| 1. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Growth and the public sector : a reply
- 1999
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Fölster and Henrekson (1998) claim that they, by addressing a number of econometric problems, can establish that it is likely that economies with a large public sector grow more slowly than economies with a small public sector. But their regressions are fundamentally flawed. Re-estimating their growth equation using theoretically valid instruments, we find that the growth effect of the public sector is statistically insignificant, and much smaller than the point-estimates reported by Fölster and Henrekson. This is consistent with the agnostic conclusion, drawn by us and many others, that cross-country growth regressions are unlikely to give a reliable answer to whether a large public sector is growth promoting or retarding.
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| 2. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Growth and the public sector : A reply
- 1999
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In: European Journal of Political Economy. - 0176-2680 .- 1873-5703. ; 15:2, s. 359-366
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fölster and Henrekson [Fölster, S., Henrekson, M., 1999. Growth and the public sector: A critique of the critics. European Journal of Political Economy 15, 337–358] claim that, by addressing a number of econometric problems, they can establish that it is likely that economies with a large public sector grow more slowly than economies with a small public sector. But their regressions are fundamentally flawed. Re-estimating their growth equation using theoretically valid instruments, we find that the growth effect of the public sector is statistically insignificant, and much smaller than the point-estimates that they report. This is consistent with the agnostic conclusion, drawn by us and others, that cross-country growth regressions are unlikely to provide a reliable answer as to whether a large public sector is growth promoting or retarding.
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| 3. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Growth and the public sector : A critical review essay
- 1997
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In: European Journal of Political Economy. - 0176-2680 .- 1873-5703. ; 13:1, s. 33-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We review the theoretical and empirical evidence on the relation between growth and the public sector against the background of the current debate on the issue. The evidence is found to admit no conclusion on whether the relation is positive, negative or non-existent. A simple cross-country regression in an OECD sample illustrates how the relation is easily tilted from negative to positive by introducing control variables for initial GDP and the dependent population.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Growth effects of government expenditure and taxation in rich countries : A comment
- 2006
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In: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 50:1, s. 211-218
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fölster and Henrekson (European Economic Review 45 (2001), 1501–1520) argue that “...the more the econometric problems that are addressed, the more robust the relationship between government size and economic growth appears”. But in failing to control for simultaneity and in ignoring issues of sample-selection bias, the regressions reported by Fölster/Henrekson are flawed. Using theoretically valid instruments, we find that the estimated partial correlation between size of the public sector and economic growth is statistically insignificant and highly unstable across specifications. Moreover, since instruments are weak, all hypothesis tests are unreliable. We conclude that cross-country growth regressions are unlikely to come up with a reliable answer to the question of the growth effects of government spending and taxation.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Agell, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Tillväxt och offentlig sektor
- 1994
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 22:4, s. 373-385
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I den populära svenska debatten hävdas ofta att det finns ett starkt negativt samband mellan offentlig sektor och ekonomisk tillväxt. Den empiriska litteraturen ger emellertid inte något belägg for ett entydigt kausalt samband från stor offentlig sektor till låg tillväxt. Jonas Agell, Thomas Lindh och Henry Ohlsson går i denna artikel igenom den aktuella teoretiska och empiriska forskningen på området. Med några enkla jämförelser för OECD-länderna visar de att andra faktorer än offentlig sektor kan tänkas ha större betydelse för tillväxtskillnader mellan länder.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Den första nationella konferensen i nationalekonomi i Sverige
- 2011
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. ; 39:2, s. 67-73
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Den 1–2 oktober 2010 hölls en nationell konferens i nationalekonomi i Lund. Konferensen samlade 140 deltagare och innehöll en plenarföreläsning, en paneldebatt, en postersession samt parallella sessioner där nästan 60 uppsatser presenterades. En andra konferens i samma format äger rum i Uppsala den 16–17 september 2011. I denna artikel redogör personerna i arrangörskommittén för sina erfarenheter och tankar kring framtida former för möten mellan svenska nationalekonomer.
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| 9. |
- Apel, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Monetary policy and inflation in times of war
- 2022
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In: Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review. - : Sveriges Riksbank. - 2001-029X. ; :2, s. 65-79
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- When major and unusual events such as a war occur, there is no ‘manual’ for how to act as an economic policy-maker. All wars are different – in terms of their scale and duration, their location and their impact on the world around them. Instead, one must try to find parallels with previous historical episodes and study the research literature on the economic consequences of war to see if it is possible to find common denominators. It is clear, however, that war often leads to higher inflation in one way or another. In this article, we will first briefly review what research literature has to say about the connection between war and inflation. Then we will take a look back at earlier episodes when war was associated with rising inflation in Sweden, and draw some conclusions from this.
