulating environment where learning is enhanced through; (1) engagement with the environment, activities, other participants and the hosts; (2) self-reflection; (3) conversation; (4) and critical moments that trigger self-examination and renegotiation. References: Falk, J. H., Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., and Benckendorff, P. (2012). Travel and learning: A neglected tourism research area. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 908-927. Gipps, C. (1999). Socio-cultural aspects of assessment. Review of research in education, 24(1), 355-392. Goolaup, S., and Mossberg, L. (2016). Exploring the concept of extraordinary related to food tourists’ nature-based experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(1), 27-43.
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12.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • A marketing design approach to destination development
  • 2014
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • An increasing demand for environmental, socio - cultural and political aspects has led to that more integrated methods of tourism planning has evolved, which emphasize sustainability as a key fa c- tor. However, it is argued that the term sustainability is used carelessly and that the social aspect is often overlooked. In this thesis, local participation is dealt with a s an aspect of so cial sustain a- bility in tourism. Participation has gained ground due to its possibility to handle issues such as reluctance from communities and competing interests among stakeholders. There are too many projects that have failed, why participation is also motivated by increased effectiveness and eff i- ciency of initiatives. However, participation takes place in theory and planning documents but rarely in practice, and it could be argued that the level of participa tion is often low, considering local communit ies merely as passive informants. This is an espe cially interesting and important aspect in projects in developing countries, where unequal power relations is an issue that must be considered throughout, to avoid development workers seeing themselves as l egitimised civilisers. Two destination development processes have been identified in this thesis as moving towards a view that stakeholders should take part in the process : place branding and experience innova tion. It is however discussed how this particip ation can take place. Design allows for empathy, intu i- tion and user involvement, and the evolutionary nature of the design process fits well with how scholars describe place branding and experience innovation. The purpose with this thesis is to demonstrate how design can enhance participation in place branding and experience innovation in order to achieve sustainable destination develop ment. The case is an ecotourism site by Lake Victoria in Kenya where a collaborative and action - oriented approach is used for developing the destination. The active involveme nt as facil itator , partner and participant observer contributes to an in - depth understanding of the con text and the situation. The study reveals a process that is evolutionary and where visualisation as communication and idea generating tool is at the core. The theo retical contribution is a beginning of an understanding of how participatory processes in destination development can take place where marketing and design get the opportunity to collaborate. The practical contribution is inspiration, motivation and tools to work for sustainable destination development.
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13.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • A marketing design approach to destination development
  • 2014
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • An increasing demand for environmental, socio-cultural and political aspects has led to that moreintegrated methods of tourismplanning has evolved, which emphasize sustainability as a key fac-tor. However, it is argued that the term sustainability is used carelesslyand that the social aspectis often overlooked. In this thesis, local participation is dealt with as an aspect of social sustaina-bility in tourism. Participation has gained ground due to its possibility to handle issues such asreluctance from communities and competing interests among stakeholders. There are too manyprojects that have failed, why participation is alsomotivated by increased effectiveness and effi-ciency of initiatives. However, participation takes place in theory and planning documents butrarely in practice, and it could be argued that the level of participation is often low, consideringlocal communities merely as passive informants. This is an especially interesting and importantaspect in projects in developing countries, where unequal power relations is an issue that must beconsidered throughout, to avoid development workers seeing themselves as legitimised civilisers.Two destination development processes have been identified in this thesis as moving towards aview that stakeholdersshould take part in the process:place branding and experience innovation.It is howeverdiscussed how this participation can take place. Design allows for empathy, intui-tion and user involvement, and the evolutionary nature of the design process fits well with howscholars describe place branding and experience innovation.The purpose with this thesis is todemonstratehow design can enhance participation in place branding and experience innovationin order to achieve sustainable destination development.The case is an ecotourism site by LakeVictoria in Kenya where a collaborative and action-oriented approach is usedfor developing thedestination. The active involvement as facilitator, partnerand participant observercontributes toan in-depth understanding of the context and the situation.The studyrevealsa process that is evolutionary and where visualisationascommunication andidea generating toolis at the core.The theoretical contribution is a beginning of anunderstandingof how participatory processes in destination development can take place where marketing anddesign get the opportunity to collaborate.The practical contribution is inspiration, motivationand tools to work for sustainable destination development.
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14.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • A space of multiplicity, heterogeneity and co-creation: developing an innovation arena for tourism
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: ATLAS Annual Conference 2018, Copenhagen, Denmark, 26-29 September.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Innovation is one of the central concepts of contemporary local and regional development theory and practice. The interrelatedness between innovation structures and processes makes it crucial to involve a wide set of stakeholders (Doloreux & Parto, 2005), and the actors’ innovative capabilities and their interactions are vital for innovation to come forth (Doloreux, 2002; Stuck, Broekel & Revilla Diez, 2016). This type of collaborative innovation development is also argued for in tourism studies (Hjalager, 2010), however the organizational features to facilitate such processes are yet to be identified and developed (Zach, 2012, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to explore the spaces that enhance co-innovation in tourism: the innovation arenas. The role of innovation arenas is as intermediaries and innovation facilitators between the different stakeholders (Lapoint, Guimont & Sauvigny, 2015), who collaborate to create and develop ideas and turn them into valid concepts or working models (Lapointe et al., 2015; Leminen, Westerlund & Nyström, 2012). The paper’s theoretical framework rests on the concepts of co-creation, co-design, co-production, transdisciplinary research and similar and how they are used in different disciplines and in relation to tourism innovation. Also, a review is given of different types of labs, scapes and ecosystems and how they foster entrepreneurship and co-innovation in tourism. The approach is action-oriented and the case study is the project Maritime development in Bohuslän (Maritim utveckling i Bohuslän), in which four municipalities on the north-west coast of Sweden work together to create conditions for SMEs to strengthen their professionalism, sustainability and competitiveness. One of the sub-projects is to develop an innovation arena for maritime tourism. The methods include interviews and participatory observations. The findings confirm earlier research in that co-creation and co-innovation require “a common space where emotions, values, choices, ideas, and ideals emerge, converge or collide” (Campos et al, 2015, p 21, drawing from Bochner, Cissna & Garko, 1991), which means that co-creation needs to be institutionalized (e.g. Letaifa, Edvardsson & Tronvall, 2016; Vargo, Wieland & Akaka, 2015). In a place and tourism context, it is a matter of promoting inclusiveness (Letaifa et al, 2016, p 1934) and thereby involve more actors in the established arenas owned by academia, public and private sector, as well as include all aspects of sustainable development in the innovation process.
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15.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Collaboration across borders
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Mistra Urban Futures' annual conference: Realising just cities - learning through comparison.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Highlights from Mistra Urban Futures collaborative PhD projects
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16.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Collaborative PhDs: New approaches, challenges and opportunities
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Co-production in action: towards realising just cities. - Göteborg : Mistra Urban Futures. - 9789198069679 ; , s. 74-83
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Collaborative PhDs can be demanding and complex, yet ultimately rewarding. In this chapter we explore some of the issues that can emerge when collaborative PhDs investigate problems in sustainable urban development not only across disciplinary borders, or between academia and practice, but across diverse cultural backgrounds. Challenges include the need to take on multiple roles, and varying preconditions between PhD students from different academic institutions or cultures. We examine how such collaborations are opportunities for widening horizons and understandings, revealing how insights from researchers and practitioners from multiple disciplines and sectors make it possible to achieve a more holistic perspective. The chapter hopes to open up the nature of working in a truly transdisciplinary manner. There is a vital need for scholars to be able to participate in fora like Mistra Urban Futures’ Local Interaction Platforms (LIPs) where they can discuss and exchange experiences with others, both in and outside academia – whether civic officials, community groups or practitioners – who have embraced the concept of collaboration. Those who have contributed their experiences to this chapter are Sigrid Laurel Östlund, Franklin Mwango, Isabel Ordoñez, Frankline Otiende, Dan Silver, Anna Taylor and Joshua Wanga. The interviews were arranged by and the chapter put together by Helena Kraff and Eva Maria Jernsand, with additional editorial inputs from the contributors. The chapter is written as a conversation between four PhD students, one from each of the four LIPs. Interviewees’ names have been changed to anonymise responses.
