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51.	Alipour, Yousef, et al. (författare) Corrosion of furnace wall materials in waste-wood fired power plant 2015 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 50:5, s. 355-363 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Corrosion tests were performed with four different materials exposed at the furnace wall in a power boiler burning recycled wood, with the aim of evaluating coatings to reduce the corrosion. The nickel base Alloy 625 and the iron-chromium-aluminium alloy Kanthal APMT had the lowest corrosion rates followed by the stainless steel 310S. The low alloy steel 16Mo3, from which the walls are constructed, had the highest rate. Different corrosion mechanisms were found to occur according to the alloy type. Thermodynamic modelling showed that chlorine gas exists at extremely low levels under the prevailing conditions and the hydrated form is thermodynamically favoured.
52.	Berggrund, Malin, et al. (författare) HPV viral load in self-collected vaginal fluid samples as predictor for presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. 2019 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the use of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) viral load in screening tests for cervical cancer to predict persistent infection and presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+).METHODS: We followed women between 30 and 60 years of age who performed self-sampling of vaginal fluid and subsequently a hrHPV test. Women who were hrHPV positive in their screening test repeated the hrHPV test 3-6 months later and were included in the present study.RESULTS: Our results show that women with a persistent HPV16 infection had higher HPV viral load in their primary screening test than women with transient infections (p = 5.33e-03). This was also true for sum of viral load for all hrHPV types in the primary screening test (p = 3.88e-07). 48% of women with persistent HPV16 infection and CIN2+ had an increase in HPV16 titer in the follow-up test, as compared to only 20% of women with persistent infection but without CIN2+ lesions. For the sum of all hrHPV types, 41% of women with persistent infection and CIN2+ had an increase in titer as compared to 26% of women without CIN2 + .CONCLUSIONS: The results show that hrHPV viral load in the primary screening HPV test is associated with the presence of CIN2+ and could be used in triaging hrHPV positive women for different follow-up strategies or recall times. Serial testing of hrHPV viral load has the potential to distinguish women with CIN2+ lesions from women with persistent infection but without CIN2+ lesions.
53.	Berggrund, Malin, et al. (författare) Temporal changes in the vaginal microbiota in self-samples and its association with persistent HPV16 infection and CIN2 2020 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 17 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundThe vaginal microbiota has been reported to be associated with HPV infection and cervical cancer. This study was performed to compare the vaginal microbiota at two timepoints in women performing self-sampling and had a persistent or transient HPV16 infection. The women were tested for 12 high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types but only women with single type (HPV16) were included to reduce confounding variables.MethodsIn total 96 women were included in this study. Of these, 26 were single positive for HPV16 in the baseline test and HPV negative in the follow-up test and 38 were single positive for HPV16 in both tests and diagnosed with CIN2+ in histology. In addition, 32 women that were negative for all 12 HPV tested were included. The samples of vaginal fluid were analyzed with the Ion 16S™ Metagenomics Kit and Ion 16S™ metagenomics module within the Ion Reporter™ software.ResultsK-means clustering resulted in two Lactobacillus-dominated groups, one with Lactobacillus sp. and the other specifically with Lactobacillus iners. The two remaining clusters were dominated by a mixed non-Lactobacillus microbiota. HPV negative women had lower prevalence (28%) of the non-Lactobacill dominant cluster in the baseline test, as compared to women with HPV16 infection (42%) (p value = 0.0173). Transition between clusters were more frequent in women with persistent HPV16 infection (34%) as compared in women who cleared the HPV16 infection (19%) (p value = 0.036).ConclusionsThe vaginal microbiota showed a higher rate of transitioning between bacterial profiles in women with persistent HPV16 infection as compared to women with transient infection. This indicate an instability in the microenvironment in women with persistent HPV infection and development of CIN2+.
54.	Boman, Mats, et al. (författare) Corrosion of copper in water free from molecular oxygen 2014 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 49:6, s. 431-434 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The possibility of copper reacting with O-2-free water has been investigated by analysis of primary corrosion products, as well as by monitoring gas pressure change by time, in long term experiments for up to 6 months in a glove box environment. We establish hydrogen production, but being of the same magnitude irrespective whether copper is present or not. Although low, the hydrogen production rate is considerably larger than what would directly correspond to the amount of analysed copper oxidation products. Our analyses encompass the changes to the surface cleaned copper (99.9999%), the water phase and the Duran glass in contact with the water (ppt quality). We have used very sensitive methods (XPS, AES, ICP-MS, XRF) while keeping contamination risks to a minimum. We conclude that the oxidation rate of copper is very low, yielding only parts of a monolayer of Cu2O after 6 months of exposure at 50 degrees C together with an accompanying very low concentration of copper species (4-5 mu g L-1) in the water phase.