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| 10. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(author)
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Ekonomi i omvandling
- 2008
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(author)
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Krisstämpeln på det svenska avtalssystemet – en överdrift
- 2008
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 36:5, s. 15-30
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Det behövs samordning och normer i lönebildningen. Om detta är de flesta eniga. Frågan är hur normerna ska sättas och av vem. Framför allt har den rådande ordningen med industrin som normsättare ifrågasatts, bl a av Lars Calmfors i Ekonomisk Debatt. I stället hävdas att tjänstebranscherna bör få ett större inflytande. Vi anser att det finns stora risker med att byta en regim som fungerat. Argumenten för en förändring måste nyanseras på väsentliga punkter. Parterna inom industrin har erfarenhet av normsättning, har vana vid internationell exponering och har ett samarbetsavtal. Motsvarande finns inte i tjänstenäringarna.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Brännäs, Kurt, et al.
(author)
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Asymmetric time series and temporal aggregation
- 1999
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In: Review of Economics and Statistics. - : M I T PRESS. - 0034-6535 .- 1530-9142. ; 81:2, s. 341-344
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The detection of nonlinearities could depend on the sampling frequency. Asymmetric monthly series may become symmetric when aggregated to quarterly or annual frequencies. We test against nonlinearity using the nonlinear autoregressive asymmetric moving average (ARasMA) model, which nests the linear ARMA model as a special case. Using monthly, quarterly, and annual Swedish unemployment series, we find support for symmetry/linearity in the annual series but not in the monthly and quarterly series.
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| 20. |
- Carling, Alf, et al.
(author)
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EMU-medlemskapets betydelse för svensk lönebildning
- 2000
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 28:2, s. 133-142
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sverige kommer troligen att gå med i EMU. Växelkursen kommer då inte längre att kunna kompensera trendmässiga förändringar i konkurrenskraften och inte heller dämpa kortsiktiga fluktuationer i produktion och sysselsättning. Lönebildningen i en valutaunion har tre viktiga dimensioner. Arbetskraftskostnaderna måste hamna på rätt nivå. Avtalen måste främja ökad produktivitet. Flexibla arbetskraftskostnader måste dämpa de fluktuationer i produktion och sysselsättning som icke förväntade störningar kan ge upphov till. Flexibilitet kan uppnås på olika sätt. Vi menar att uppgörelser mellan arbetsmarknadsparterna är att föredra framför ekonomisk-politiska åtgärder.
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| 21. |
- Carling, Alf, et al.
(author)
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Industriavtalet : utfall och framtidsutsikter
- 2000
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 28:5, s. 417-430
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- År 1997 slöts ett samarbets- och förhandlingsavtal mellan parterna inom industrin. Den genomsnittliga löneökningen har varit 3 à 3 1/2 procent per år under den första treåriga avtalsperioden under Industriavtalet. Den låga inflationstakten har medfört att reallönerna har vuxit med i genomsnitt 2 1/2–3 procent per år. Samtidigt har industrins kostnadsläge jämfört med konkurrentländerna förbättrats med 2 procent per år. Sysselsättningen inom industrin har ökat med i genomsnitt 1 1/2 procent per år. Viktigt för den nya avtalsperioden är att allt tyder på att Sverige kommer att ha rörlig växelkurs och en trovärdig inflationsnorm de kommande åren. Våra modellkalkyler visar betydelsen av en fortsatt återhållsam nominallöneutveckling för produktions- och sysselsättningsutvecklingen i Sverige. Efterfrågan på arbetskraft kommer emellertid inte längre att kunna öka utan bristsituationer kan komma att uppstå. För att sysselsättningen skall kunna fortsätta att öka krävs insatser för att öka arbetsmarknadens anpassningsförmåga.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Carling, Alf, et al.