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17.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Community‐based tourism development - a designerly approach to destination branding
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research: Innovation and value creation in experience‐based tourism, September 24-27, Bodö and Lofoten Islands.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The purpose of this paper is to widen the sometimes too managerial view of place and destination branding into the discipline of design. By using a designerly approach, the concept of capturing and building brand equity is seen as an evolutionary and creative process, open to the involvement of the community. This is in contrast to the tapping of a place’s identity into common values that could apply for any place in the world, and the use of linear processes without taking advantages of the specific conditions for the place. Theoretical perspectives are obtained from two angles: place branding with an emphasis to marketing, and design theory with a participatory approach. In order to exemplify the role of design in a place branding context, the authors’ own experiences of being actively involved in the development process at an ecotourism destination in Kenya are declared. By adopting an open approach and the process of reflection in action, the authors continuously reframed the problem setting, developed and adapted actions throughout in order to suit the specific context. Both practical and theoretical results were obtained. Practical ideas and actions for development were produced, that takes the local needs, prerequisites, and its unique features into consideration. Five main implications for adopting a designerly way into the field of place branding were outlined: connection to context, open process, community participation, idea generation and communication through visualization. The contribution is a better understanding of the benefits of design, as well as an understanding of the importance of the specific context in place branding.
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18.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Democracy in participatory place branding: a critical approach
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Critical management studies - 9th International conference: Is there an alternative - management after critique. Leicester 8-10 July.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The traditional perspective on place branding as a managerial tool to promote a place to an external audience has been criticized for serving certain political purposes and social groups whilemarginalizing others. An important aspect of the critique is that residents are neglected as stakeholders even though they are strongly affected by place branding initiatives. Alternative views on what place branding should be about have emerged, which downplay the role of place brand managers and support residents as co-owners and co-creators. A participatory approach can thereby be seen as a way to democratize place branding. This paper supports the view that resident participation is fundamental in place branding, however acknowledges that reaching participatory processes that are ethically and morally sound is extremely complex, and that even the best intentions can result in further marginalization of groups that are meant to be empowered. There is a risk that participation gets hijacked as just another tool to serve particular groups’ interests, where people are involved merely as informants, for educational purposes or for justification of decisions already taken. To avoid participation becoming a managerial tool among others, there is a need to problematize the concept within the place branding discourse and its relation to democracy. Otherwise, there is a risk that place branding will fall under the same critique which has been aimed towards participatory design, architecture, urban planning and development studies. The purpose with this paper is therefore to encourage a critical debate on the meaning of democracy in participatory place branding, as a crucial foundation for a continued discourse. A review of the literature on democracy in relation to participation is made, with emphasis on how it is perceived in marketing, design and related fields. It implies that the democratic aim for place brand managers cannot and should not be to always reach consensus, but to handle conflicting interests and a multitude of interpretations of the place. With strong resident involvement in decision-making and throughout, with fair conditions regarding time spent and allocation of resources, it is possible for place branding to be democratic. This may however be easily formulated on paper but harder to put into practice and calls for an ever present, open and problematizing discussion.
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19.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Democracy in participatory place branding: a critical approach
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Inclusive place branding; critical perspectives on theory and practice. - Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge. - 9781315620350 ; , s. 11-22
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Consensus is considered a central construct of participatory place branding. Stakeholders are involved in a consultative manner, with the aim to sift out the essence of a place in the form of a coherent identity. However, in related fields, such as public governance, design, architecture and urban planning, consensus is acknowledged as highly problematic. The risk is that self-interested, powerful individuals marginalize weaker groups, and that complex matters are kept under the surface. This chapter challenges the democratic legitimacy of consensus in place branding, claiming that it stands in contrast to the multifaceted and changeable nature of places, to democracy as a space where a multitude of voices are heard, and to participation as a continuous, profound practice. It is the pluralistic nature of places that make them interesting, thus place branding should be understood as a relationship-builder for place development, where critical issues, internal divisions and multiplicity are addressed.
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20.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Destination development based on knowledge and learning: Initiating a UNESCO biosphere reserve in Bohuslän
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Tourism, Knowledge and Learning Conceptual Development and Case Studies. Edited By: Eva Maria Jernsand, Maria Persson, Erik Lundberg. - London and New York : Routledge. - 9781003293316 ; , s. 9-25
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This chapter emphasizes the importance of collaboration in destination development. More specifically, the authors explore the potential of UNESCO biosphere reserves as platforms for sustainable destination development, using transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge as an approach. The chapter is based on a case study of the initial phases of creating a UNESCO biosphere reserve in Bohuslän, located on the Swedish west coast, in which the authors were involved. The results show that biosphere reserves can act as learning destinations and role models for sustainable development, facilitating conditions for learning, innovation and attractive destinations through transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge. It is thus argued that biosphere reserves can address aspects of democracy and inclusiveness, tear down narrow views of partnerships, competitiveness and networks, and introduce opportunities for transforming systems and behaviours in a destination and tourism context.
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21.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Effektstudie av Mistra Urban Futures Göteborgsplattform (GOLIP)
  • 2021
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Denna studie utvärderar hur väl samverkan mellan parterna i forsknings- och kunskapscentret Mistra Urban Futures plattform i Göteborg (GOLIP) fungerat och hur verksamheten och kunskapsutvecklingen inom centret har kommit till användning i parternas eget arbete för hållbar stadsutveckling. Den utvärderar också samhälleliga effekter av samverkan samt ger rekommendationer för det fortsatta arbetet i centrumbildningen Centre for Sustainable Urban Futures (Urban Futures). 16 intervjuer genomfördes med respondenter från partnerorganisationerna samt forskarskolan. Dessutom använde författarna ett urval av befintliga rapporter, utvärderingar och vetenskapliga artiklar med anknytning till Mistra Urban Futures verksamhet som underlag för slutsatser och rekommendationer. Mötesplatsen GOLIP och de nätverk som bildats anses viktiga. GOLIP-samarbetet har bidragit till enskilda organisationers ökade förståelse för helheten samt bättre informerade samhällsplanerare och politiker, vilket i sin tur kan leda till mer välgrundade beslut. Metoder för samverkan har utvecklats och implementerats. Centret har haft en roll i utvecklingen av samskapande som synsätt och metod, i viss bemärkelse även i den större diskursen som exempelvis för utveckling av terminologier och uppfattningar om hållbar utveckling. Det anses dock ha varit svårt att nå ut brett, förankra och implementera resultaten och metodiken i partnerorganisationerna. Vidare påtalas spänningar mellan olika logiker, vilken grundar sig i stora skillnader vad gäller partnerorganisationernas förutsättningar (t.ex. tidshorisonter). Inför det fortsatta arbetet i Urban Futures rekommenderar författarna att spänningar hanteras så att förståelse skapas över disciplinära, sektoriella och geografiska gränser och därmed bidrar till en mer effektiv och meningsfull samverkan. Spänningarna bör regelbundet lyftas fram och aktivt behandlas inom centret och i samverkan mellan partnerorganisationerna. En väl fungerande samverkan kräver också att samtliga parter tar ansvar för centrets utveckling och lägger in resurser i form av kunskap, tid och kompetens. För centrets fortlevnad är en hög kapacitet att erhålla extern finansiering viktig att prioritera. Centret bör göra information om aktuella utlysningar tillgänglig och anta en samordnande och stödjande funktion vid ansökningar. Andra insatser som bör ges företräde är att arrangera seminarier och träffar, vilka även vänder sig till grupper som hittills inte medverkat eller som har funnit det svårt att få tillgång till information, exempelvis näringsliv och aktörer utanför Göteborg. Centrets erfarenhet och upparbetade position inom transdisciplinär samverkan gör att författarna rekommenderar Urban Futures att ta en aktiv roll i processer för att skapa alternativa meriteringssystem inom akademin samt i utvecklingen av befintliga och nya utbildningar inom transdisciplinärt samskapande. Detta bör ske i nära samverkan med eller under ledning av Göteborgs Centrum för hållbar utveckling (GMV), som en gemensam funktion för Göteborgs universitet och Chalmers.