55.	Cholleti, Harindranath, et al. (författare) Genetic characterization of a novel picorna-like virus in Culex spp. Mosquitoes from Mozambique 2018 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Mosquitoes are the potential vectors for a variety of viruses that can cause diseases in the human and animal populations. Viruses in the order Picornavirales infect a broad range of hosts, including mosquitoes. In this study, we aimed to characterize a novel picorna-like virus from the Culex spp. of mosquitoes from the Zambezi Valley of Mozambique.& para;& para;Methods: The extracted RNA from mosquito pools was pre-amplified with the sequence independent single primer amplification (SISPA) method and subjected to high-throughput sequencing using the Ion Torrent platform. Reads that are classified as Iflaviridae, Picornaviridae and Dicistroviridae were assembled by CodonCode Aligner and SPAdes. Gaps between the viral contigs were sequenced by PCR. The genomic ends were analyzed by 5' and 3' RACE PCRs. The ORF was predicted with the NCBI ORF finder. The conserved domains were identified with ClustalW multiple sequence alignment, and a phylogenetic tree was built with MEGA. The presence of the virus in individual mosquito pools was detected by RT-PCR assay.& para;& para;Results: A near full-length viral genome (9740 nt) was obtained in Culex mosquitoes that encoded a complete ORF (3112 aa), named Culex picorna-like virus (CuPV-1). The predicted ORF had 38% similarity to the Hubei picorna-like virus 35. The sequence of the conserved domains, Helicase-Protease-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, were identified by multiple sequence alignment and found to be at the 3' end, similar to iflaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the putative RdRP amino acid sequences indicated that the virus clustered with members of the Iflaviridae family. CuPV-1 was detected in both Culex and Mansonia individual pools with low infection rates.& para;& para;Conclusions: The study reported a highly divergent, near full-length picorna-like virus genome from Culex spp. mosquitoes from Mozambique. The discovery and characterization of novel viruses in mosquitoes is an initial step, which will provide insights into mosquito-virus interaction mechanisms, genetic diversity and evolution.
56.	De Paepe, A, et al. (författare) COVID-19 in three waves in a tertiary referral hospital in Belgium: a comparison of patient characteristics, management, and outcome 2024 Ingår i: Virology journal. - 1743-422X. ; 21:1, s. 119- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
57.	Deflorian, F., et al. (författare) Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failure in marine areas of fixed guards for climbing 2015 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 50:6, s. 462-466 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This work studies the particular mechanism of environmental stress corrosion cracking (SCC) that has been described to interest stainless steel products, like climbing anchors, installed in sea areas. The failure analysis of several broken anchors was carried out. The samples were collected in different parts of the world, always from climbing structures close to the sea. The analysis confirmed the stress corrosion mechanism of degradation, giving also important information about the specific environments causing the metal fracture. These results are in agreement with a few previous works about this subject and are in the frame of the larger topic of SCC of austenitic stainless steel at room temperature. Moreover, some corrosion tests were carried out on stainless steel samples simulating the operation conditions, after contamination with electrolytes at different concentration. The tests are performed in order to better understand the degradation mechanism and to evaluate the influence of some environmental parameters over the susceptibility to SCC. With these experimental data, a possible interpretation model has been proposed together with some reasonable solutions for the material selection process, considering the problem's characteristics and the multiple alternatives available nowadays for climbing materials.
58.	Falkeborn, Tina, et al. (författare) The intranasal adjuvant Endocine((TM)) enhances both systemic and mucosal immune responses in aged mice immunized with influenza antigen 2017 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1743-422X. ; 14 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Despite availability of annual influenza vaccines, influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. This is at least in part a result of immunosenescence; the age-dependent decrease in immunological competence that results in greater susceptibility to infections and reduced responses to vaccination. To improve protective immune responses in this age group, new vaccines strategies, such as the use of adjuvants, are needed. Here, we evaluated the mucosal vaccine adjuvant Endocine(TM), formulated with split influenza antigen and administered intranasally in aged (20-month old) mice. Humoral immune responses were assessed and compared to unadjuvanted intranasal and subcutaneous vaccines. We show that formulation with Endocine(TM) significantly enhances hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, as well as serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibody titers, compared to both types of unadjuvanted vaccines. Thus, our results indicate that intranasal vaccination with Endocine(TM) is a possible approach for the development of mucosal influenza vaccines for the elderly.