(author)
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Lönekostnadsutvecklingens effekter på sysselsättningen
- 1998
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 26:7, s. 505-513
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Lönekostnadernas utveckling är, direkt och indirekt, en avgörande faktor för företagens efterfrågan på arbetskraft. Beräkningar som redovisas i denna artikel tyder på att varje ytterligare procents lönehöjning leder till en minskning med 20 000–30 000 arbeten i Sverige. Effekterna på sysselsättningen uppkommer med betydandefördröjning. En måttligare utveckling av lönekostnaderna innebär därför att arbetslösheten på sikt kan pressas tillbaka.
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| 25. |
- Carling, Alf, et al.
(author)
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Nya förutsättningar för lönebildningen
- 1998
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 26:2, s. 107-115
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Lönebildningen är avgörande för den ekonomiska utvecklingen i Sverige. Under 1990-talet har förutsättningarna för den ändrats på avgörande sätt. Författarna framhåller fem betydelsefulla förändringar: Den ökande internationella konkurrensen och den minskade inflationsbenägenheten är de två första. Av detta följer för det tredje att för höga lönehöjningar nu ger direkta utslag i lägre produktion och sysselsättning utan omvägen över högre priser. För det fjärde har arbetslösheten kommit att bli den kanske viktigaste förklaringen till att inkomstfördelningen har blivit något ojämnare. Slutligen ställer den nya produktionstekniken och arbetsorganisationen högre krav på de anställdas kompetens.
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| 26. |
- Cuddington, John T, et al.
(author)
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Optimal policy rules and regime switching in disequilibrium models
- 1985
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In: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 27:2, s. 247-254
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper emphasizes the need to search for globally optimal policy levels (for public production, say) in fix-price disequilibrium analysis. Regime-specific rules are inadequate. They ignore the fact that moving a policy towards its optimal level may move the economy from its initial disequilibrium regime to a different regime where the rule no longer applies.
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| 27. |
- Di Porto, Edoardo, et al.
(author)
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Avoiding taxes by transfers within the family
- 2021
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In: International Tax and Public Finance. - : Springer Nature. - 0927-5940 .- 1573-6970. ; 28:1, s. 1-23
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We document an episode with considerable tax avoidance that occurred in Italy after 2008 when the Italian government reformed the property taxation by abolishing taxation on principal residences and increasing taxation on secondary properties. In the presence of a very lowinter vivosgift tax, Italian families found it beneficial to redistribute properties among their members. Difference-in-difference estimates indicate that property tax reform increased the probability that high-wealth donors made aninter vivosproperty gift relative to less wealthy donors. This in turn affected the donees' income capacity and consumption, increasing inequalities. We show that family ties give room for households' strategic behavior to avoid taxes; hence, it is relevant to take them into consideration when designing effective fiscal policies.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Djerf, Olle, et al.
(author)
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Köpkraft och konkurrenskraft – tredje avtalsrörelsen med Industriavtalet
- 2003
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 31:8, s. 16-26
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Parterna inom industrin slöt ett samarbets- och förhandlingsavtal 1997. Under Industriavtalets första period 1998–2000 ökade reallönerna med 3 procent per år medan det relativa kostnadsläget förbättrades med 4 procent årligen. Industrisysselsättningen ökade. Industriavtalets andra period 2001–2003 har präglats av en betydligt sämre konjunktur. Reallönerna har dock ökat med ca 1 1⁄2 procent per år. Det relativa kostnadsläget har varit oförändrat medan sysselsättningen minskat med 3 procent årligen. Viktigt för den nya avtalsperioden är att Sverige har en trovärdig inflationsnorm och att de viktigaste konkurrenternas arbetskraftskostnader kommer att öka långsamt. Fortsatt återhållsamma ökningar av nominallönerna är av stor betydelse för produktions- och sysselsättningsutvecklingen i Sverige.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(author)
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Political determinants of budget deficits : Coalition effects versus minority effects
- 1991
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In: European Economic Review. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 35:8, s. 1597-1603
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper reexamines some recent empirical evidence on the hypothesis that institutional arrangements in the political process affect budget deficits. The results of Roubini and Sachs (1989b) are replicated, and sensitivity analysis indicate that their results are robust. However, the main conclusion of Roubini and Sachs, that coalition governments are less capable of budgetary discipline, needs to be modified. A reformulation of their variable representing political cohesion reveals that it captures the effects of minority governments rather than majority coalition governments. The data support the hypothesis that it is harder to negotiate in parliament than within a government.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Eliason, Marcus, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Living to Save Taxes
- 2008
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In: Economics Letters. ; 100:3, s. 340-343
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 38. |
- Eliason, Marcus, et al.