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22.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Engagement as transformation: Learnings from a tourism development project in Dunga by Lake Victoria, Kenya
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Action Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 1476-7503 .- 1741-2617. ; 15:1, s. 81-99
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Participatory tourism development projects are considered effective and democratic since they engage people in interactive learning processes that change individuals and societies. In order to be transformative, a relational and social process must be achieved, which challenges prior knowledge and beliefs. The purpose of this article is to explore engagement as a transformative feature of research and development practice. Three aspects of engagement are proposed through which higher learning loops and transformation can be enhanced: embodied and situated learning, relationship-building, and acknowledging and sharing power. These three aspects of engagement are explored through the case of developing an ecotourism site by Lake Victoria in Kenya.
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23.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Fokusområde maritim turism
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Maritima klustret I Västsverige - Omvärldsanalys 2021-2022. - Göteborg : Maritima klustret I Västsverige. ; , s. 40-44
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Maritima klustret i Västsverige är en samverkansmiljö för kunskap, innovation och tillväxt med orkas på den maritima sektorn i Västsverige, Genom kunskap, samverkan och dialog vill vi bidra till att stärka det maritima näringslivet på ett hållbart sätt. Det gör vi genom att dela med oss av de kunskaper som klustrets många aktörer har inom våra sex olika fokusområden: Havsförvaltning. Marin bioteknik, Marin energi, Marina livsmedel, Maritima operationer (sjöfart och teknik) och Maritim turism.
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24.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Inclusive place branding – What it is and how to progress towards it
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Den här avhandlingen handlar om att arbeta med platsvarumärken på ett inklu-derande sätt. Forskare har på senare år uttryckt att fler aktörer, inte minst invå-nare, måste delta aktivt i platsvarumärkesprocessen. Ett mer holistiskt och inte-grerat perspektiv efterfrågas, där flera discipliner samt forskare och praktiker samverkar för en mer ansvarsfull utveckling där den sociala hållbarheten ställs i centrum. Det finns annars en risk att varumärket används som ett politiskt verk-tyg för att förverkliga enskilda personers och gruppers intressen. Syftet är att definiera och konceptualisera begreppet inclusive place branding, att utforska och visa på hur inkludering i platsvaru¬märkes¬¬¬processen kan främjas, och att reflektera över vad ett inkluderande synsätt inne¬¬¬bär för utvecklingen av platsvarumärkesteori och praktik. Fem karak¬tärsdrag för en inkluderande plats-varumärkesprocess beskrivs: en evo¬lutionär process, transformation, deltagande, mångfald och demokrati. En inkluderande process görs åskådlig genom delta-gande i och beskrivning av ett transdisciplinärt projekt för turismutveckling i fiskesamhället Dunga vid Viktoriasjön i Kenya. En kvalitativ, reflekterande och aktionsorienterad metod används och det empiriska materialet består i huvudsak av observationer och intervjuer. Några konkreta resultat av fältarbetet är förbätt-rade guidade turer, sopsorterings- och skyltningssystem samt uppstarten av en regional guideförening med manliga och kvinnliga guider. Avhandlingen bjuder in till lärande och kritisk reflektion mellan forsknings-områden som är föremål för delaktighet i den offentliga sfären. Förutom mark-nadsföring innefattas design, arkitektur, offentlig förvaltning, utvecklingsstudier och utbildningsvetenskap. Resultaten visar att platsvarumärkesarbete bygger socialt, kulturellt och symboliskt kapital samt positionerar platsen i relation till interna och externa intressenter och målgrupper. Inkluderande platsvarumärkes-arbete är därmed en del av den bredare platsutvecklings- och managementdis-kursen, där platsvarumärket bidrar med socialt och kulturellt bindemedel. Forskning och praktik om platsvarumärken och utvecklingsfrågor bör kombinera kritiska och pragmatiska perspektiv samt tillåta underifrån kommande, småskaliga och långsiktiga processer. Lärande över gränserna kräver individuellt och kollektivt engagemang samt flera nivåer av deltagande, vilket kan främjas genom kontextbaserade visuella metoder och verktyg. Ett inkluderande synsätt innebär också att konventionalla metoder för utvärdering av platsvarumärkesprocessen bör bytas ut eller kombineras med andra metoder.
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25.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Innovation as a vital part of place branding
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings AIRTH 2017 – Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality – Preparing for the Future, Portoroz, Slovenia, 23-25 March 2017.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Innovation in tourism is often considered incremental rather than radical (Sundbo, Sørensen & Fuglsang, 2013). Innovations grow gradually from the interactions between tourists, employees and partners. For instance, new ideas are tried out early and directly on the market (rapid application, e.g. Toivonen, Tuominen & Brax, 2007) to see what reactions and comments they cause and if they are worth continuing working on. Thus, new products, services and experiences are results of co-design and co-innovation (e.g. Hall & Williams, 2008). These bottom-up innovation processes are often cultivated in small-scale environments or online communities, of which place or destination brand authorities have little control or even interest. The authorities are accused of using top-down strategies, of limiting the number of stakeholders involved, and for being too focused on economic development. As such, place branding is merely about outlining a single identity and communicating it to specific audiences. If innovation is involved at all, it is about creating demand by supplying the ‘right’ type of products and services. Such view makes place (and destination) branding a monologic tool that downplays the multiple identities of the place and the interactive processes of co-creation and co-innovation. The aim with this paper is to highlight the value of place branding as a co-created innovation process. Place branding models seldom emphasise innovation capacity (Daspit & Zavattaro, 2014) even though innovative products and services create value for visitors and other stakeholders (Zach, 2016) and thereby affects the experience as well as the identity and image of the place. The paper discusses and reflects on emerging and established concepts such as service and experience logic, experience design, co-creation and experience innovation in relation to place branding. The purpose is to outline what innovation in a place branding context is, who the actors are and what forums are needed in order to provide opportunities for co-innovation. The conceptual paper concludes that innovation theories need to be integrated with the place branding domain to make it vital. Several stakeholders, including residents and tourists, are important creators of the place and must be recognized as co-innovators. It implies that other types of stakeholders should be included in the place branding process, and that established stakeholders’ roles, expectations and contributions must be reconsidered Furthermore, place brand authorities need to take the responsibility of aspects of social and environmental sustainability, not only the economical, and consider not only the outcomes but the social process as a main objective.
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26.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Innovationsarenor för turism – från ekosystem till labb
  • 2019
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Det talas alltmer om turism som en del av ett hållbart samhällsbyggande. Olika aktörer måste bidra med sin kunskap för att skapa möjligheter och lösa problem som har ömsesidiga beroen-den, är motsägelsefulla och förändras över tid. Turismen växer i hög takt vilket ger stora ut-vecklingsmöjligheter men den skapar också mål- och intressekonflikter, exempelvis mellan bevarande och utveckling. Innovation har blivit ett begrepp som används alltmer inom samhällsdebatten kring lokal och regional utveckling. Inom flera andra områden har olika forum för innovation funnits i många år, men inom turism är de inte lika vanliga. Besöksnäringens företag saknar ofta en kultur som främjar skapandet, användandet och ledningen av innovationsprocesser. Lägg till detta näringens fragmenterade, småskaliga och konkurrensintensiva affärsstruktur som ger begrän-sade möjligheter till samarbete. För att skapa innovationer inom turism och besöksnäring krävs därför bland annat undanröjande av hinder, en enkel väg in till de stödfunktioner som finns, mötesplatser för samskapande, testmiljöer samt närhet till slutanvändaren. Det behövs också nytänkande kring partnerskap och affärs- och produktutveckling. Nätverk av företag och andra organisationer inom turism och besöksnäring behöver skapas, underhållas och ut-vecklas för att ett ömsesidigt lärande ska komma till stånd och innovationer ska komma fram. I projektet Maritim Utveckling i Bohuslän (MUB) är ett av målen att skapa en innovations-arena för maritim turism i Bohuslän. Innovationsarenan ingår också som ett projekt i Mari-tima klustret i Västsverige. Som en del av projektet har denna rapport skapats. Materialet är hämtat från författarens arbete som postdoktorforskare i projektet under två år (februari 2017 till januari 2019) och består främst av litteraturstudier, intervjuer och deltagande observat-ioner. En viktig del är också den kontinuerliga dialog som förts med projektledare och pro-jektets partnergrupp (där författaren ingått). I rapporten ges en översikt av litteraturen kring samskapande och innovation inom turism. Se-dan kategoriseras och exemplifieras olika typer av innovationsarenor som har relevans för hur en innovationsarena för turism kan se ut, under rubrikerna: städer, science parks, labb/testbäd-dar, framtidens turistbyråer samt andra forsknings- och innovationsmiljöer. I rapportens sista kapitel identifieras fyra möjliga typer av innovationsarenor för maritim turism, på olika nivåer: Den innovativa staden, Marine science park, Företagsarena och Turismlabb. Samtliga karaktäriseras av samskapande (co-creation) på olika sätt. En central funktion för en arena inom turism är testmiljöer. Andra viktiga funktioner handlar om facili-tering, dvs att möjliggöra, samordna och koordinera aktiviteter och aktörer, samt om att kom-municera internt och externt. Slutsatserna sammanfattas i punktform i slutet av kapitlet och handlar om att stärka turismens roll i byggandet av ett hållbart samhälle, att tänka nytt kring partnerskap, affärs- och produktutveckling, att hantera intressekonflikter, att bygga och under-hålla nätverk och samarbeten, samt vikten av lärande och kommunikation. För projektet MUB ges särskilda rekommendationer för varje av de olika typer av innovationsarenor som tagits fram.
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27.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Kräftskivan i och utanför vänkretsen
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Matarvets trådar: Från antik fisksås till svenskt fredagsmys. - Stockholm : Carlssons Bokförlag. - 9789189065956
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Berättelserna om kräftorna börjar på medeltiden. Bristen på svenska kräftor gjorde att vi senare fick en kräftpremiär som tradition, som bidragit till att kräftskivan knutits till sensommaren. Under årens lopp har de traditioner som finns kring insjökräftan spridit sig till Västsveriges havskräftor och dessa avnjuts därför också helst en augustikväll i månens sken. Många har beskrivit kräftskivan i ord, musik och bild, och minst lika viktiga som kräftorna är tillbehören, snapsvisorna och dekorationerna. I det här kapitlet ges en beskrivning av den svenska traditionen kring kräftan och kräftskivan, samt idéer hämtade från en kreativ workshop i Bohuslän kring hur kräftskivan utvecklats i kommersiella sammanhang. Kapitlet avslutas med en diskussion kring turism ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv.
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28.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Learning through extraordinary tourism experiences
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: The Routledge handbook of tourism experience management and marketing. Saurabh Kumar Dixit (red.). - Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge. - 9780429203916 ; , s. 173-182
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Extant research has demonstrated that learning is a core element underlying extraordinary experience since it enriches the experience and makes it more meaningful. Despite being a critical element in such experience, the literature provides few answers to how and in what situations tourists learn, in particular how extraordinary experience is related to learning. Hence, the purpose of this study is to understand how tourists learn through extraordinary experience. Learning theories emphasize a process where the learner’s beliefs are challenged and experiences are made sense of, which make them useful in relation to intellectually engaging and transformative extraordinary experiences. Two illustrative different cases, an oyster experience on the West Coast of Sweden and a guided tour in Kisumu, Kenya, are used to demonstrate how learning takes place for tourists engaged in extraordinary experience. The findings show that tourists involved in extraordinary experiences are more likely to learn by being in a stimulating environment where learning is enhanced through three mutually inclusive elements: (1) engagement, (2) critical moments and (3) reflection.
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29.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Living labs: forums for tourism experience innovation and learning
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 28th Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23-25 October 2019, Roskilde University, Denmark.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Co-creation stems from a perspective of value as arising from relational exchanges rather than being delivered by firms (Gummesson & Grönroos, 2012; Vargo & Lusch, 2008). Co-creation requires a common space or platform where various actors’ processes merge into one, and where “emotions, values, choices, ideas, and ideals emerge, converge or collide” (Campos et al, 2015, p 209). The concept of living labs is useful in order to understand and develop such spaces. Living labs can be defined as forums for innovation categorized by openness, co-creation and experimentation in real-life settings (e.g. Gascó, 2017; Hawk et al, 2012). In living labs, actors get opportunities to share ideas and develop goods, services, business models or systems (Hawk et al, 2012). Descriptions of labs often underscore end users as participants and sources of innovation. As such, living labs are interesting to consider for innovation in the tourism sector. Consumers continuously want novel experiences and they want to be involved in the production of their own experiences (Alsos et al, 2014). Living labs are also interesting for co-creation among a wider set of stakeholders than firms and their potential customers. The specificity of tourism, being context-dependent, makes the real-life setting valuable; it inspires to deal with problems and opportunities that arise at the specific location. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of living labs in relation to tourism experience innovation. The case study revolves around a program on “Scary seafood”, where workshops, exhibitions, training and other activities form the basis for product and business development and learning about marine species that are sustainable to consume but typically not eaten in Scandinavia. The case study methodology is participatory observations and interviews. Preliminary findings show that the concept of outdoor cooking seems to have particular potential in relation to living labs for tourism experience innovation. Cooking is an activity that many people can relate to and food is easy to experiment with. The real-life setting with raw material that is picked or harvested by the participants themselves triggers discussions around sustainability and new types of products, services and business models.
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30.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Managing inclusiveness: representation and knowledge integration in tourism development and place branding
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: 29th Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21-23 Sept. Shaping mobile futures: Challenges and possibilities in precarious times.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Tourism and place branding is moving towards inclusiveness in various ways. For instance, DMOs expand their functions from marketing to also include development and management of tourism, which imply collaboration with different types of stakeholders. In tourism literature, new concepts emerge, which challenge dominant power relations and top-down approaches. However, studies spanning across functions and structures are scarce, and the interdependency involved in destination management has not yet been sufficiently considered. The purpose of this paper is to explore the integration of knowledge from various actors and stakeholders, not least residents, in tourism development and management by considering issues of representation and knowledge integration. The findings build upon a study of a park development project in a small community in Sweden, which is multicultural in its composition. The project involved public and community-based organisations, university actors and old and new locals. The methods used were observations and interviews. The major implications are that inclusiveness must move beyond public-private partnerships to include smaller actors and residents. Other fields have a long history of developing education, recommendations, guidelines and laws regarding citizen consultation and dialogue. Thus, there are several untapped opportunities for knowledge integration, which tourism managers may use when expanding collaboration across borders. The paper contributes to the understanding, conceptualization and development of inclusive tourism and place branding, as well as it gives managerial directions on why and how organizations, groups and individuals should participate.
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31.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Multiculturalism in place and destination development of rural communities
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 28th Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23-25 October 2019, Roskilde University, Denmark.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Many rural communities have in common the trend of shrinking agricultural and fishing sectors and transformation of local industries. As a consequence, rural communities and municipalities face outmigration, which results in declining tax income as well as reduced physical infrastructure and welfare services. A long-term population reduction may also affect the function of the municipality as a democratic arena and community builder (Syssner & Olausson, 2015). One of the opportunities commonly proposed for revitalization and development of rural territories is to engage in the tourism sector (Dana, Gurau & Lasch, 2014). Tourism does not create economic wealth by itself, but provides potential for local administration and entrepreneurs to explore and tap into new possibilities (Beeton, 2002; Dana et al, 2014; Wilson et al, 2001). Other prospects for revival lie in the influx of refugees and other migrants. These provide positive contributions to the economy in the forms of, for instance, new markets for products and services, and a decrease in the average age of the population. A varied population composition also adds to the cultural diversity of places, leading to multiple dimensions and identities. Further, it could be argued that to be able to build resilient communities, it is important to involve a diverse subset of the population in place development, not least from an integration perspective. However, there are few examples of place and destination development projects that take the multicultural setup of our contemporary societies into consideration through participation and representation. The purpose of this paper is to explore opportunities and challenges that lie in participatory development of rural places and destinations. The research derives from a summer project in Dals-Långed, Sweden, where students, civil society and other local actors collaborate for spatial place development. The project aims to embrace cultural diversity and integration through co-creative designing and building of common facilities such as a sauna, an outdoor kitchen, and a vegetable and flower garden, which will serve as meeting places for groups in the community who otherwise would not interact. In this recurring annual project, researchers work in collaboration with project management and local stakeholders in an action-oriented manner. The empirical material is retrieved through interviews, participatory observations, photos, as well as sketches and visual diaries from participants and students. Preliminary findings show that students and members of the local community interact with each other, although the multicultural aspect is not as prevalent as was hoped for. The building structures are used by students and those who have lived for a long time in the community, but not so much by newcomers. Furthermore, the participatory parts of the project are only conducted in short sequences, not throughout the process. However, the fact that the project is annually recurring means that there is space for critical evaluation and reformulations of plans.