(author)
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Living to Save Taxes
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Does taxation affect the timing of death? This is important as an example of how behavior might be affected by economic incentives. We study how three changes in Swedish inheritance taxation 2004-2005 have affected daily all-cause mortality. Our first main result is that mortality decreased by 16 percent the day before the beginning of expected tax reductions. Second, there was no corresponding effect before an unexpected tax reduction.
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| 39. |
- Eliason, Marcus, et al.
(author)
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Living to save taxes
- 2008
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In: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 100:3, s. 340-343
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Does taxation affect the timing of death? This is an interesting example of how behavior might be affected by economic incentives. We study how two changes in Swedish inheritance taxation 2004–2005 have affected daily all-cause mortality. Our main result is that mortality decreased by 17% the day before the expected tax repeals began.
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| 40. |
- Eliason, Marcus, et al.
(author)
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Timing of death and the repeal of the Swedish inheritance tax
- 2010
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Does taxation affect the timing of death? This is an interesting example of how behavior might be affected by economic incentives. We study how two changes in Swedish inheritance taxation 2003/04 and 2004/05 have affected mortality during the turns of the years. Our first main result is that deceased with estates taxable for legal heirs were 10 percentage points more likely to have died on New Year’s Day 2005, from when the inheritance tax was repealed, rather than on New Year’s Eve 2004, compared to deceased without taxable estates for legal heirs. The second main result is that deceased with estates taxable for a married spouse were 12 percentage points more likely to have died on New Year’s Day 2004, from when the inheritance tax between spouses was repealed, rather than on New Year’s Eve 2003, compared to deceased without taxable estates for a married spouse.
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| 41. |
- Eliason, Marcus, et al.
(author)
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Timing of death and the repeal of the Swedish inheritance tax
- 2013
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In: The Journal of Socio-Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-5357 .- 1879-1239. ; 45, s. 113-123
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In response to the repeal of the Swedish inheritance tax people postponed death to avoid taxes. This is an example of the far-reaching behavioral effects of economic incentives and of unintended consequences of policy changes. Using individual data, including information on taxable estates, we find that deceased with, compared to those without, tax incentives to postpone death were 10 percentage points more likely to die the day after rather than the day before the repeal. An extended analysis suggests that the timing of deaths was affected not only during these two days but during a longer surrounding period.
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| 42. |
- Elinder, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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The Effect of Inheritance Receipt on Labor and Capital Income: Evidence from Swedish Panel Data
- 2010
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper we study the effects of inheritances on labor and capital income of heirs. We use unique register based Swedish panel data to estimate both short run and medium run responses. The few existing studies have mainly focused on short run responses, using data from the U.S. Models of life cycle consumption stress that anticipated and unanticipated income changes have different impacts on the optimal consumption path. In Sweden, as in other countries with extensive public insurances and succession rules that prohibit decedents from bequeathing the entire estate to others than their children, inheritances are likely to be anticipated to a higher degree than in the U.S. Our estimates suggest that there is a negative effect of inheriting on labor income in the year of the receipt and the year after, and that the negative effect is even larger two to three years after receiving the inheritance. Moreover, we find that capital income increases by an amount corresponding to wealth increasing at least by the amount inherited.
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| 43. |
- Elinder, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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The impact of inheritances on heirs' labor and capital income
- 2012
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In: The B.E. Journals in Economic Analysis & Policy. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2194-6108 .- 1935-1682. ; 12:1, s. 61-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to study when and how much labor and capital income of heirs respond to inheritances. We estimate fixed effects models following direct heirs, inheriting in 2004, during the years 2000-2008 using Swedish panel data. Our first main result is that the more the heir inherits, the lower her labor income becomes. This labor income effect appears in the years after the heir had inherited and is stronger for old heirs than for young heirs. We also find evidence of anticipation effects that occur before the actual transfer. Our second main result is that the more the heir inherits, the higher her capital income becomes. This effect only appears in the years after receiving the inheritance. It seems to be dissipating after a couple of years.
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| 44. |
- Engström, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Malmfälten i brytningstid
- 1986
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 14:6, s. 472-480
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I samband med en avsättningskris vid LKAB i början av 1980-talet avsattes resurser från staten till en speciell organisation som skulle ta hand om de övertaliga. Totalt avsattes 309 miljoner eller 170 tusen kronor per övertalig. I denna artikel redovisas en utvärdering av denna insats. Huvudslutsatsen är att man skulle ha nått motsvarande resultat vid en expansion av den vanliga arbetsmarknadspolitiken.