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32.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Multiple identities in place branding - embracing transculturalism
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Abstract presented at the Inaugural Annual Conference of the International Place Branding Association (IPBA) in London (Middlesex University) 7-9 December 2016.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The view of place branding as monologic communication where all actors are squeezed into a unified voice has received harsh critique (e.g. Jernsand and Kraff, forthcoming; Marsh and Fawcett, 2011; Zenker and Beckmann, 2013). Aiming for a single coherent identity, which is promoted as a homogeneous entity, reduces places to simple monocultures and ignores the complexity that makes them intriguing (Kalandides, 2006).The display of a narrowly defined cultural norm does not correspond with the diverse nature of cities and countries today. The risk with failing to take multiple identities of a place into account is that cultural boundaries are reinforced, and that tension and disaffection is fostered, which can explode in conflicts between groups. People who do not know the culture or language of other ethnical communities living in the same city or country, or whose cultures are suppressed in relation to the image that authorities want to project will feel excluded. The movement of place branding from a business context to the public sphere has resulted in criticism since the concept has been used as a political tool for imposing the views of urban elites (Kavaratzis and Kalandides, 2015). To reach democratic legitimacy, place brand authorities therefore need to take responsibility, acting as facilitators (Kalandides, 2011) of the identity process of a place (Kavaratzis and Hatch, 2013). The recent, broadened perspective of place branding should be seen as an opportunity for an inclusive approach to culture. The purpose with this conceptual paper is to contrast the focus on homogeneous cultural entities in place branding with the concept of transculturalism. Transculturalism rejects a view of cultures as stable and clear entities that are located only in ethnicities or nations but sees them as “hybrid formations” that are “characterized by interconnectedness, permeation and ongoing transforming dialogues between/among them” (Dagnino, 2012, p 13). A critical review of place branding literature and examples of place branding initiatives is put in relation to transculturalism. This serves as a base for discussing what cultural homogeneity vs diversity implies for the future of place branding. The study shows that the scarce initiatives that allow for other cultural norms are often thanks to the endeavors of individual entrepreneurs, rather than official place authorities. The authors argue that successful place branding needs to embrace transculturalism and use it as a lens to understand, explore, nurture and communicate the interplay between and richness of different cultures and cultural expressions.
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33.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Participation in educational tourism: transforming individuals, communities and societies by stakeholder involvement
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 24th Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitaly: Responsible tourism, Reykjavik, October 1-3.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Tourism is a social activity with the ability to contribute to sustainable development by responsible action from all stakeholders: tourists, local communities, industry, government and academia. A sub-sector of tourism that is highly relevant but generally overlooked in this regard is educational tourism. The aim of this paper is to highlight educational tourism as an important part of responsible tourism. The purpose is to explore what roles tourism stakeholders have in identifying and addressing issues of sustainability in educational tourism, and how a participatory approach can enhance learning. An action-oriented research project that aims to develop ecotourism in Dunga community in Kenya is used as case study. School buses with students from all over the country arrive at Kisumu by Lake Victoria every day to visit the harbour, the zoo, the museum, and the small village of Dunga. They learn about fish species, the wetlands, and the propagation of water hyacinths in the lake. However, there is potential to make a greater difference among young people by raising their awareness about environmental and socio-cultural issues, which could in turn change their behaviour and influence their families, friends, and communities. The study identifies a need to prioritise multiple stakeholders’ engagement in educational tourism from the start to improve the process and the outcomes of it. Further, the study highlights that learning is improved when tourists actively participate in activities on a tour. This research thus supports the notion that participation combined with education enhances the transformational potential of tourism.
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34.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Participatory place branding through design: the case of Dunga beach in Kisumu, Kenya
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-8040 .- 1751-8059. ; 11:3, s. 226-242
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For place branding to reach long-term commitment and legitimacy a large number of stakeholders needs to be involved. This calls for innovative ways of approaching the process itself, permitting it to be participatory and changeable. In this article, the purpose is to describe, in detail, how a place branding process can take place in practice, and illustrate how an integration of design can act as a mean to reach community participation. The example is a tourism development case in Kisumu, Kenya where the authors were actively involved in destination branding. The findings show how the empathic and intuitive process of design allows each activity to lead to the other in an evolutionary way, and how visual tools can strengthen communication between participants as well as stimulate idea generation. The implication is that place branding should be viewed as consisting of several ongoing processes with multiple stakeholders. With the introduction of evolutionary and visual elements to these processes, they become more participatory, changeable and sustainable.
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35.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Place branding and (co-)innovation in a west Sweden context
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: The 26th Nordic Symposium of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Falun 4-6 October 2017.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In recent years, a view of place branding as a participatory and inclusive process has emerged. The perspective involves features of legitimacy and responsibility from the part of authorities (Eshuis & Edwards, 2013) and engagement from the part of other stakeholders, such as the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, residents and tourists (Jernsand, 2016). Such reconceptualization requires rethinking about the future of place branding practice. The top-down strategies and the limited stakeholders traditionally involved are challenged by bottom-up initiatives with multiple stakeholders. This makes it vital to consider co-innovation as an aspect of place branding. Innovation capacity is seldom included in place branding models (Daspit & Zavattaro, 2014) although new and improved products and services, the reduction of production costs (Zach, 2016) or the new types of networks and relationships that develop in creative environments are part of place image and identity. The purpose is to explore innovation in regards to place branding and what forums are needed to provide opportunities for co-innovation. A study of how four municipalities in west Sweden develop an innovation arena for maritime tourism constitutes the empirical example through interviews and participatory observations. The theoretical framework includes literature on place branding and innovation as well as concepts such as experience design, co-creation and different types of scapes and ecosystems. The findings show that the links between organic, spontaneous, bottom-up initiatives and the planned and purposeful initiatives are clusters of co-innovation, which capture understandings of different issues in particular contexts and develop them into innovations.
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36.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Scary seafood - a brand name dilemma?
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: The 31st Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research, Östersund, 19-21 September.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A brand name is a complex symbol that represents various ideas and attributes, not simply something that differentiates between products (Levy & Gardner, 1955). The name is important for a brand’s significance, as it adds to or subtract the perceived utility, desirability, and social and emotional value (Kotler & Gertner, 2002). A brand name should be distinctive, credible, easy to remember and provide desired associations in the minds of the consumers (Aaker, 2009). On the contrary, it means the name should not be boring, trivial or imply unwanted associations (Aaker, 2009). However, new concepts have emerged that merge marketing and branding theories with public policy and sustainability. One such concept is consumer wisdom, which draws on aspects other than utility maximation, such as heuristics, intuition, humility, and resilience (Luchs & Mick, 2018). Such concepts bring new dimensions to brand names as identity markers. The purpose with this paper is therefore to explore the appropriateness of using scariness as identity marker in branding sustainable seafood. The methods include observations, interviews and surveys in conjunction a workshop series on Scary seafood. Scary Seafood combines the curiosity of the unknown (neophilia) and a bit of fear (neophobia) to inspire to experience food from the sea that is normally not consumed. The extraordinary food experience will then, at its best, result in changing awareness and behaviors towards eating marine species that are more ecologically sustainable. The project took place in a public policy and sustainability context and received a considerable interest from media as well as from producers, tourism companies and consumers. The results reveal that Scary seafood generates a distinctive identity, increase loyal relationships and trust, and develops partnerships throughout the service ecosystem. It also allows partners and consumers to make robust satisficing decisions. In the initial phase, public organisations add value as they provide infrastructure and funding, reconcile competition interests, and provide information that partners and consumer consider more neutral, in line with the consumer wisdom concept.