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| 45. |
- Engström, Per, et al.
(author)
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Loss evasion and tax aversion
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to study if taxpayers behave in a loss averse manner when filing their tax returns. This is important for tax design but also for understanding human behavior in general. The predictions of prospect theory can be contrasted to those of expected utility theory. We use data for 3.6 million Swedish taxpayers for the income year 2006. Our research method is quasi-experimental using a regression kink and discontinuity approach. We also use an alternative instrumental-variables approach. There is strong evidence of loss aversion. We estimate the coefficient of loss aversion using actual behavior and the instrument-variables approach. Our estimate is very close to the estimates reported in the experimental literature.
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| 46. |
- Erixson, Oscar, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Estate division : equal sharing, exchange motives, and Cinderella effects
- 2019
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In: Journal of Population Economics. - : SPRINGER. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 32:4, s. 1437-1480
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study contributes to the empirical literature testing bequest motives by using a population-wide administrative dataset, covering data on inherited amounts for complete families matched with an extensive set of economic and demographic variables, to estimate the influence of child characteristics on differences in inherited amounts among siblings. Our main findings are, first, children who are more likely to have provided services to the parent receive more than their siblings, as predicted by the exchange model. Second, daughters with children receive more than sons with children. This is consistent with the prediction of the evolutionary model that larger investments should go to offspring who are certain to be genetically related. There are also Cinderella effects-that is, adopted stepchildren receive less than siblings who are biological or children who are adopted by both parents. Third, we do not find support for the prediction of the altruism model that bequests are compensatory.
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| 47. |
- Erixson, Oscar, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Förmögenhet – mina pengar eller släktens?
- 2015
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 43:2, s. 17-27
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Diskussioner om laglottens vara och inte vara blossar med jämna mellanrum upp i den offentliga debatten. Laglotten innebär att en förälder inte kan göra ett barn arvlöst. Med information om förmögenhetsöverföringar från bouppteckningar studerar vi de beslut som avlidna föräldrar fattat om fördelningen av sin kvarlåtenskap mellan sina barn. Det är bara för en obetydlig andel av de avlidna föräldrarna som laglotten är en restriktion. Förslag om slopande av laglotten berör därför i praktiken endast väldigt få människor.
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| 48. |
- Erixson, Oscar, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Mindre arbete, högre inkomster - arvingens lott
- 2011
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In: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 39:4, s. 70-78
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Vi studerar när och hur mycket arvingars arbetsutbud och sparande reagerar på arv. Detta gör vi genom att följa bröstarvingar som ärvde 2004 under perioden 2000–08. Vårt första huvudresultat är att ju mer arvingen ärver desto lägre blir arbetsinkomsten. Denna effekt på arbetsutbudet kommer under åren efter att arvingen har ärvt. Vi finner också tecken på förväntningseffekter som påverkar arbetsutbudet redan före överföringen. Vårt andra huvudresultat är att ju mer arvingen ärver, desto högre blir kapitalinkomsten. Denna spareffekt uppträder bara under åren omedelbart efter det att arvingen har ärvt och försvinner efter ett par år.
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| 49. |
- Escobar, Sebastian, et al.
(author)
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Giving to the children or the taxman? : Lessons from a Swedish inheritance tax loophole
- 2023
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In: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 153
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wealth transfer tax systems based on inheritances and inter vivos gifts, rather than estates, allow donors to shift wealth among potential recipients with the goal of minimizing tax burdens. However, tax minimization often requires the donor to give up control over wealth if the transfers are made as inter vivos. Usually, such behavior is difficult to analyze as many potential heirs and many different tax schedules are involved. In this article, we study a simple setting that allows us to obtain transparent and credible evidence of inheritance tax responses. Swedish heirs could easily lower their inheritance tax bills to zero by giving part of the inheritance to their children. Using detailed administrative data, we show that many heirs tax minimized in a precise fashion. Still, among those inheriting just above the exemption, only about a half avoided the tax. Preferences for holding wealth and information seem to play major roles. Our findings have general policy relevance, because similar (but more complex) tax avoidance strategies can be used to avoid any inheritance tax.
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| 50. |
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