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37.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Scary seafood: an experience-based view on sustainable food production and consumption
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Tomorrow’s Food Travel (TFT) conference, Centre for Tourism, University of Gothenburg, 8-10 October.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Objective/Background To save our planet, we need to change our food production and consumption patterns, not least regarding the food commodities that come from the sea. Due to human beings’ interference, fish stock die out and invasive species take over, which disrupts the entire marine ecosystem. Yet, fish and seafood are important sources of nutrition, which means we need to find solutions for the future, based on awareness and learning about, for instance, new or alternative production techniques, distribution channels, fish/seafood species and how to prepare them. However, environmental and health aspects do not always work as transformative arguments for changed behavior. There are species and parts of fish and seafood that we do not eat because of sensorial or cultural differences from what we are used to. There are also production procedures, e.g. farming of seafood in aquaponics, which people are reluctant to due to a sometimes wrong belief that farmed fish are fed with antibiotics or other harmful substances. So the question is how we can overcome the barriers towards new production technologies and consumption of foreign and unfamiliar fish and seafood. This study seeks to explore a collaborative process to enhance the production and consumption of sustainable food from the sea through the experience-based concept Scary seafood. This is done through an action-oriented research approach where the author is actively involved in a process with multiple disciplines, actors and stakeholders, with the aim of promoting the use of fish and seafood which the usual consumer do not eat today for various reasons. Theoretical Framework/Literature Review Food can stand in contrast to the familiar regarding its sensory aspects: taste, smell, texture, sound or visual impressions. It can also be culturally different from what we are used to, coming from other countries or regions of the world or being unfamiliar due to forgotten traditions over decades and centuries. These differences result in resistance among consumers to eat foreign or strange food. Relating this to tourism, some of our main motives for travel are to discover new experiences and variety and to develop ourselves personally (Pearce & Lee, 2005; Savener, 2013). Furthermore, travel experiences are cumulative: we get more adventurous and self-confident the more wealth and experience we acquire, and we want to further develop our skills and get answers to our questions (Pearce & Lee, 2005; Savener, 2013). Adventurous tourists seek novelty, excitement and even fear. An example of adventure in food experiences lies in the tension between a wish for the new and untried, and the disgust or horror of the unknown, avoiding unpleasant tastes and risk of contamination diseases (Fischler, 1988; Tuorila et al, 1994). Strange food can be fascinating and thrilling and even serve as trophies: a tick on the list of life-experience and evidence on that you have passed the culinary borders of the place you visit (Gyimóthy & Mykletun, 2009). These rites of passage take us to higher steps on the adventure ladder, on which we climb to more memorable and identity creating experiences that we can talk and even brag about with other people. Extraordinary food experiences related to scariness can thus serve as motivator to eat unfamiliar fish and seafood that are not endangered/shortlisted and to promote substitutes that are caught or farmed in ways that cause minimum damage to the marine environment. Through the concept of Scary seafood, there is an opportunity to change the sources for our nutritional needs and in the long run support biodiversity. Method More collaborative ways of approaching the issues of sustainable development are said to be the way to go when dealing with the complexity of sustainable development. Different academic disciplines and a wide set of practitioners must collaborate on specific problems in localized contexts (Gibbons, Limoges, Nowotny et al., 1994; Nowotny, 2004). Models of triple helix and similar are used to describe the collaboration that must take place between stakeholders in academy, public and civil sectors. However, all stakeholders have their own background and approach to the problem, which can make it hard to reach common ground. This study takes on an action-oriented research approach, with participatory observations and interviews as methods, to explore how different actors respond to and collaborate around the experience-based concept Scary seafood. The context is the Swedish west coast and a collaborative project between two focus areas within the Maritime cluster of West Sweden: Marine food and Maritime tourism. Findings and Research implications/limitations Food nutritionists, environmentalists and a wide range of other practitioners and scholars argue that consumers must become much more aware of the consequences of what they eat, e.g. what happens in your body and how it affects the planet. This consciousness also includes the whole system of stakeholders and actors related to marine environments. For instance, the marine food producers can take action by using alternative and more sustainable fishing and aquaculture tools and methods. Further, authorities can take legal actions against specific activities (such as the handling of bicatches or food waste), compensate preferable business performance or use awareness-raising campaigns. Restaurants can serve other types of dishes, and food retailers can make them easily and attractively available. As consumers, we can choose to buy sustainably produced food and put pressure on authorities and businesses. However, in a tourism context, the hedonic and experiential benefits of food may overrule our concern for the environment (Budeanu, 2007), since we favor novelty and adventure during holidays. Food is increasingly becoming a reason to travel and an important part of the experience. Adventure and thrill can therefore be one of the entry-points to make consumers taste dishes that they are not familiar to or even scares them (Gyimóthy & Mykletun, 2009). From a destination perspective, food can assist destinations that seek to provide activities outside high-season. The study shows that since the quality of specific species are better during autumn, winter and spring, this may be a travel reason during low season. Another reason to focus on food is that other travel activities are often limited to weather conditions and seasonality, while food consumption takes place at any times (Kivela & Crotts, 2006). Labelling food as scary is a way to go, however this study shows that all stakeholders do not agree on the concept. Moreover, some of the small food producers do not see the benefits of collaborating with firms that they see as competitors.
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38.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Small but diverse: the role of urban and rural communities in place-based diversity and inclusiveness
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Mistra Urban Futures annual international conference Realising just cities - lessons, impacts and outcomes, 15 October 2019, Sheffield, UK.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The workshop will focus on the roles of networks, institutions and projects in urban and rural communities in generating diversity and inclusiveness. There will be three presentations on cases in different countries, focussed on impacts, challenges and opportunities of different types of initiatives. This will be followed by generating shared knowledge with participants in the session, through workshop activities. Leader: Eva-Maria Jernsand and Emma Björner
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39.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Student living labs as innovation arenas for sustainable tourism
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Tourism Recreation Resarch. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0250-8281 .- 2320-0308. ; 44:3, s. 333-347
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper aims to explore sustainable tourism in relation to the concept of student living labs, defined as spaces for open innovation, co-creation and experimentation in real-life settings with students. Although these features are vital for the tourism industry, living labs are seldom discussed nor used in tourism research, education and practice. To illustrate living labs’ organisation, facilitation and impediments, the author uses an ethnographic description and analysis of five different experiences that have the characteristics of living labs. The findings show that tourism living labs offer students opportunities for hands-on engagement in the co-creation and testing of frontier solutions with private, public and civil society sector partners. They also enhance social inclusion, environmental responsibility and life-long learning. For the tourism industry, labs can offer new knowledge; more, extended and deepened relationships; and opportunities to find an educated workforce. The challenges include project timeframes; documentation and information; equality among participants: the size of student groups; and the resources of the university. The article stresses the importance of recognising and handling the challenges that come with the introduction of living labs in a tourism context.
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40.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Student living labs as innovation arenas for sustainable tourism
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Critical Issues in Tourism Co-Creation. G.T. Phi & D. Dredge (Eds). - Abingdon and New York : Routledge. - 9781003165835
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper aims to explore sustainable tourism in relation to the concept of student living labs, defined as spaces for open innovation, co-creation and experimentation in real-life settings with students. Although these features are vital for the tourism industry, living labs are seldom discussed nor used in tourism research, education and practice. To illustrate living labs’ organisation, facilitation and impediments, the author uses an ethnographic description and analysis of five different experiences that have the characteristics of living labs. The findings show that tourism living labs offer students opportunities for hands-on engagement in the co-creation and testing of frontier solutions with private, public and civil society sector partners. They also enhance social inclusion, environmental responsibility and lifelong learning. For the tourism industry, labs can offer new knowledge; more, extended and deepened relationships; and opportunities to find an educated workforce. The challenges include project timeframes; documentation and information; equality among participants: the size of student groups; and the resources of the university. The article stresses the importance of recognising and handling the challenges that come with the introduction of living labs in a tourism context.
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41.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Sustainable tourism - what it is and how to progress towards it
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: EUTOPIA Review. ; 1, s. 25-44
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent conceptualisations of sustainable tourism take as starting points the major societal challenges of our times. Sustainable tourism is about the relationship between tourism and the world we live in, where climate and environment, health and welfare, democracy and community building as well as digitalisation, are areas that tourism stakeholders must address. Sustainable tourism is thereby a response to real-world issues and opportunities (Jones & Walmsley, 2022) and a direction to transform societal systems and behaviours and contribute to resilient societies and sustainable development (Bramwell et al., 2017; Edgell Sr, 2019). In this article, three members of the EUTOPIA Community on Tourism and Experiences outline some of the main characteristics of the sustainable tourism discourse; what they are and how stakeholders can address them. We retrace a selection of research and policy orientations for sustainable tourism in the context of current societal challenges, outlined in 10 parts. The selection is not all-encompassing but represents the most urgent and critical perspectives to tourism studies and is based on our own research, experiences and interpretations. We discuss tourism’s contribution to place development on larger and smaller scales, for example tax revenues, competence supply, and wellbeing of residents, tourists, companies and societies (part 1). We address climate and environmental degradation, where tourism is a key contributor (part 2), and the connected economic growth paradigm (part 3). Furthermore, tourism’s role in inclusive and just futures is discussed (part 4) before bringing up the goal conflicts and wicked problems involved in tourism decision-making (part 5). We propose that issues and opportunities must be handled through knowledge integration between actors, which we discuss from a systems theory perspective (part 6). The twin transition and smart tourism concepts are presented as part of digitalisation in tourism (part 7). Sustainable behaviour is another important aspect of sustainable tourism, for instance, how nudging initiatives and immersive experiences may benefit society (part 8). We also discuss and give examples of tools and instruments that contribute to sustainability in the tourism industry (part 9). Finally, we draw some main conclusions and briefly address ways forward (part 10).
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42.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • The Role of Community-Based Tourism Initiatives in Socio-Economic Development
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Walia, S.K. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Community Based Tourism Management: Concepts, Issues & Implications. - : Routledge. - 9780367223915 ; , s. 194-206
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The purpose of this chapter is to identify the roles of CBT initiatives in socio-economic development, through the exploration of CBT organizations opportunities and challenges in relation to other tourism stakeholders. Theoretically, the study is situated within CBT management and various concepts related to the inclusion of stakeholders in co-production of knowledge. Two longitudinal transdisciplinary action research projects were conducted with CBT organizations in Sweden and Kenya respectively. Research developed in cycles of action, evaluation and critical reflection, with ethnographic-influenced and participatory observations and interviews. The study points to the benefits derived from the organizations’ interaction with academic, public, private and civic actors. For example, the organization’s engagement in labour market integration activities takes individuals closer to finding jobs, whilst also acting for their overall integration in society. Further, the cases illustrate how CBT organizations connect with other stakeholders in product and business development. The engagement with public and academic actors also provides arenas for CBT organizations to highlight their social agenda. However, the study also points to challenges involved with handling different voices and views, which means they need competencies they may not have. There is also the ‘best cases’ trap, where CBT organizations are invited to present at various events, free of charge, which prevent them from spending time on their core operation and the development of the organization. The study outlines six distinguished roles of CBT initiatives in socio-economic development: co-producers of knowledge in multi-helix constellations; co-producers of knowledge with visitors; facilitators of learning and empowerment; promoters/communicators of CBT; receivers of support; and owners and co-creators of the place/destination brand. Playing all these roles is a tough endeavour for CBT organizations. For instance, the fact that focus is often placed on the positive aspects of CBT leads to that the challenges they face rarely come to the surface. Their will to act for socioeconomic development, through their dual focus on social issues and running a business, can put them in vulnerable situations. For small scale CBT organizations to become sustainable it is crucial that collaborations with public, private, academic and civic partners are set on equal terms, and that CBT initiatives are recognized for and supported in their important work for socio-economic development.
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43.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Tourism Experience Innovation Through Design
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 15:Supplement 1, s. 98-119
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Experience innovation is described as collaborative and integrated in day-to-day work. However, a challenge is to capture people's tacit knowledge and make it explicit, in order to bring forth ideas and concepts. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how design can be integrated with experience innovation. A model for experience innovation and design is presented which complies with the prototyping phase of the design process. Visual representations are used for communication and idea generation between stakeholders, to make them build on each other's ideas. The case is the development of a guided tour in Dunga beach, Kisumu, Kenya. Dunga beach is seen as the experiencescape, where the interactions with the physical and social environment become part of the experience innovation process. By active involvement as partners and participants in collaborative activities with guides, residents and tourists, the authors were able to get an in-depth understanding of how experience innovation took place in Dunga. The implication is that the view of experience innovation as a spiral process within the experiencescape increases the understanding of how specific characteristics of the experience could be considered and developed for new or improved experiences.
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44.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Tourism memories : a collaborative reflection on inclusion and exclusion
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Tourism Recreation Resarch. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0250-8281 .- 2320-0308. ; 48:6, s. 820-830
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The purpose of this paper is to explore how people’s differentiated privileged and marginalised positions in society create instances of inclusion and exclusion in tourism. Eight authors utilised their diverse disciplinary and theoretical bases to engage in individual autoethnography and collaborative reflections of their personal experiences of being tourists and hosts. Through our Western and non-Western, White and non-White experiences, we reveal experiences from a multitude of perspectives, and problematise the dominant White racial frame. The methodology illustrates unquestioned privileges and feelings of discomfort when personally faced with exclusionary practices and creates an understanding of how individuals have different experiences of enchantment and the tourist gaze. The experience of marginalisation is serial and dialectical, which illustrates the complexity of tourism. The paper contributes to an enhanced and multifaceted understanding of tourism experiences and proposes measures to reveal issues of exclusion. Also, the use of autoethnography and collaborative reflection as methodological tools provide opportunities for researchers and practitioners to engage in reflexive conversation on discriminatory practices, and how they hinder certain individuals and groups from enjoying tourism products and services.
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45.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967 (författare)
  • Transformational tourism: extraordinary experiences and learning
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: 25th Nordic Symposium on Tourism and Hospitality Research in Turku, Finland, September 28-30, 2016.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Transformational tourism deals with how travel and tourism can change human behaviour and impact the world in positive ways. The transformation occurs when people get so deeply involved in experiences that they reflect on their own situation, expand their con¬sciousness, and ultimately alter their future behaviour and worldview. This progressive process is closely related to how learning is described in literature, but although learning theories are significantly applicable to and important to tourism, they have been more or less neglected in tourism studies. The purpose with the paper is to explore the relationship between experiences, learning and transformation. It highlights the capabilities of extraordinary tourism experiences to transform people and societies. A study of the small ecotourism destination of Dunga located by the shores of Lake Victoria in Western Kenya implies that students get a good connection to the place and its ecological challenges when the knowledge comes from the interaction with fishmongers and fishermen. These local entrepreneurs have first-hand experience on how pollution, over-fishing and the invasion water hyacinths affect their work: in the decreasing number and species of fish, and the long hours spent with cutting off the hyacinths’ roots from their fishing nets. The type of learning students get through such experience would not be obtainable in the confinement of a classroom. However, extraordinary experiences are defined as intense, joyful and temporal, while transformational learning is about what matters in the long run. Does this mean that extraordinary experiences cannot be transformational? And what role does immersion play in this context? The paper identifies immersion as an important dimension of the extraordinary experience in order for the experience to be transformational. However, immersion may not necessarily be entirely positive. Anger, fear and other ‘negative’ emotions enhance critical reflection, and difficult issues are important for changes in values and behaviour.
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46.
  • Jernsand, Eva Maria, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Value co-cration in tourism experiences
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: 23rd Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research: Values of tourism, October 1-4, Copenhagen.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The value of tourism from a consumer perspective occurs when the tourist interacts with people, objects, and surroundings before, during and after an experience. However these encounters are not only important for the tourist's value of the experience but it also creates value for the service provider, other tourists, local residents and the destination as a whole. The value occurs in the co-creation, and an understanding of this co-creation of value is a key issue in order to develop theory on tourism experiences. The paper presents an example of how a conceptual grid proposed by Eide and Mossberg (2013) can be used to understand co-creation of value in tourism by referring to a case of destination development in Dunga beach, Kisumu, Kenya. The purpose is to understand different degrees of co-creation in tourism offerings and to give implications for how the grid can be used as a base for developing co-created experiences. The main implications are that the grid visualises the performance of tourism offerings in both a holistic and particular way. By these visualisations it is possible to study and analyse the present state of the tourist offerings as well as to elaborate on movements in the grid to enhance idea generation, which may result in new or improved co-created experiences. Using different types of interactions in the grids reveals for example that the roles of the guides are closely related to and differ depending on the degree of co-creation. In a fully co-created experience, the guides' roles are not only facilitators but as friends on an equal level of knowledge and performance. It also exposes that tourists' interactions with residents are important for mutual understanding, not least in developing countries such as Kenya, where it is seen as important to include local residents in tourism development, from planning to implementation.
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47.
  • Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Conceptualising inclusive tourism and place branding
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Act Sustainable Research Conference, Gothenburg Centre for Sustainable Development - GMV, Nov 18-19.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A new conceptualisation of inclusive tourism is emerging. Situated within inclusive development, an ethical perspective on tourism embraces diversity, equality and participation (Sheyvens & Biddulph, 2018, drawing on e.g. Lawson, 2010; UNDP, 2016). With such holistic connotations, inclusive tourism is a response to the fact that large corporations create, market and benefit from products that are only attainable by privileged minorities. Inclusiveness in a tourism context is the opposite of this. People, independent of their ethnicity, gender, class and other social characteristics, should be able to participate in the creation of tourism products and benefit from them, as well as be able to experience them (Scheyvens & Biddulph, 2018). Thus, inclusive tourism means that dominant power relations and top-down approaches are challenged by grass root and bottom-up perspectives and initiatives. From a destination marketing perspective, inclusiveness also means that people living in tourism destinations should be represented in place branding (Kalandides et al., 2013; Zenker & Petersen, 2014). Furthermore, an inclusive view on tourism and place branding recognizes how and under what terms people actually participate in tourism development and place branding (Jernsand, 2016; Jernsand & Kraff, 2017; Kraff, 2018). Inclusive tourism has the potential to strengthen relationships, contribute to intercultural exchanges, and create multidimensional destinations. However, the ethical aims of inclusive tourism needs further investigation. Concept development is yet at an early stage, and studies examining how inclusive tourism takes place in practice are scarse. The research project The Role of Tourism in Multicultural Societies (TiMS) aims to contribute to the conceptualisation of inclusive tourism and place branding, its principles and delimitations. TiMS builds on empirical investigations that centre on how the plurality of tourism products and destinations are communicated, represented and experienced in terms of e.g. cultures, ethnicity, gender, class and other social characteristics; and on challenges and opportunities met in tourism development processes that aim for diversity, equality and participation. The research is situated mainly in a Swedish context, ranging from the urban to the rural, and is based on multiple methods such as interviews, observations and action-oriented approaches. The research acknowledges: The difficulties in promoting diversity: There is a risk of stereotypification and exploitation, where multicultural attributes are valued for their difference as opposed to being seen as everybody being multicultural. Tourism as interdependent on place development at large: Public destination management organizations often focus on specific target groups and public-private partnerships, rather than collaborations with other instances of the public sector and smaller units such as community-based organizations. Further, citizen dialogue is a well-known concept in urban planning, yet rarely used in relation to tourism. The multiple actors that together form the place brand: This is an organic and bottom-up process, and without a dominant authority such as a DMO. The findings indicate that for inclusive tourism to live up to its promise, and develop into a just form of sustainable tourism, scholars and industry actors need to engage in critical discussions and procure knowledge regarding its complexity, e.g. historical and contemporary meanings.
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48.
  • Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Designing For or Designing With?
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 19th DMI: Academic Design Management Conference. - 9780615991528 ; , s. 1596-1611
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A major challenge for social design is related to roles, and the relationship between designers and those that a design proposal is intended for. Humancentred design processes are supposed to start with the people we are designing for. However, by using the phrase “designing for” instead of “designing with”, it is implied that something will be delivered, rather than created in collaboration. Similarly local stakeholder ownership is often highlighted as important. Yet, the underlying framework is most often set by a design team: it is they who set the topic, own the tools, and therefore have control and power over the process. It needs to be recognized that by doing so, alternative views might be pushed back, and we might not notice what topics are left out or who is being excluded. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a more nuanced discussion of social design by problematizing the concepts of local stakeholder ownership, roles and power. This is done through a critical reflection of the authors’ own active involvement in a social design project in Kisumu, Kenya.
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49.
  • Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Designing For or Designing With?
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 19th DMI: Academic Design Management Conference. - 9780615991528 ; , s. 1596-1611
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A major challenge for social design is related to roles, and the relationshipbetween designers and those that a design proposal is intended for. Humancentreddesign processes are supposed to start with the people we are designingfor. However, by using the phrase “designing for” instead of “designing with”, it is implied that something will be delivered, rather than created in collaboration.Similarly local stakeholder ownership is often highlighted as important. Yet, theunderlying framework is most often set by a design team: it is they who set thetopic, own the tools, and therefore have control and power over the process. Itneeds to be recognized that by doing so, alternative views might be pushed back,and we might not notice what topics are left out or who is being excluded. Thepurpose of this paper is to contribute to a more nuanced discussion of socialdesign by problematizing the concepts of local stakeholder ownership, roles andpower. This is done through a critical reflection of the authors’ own activeinvolvement in a social design project in Kisumu, Kenya.
  •  
50.
  • Kraff, Helena, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Digitalisering, samskapande och innovation. Tre scenarier för framtidens turistbyrå som innovationsarena
  • 2019
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Den här rapporten presenterar resultatet av en studie utförd av två forskare vid Göteborgs universitet. Studien finansieras av Västra Götalandsregionen och har skett i samarbete med projektet Maritim Utveckling i Bohuslän och Lysekils kommun. I rapporten presenteras tre scenarier för hur dagens turistbyrå kan utvecklas till en inno-vationsarena för turism. Genom att formulera scenarier förvandlas en abstrakt framtid till kon¬kreta bilder som kan ställas i relation till varandra och som öppnar upp för vidare diskussioner kring möjliga utvecklingsriktningar. Scenarierna svarar till det förändringsbehov som dagens turistbyråer står inför i och med den digitala utveckl¬ingen och besökares ändrade res- och sökvanor. De beaktar också en ökad efterfrågan av samverkan mellan turismens aktörer, och syftar därmed till att koppla samman olika intressenter för att tillsammans utveckla idéer för nya koncept eller arbetsmodeller i öppna och explorativa pro-cesser. Beskrivningen av de tre scenarierna föregås av en diskussion som tar upp turism i förhållande till innovation, samverkan och digital teknik. Möjligheter och utmaningar identifieras och nya struk¬turer pre¬senteras för att resultera i de tre scenarierna. Den mobila arenan utgår främst från ett ökat behov av mobilitet, koordinering och ambassadörskap medan den tematiska are¬nan visar på möj¬lig¬heten att bygga innovationsmiljöer kring en specifik tematik. Multifunkt¬ionsarenan ger en syn på turism som en viktig del i en hållbar samhällsutveckling. Scenari¬erna skiljer sig från varandra men det ena utesluter inte nödvändigtvis de andra. Det första scenariot kan exempel¬vis ses som ett första steg i utvecklingen mot något av de andra två.
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