59.	Goidanich, Sara, et al. (författare) Corrosion induced metal release from copper based alloys compared to their pure elements 2008 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 43:2, s. 134-141 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Despite numerous studies on atmospheric corrosion of copper and copper based alloys, the corrosion induced release processes of individual alloy constituents suffer from significant knowledge gaps. This investigation comprises metal release rate measurements of copper, zinc and tin from some copper based alloys including brass (20 wt-% Zn) and bronze (6 wt-% Sn), and their pure alloying metals, copper, zinc and tin. Data have been generated during a 2.5 year urban field exposure in Stockholm, Sweden and parallel laboratory investigations in a specially designed rain chamber using artificial rain. Brass shows significantly lower annual release rates of both copper and zinc compared to pure metal sheets of its alloy constituents. Zinc is preferentially released compared to copper. Dezincification of brass occurs both at field and laboratory conditions, a process influenced by rain characteristics. Alloying with tin does not largely reduce the release rate of copper from bronze compared to pure copper. No measurable amount of tin is released from the bronze surface.
60.	Gustavsson, Inger M., et al. (författare) Clinical validation of the HPVIR high-risk HPV test on cervical samples according to the international guidelines for human papillomavirus DNA test requirements for cervical cancer screening 2019 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 16:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundThe indicating FTA card is a dry medium used for collection of cervical samples. HPVIR is a multiplex real-time PCR test that detects 12 high-risk human papillomavirus types (hrHPV) and provides single genotype information for HPV16, − 31, − 35, − 39, − 51, − 56, and − 59 and pooled type information for HPV18/45 and HPV33/52/58. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a strategy with cervical samples collected on the FTA card and subsequently analysed with the HPVIR test complies with the criteria of the international guidelines for a clinically validated method for cervical screening.MethodsWe performed a non-inferiority test comparing the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the candidate test (FTA card and HPVIR) with a clinically validated reference test (Cobas® HPV test) based on liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples. Two clinical samples (LBC and FTA) were collected from 896 participants in population-based screening. For evaluation of the specificity we used 799 women without ≥ CIN2, and for clinical sensitivity we used 67 women with histologically confirmed ≥ CIN2. The reproducibility was studied by performing inter- and intra-laboratory tests of 558 additional clinical samples.ResultsThe clinical sensitivity and specificity for samples collected on the FTA card and analysed using the HPVIR test were non-inferior to samples analysed with the Cobas® HPV test based on LBC samples (non-inferiority test score, p = 1.0 × 10− 2 and p = 1.89 × 10− 9, respectively). Adequate agreement of > 87% was seen in both the intra- and inter-laboratory comparisons.ConclusionsSamples collected on the indicating FTA card and analysed with HPVIR test fulfil the requirements of the international guidelines and can therefore be used in primary cervical cancer screening.
61.	Halldin Stenlid, Joakim, et al. (författare) Computational Analysis of the Early Stage of Cuprous Oxide Sulphidation : A Top-Down Process 2017 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 52:S1, s. 50-53 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The initial steps of Cu2O sulphidation to Cu2S have been studied using plane-wave density functional theory at the PBE-D3+U level of sophistication. Surface adsorption and dissociation of H2S and H2O, as well as the replacement reaction of lattice oxygen with sulphur, have been investigated for the most stable (111) and (100) surface facets under oxygen-lean conditions. We find that the (100) surface is more susceptible to sulphidation than the (111) surface, promoting both H2S adsorption, dissociation and the continued oxygen–sulphur replacement. The results presented in this proceeding bridge previous results from high-vacuum experiments on ideal surface to more realistic corrosion conditions and set the grounds for future mechanistic studies. Potential implications on the long-term final disposal of spent nuclear fuel are discussed.
62.	Hassan, Ayah M., et al. (författare) Molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis and genetic diversity of recently isolated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A African topotype, Genotype IV 2022 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1743-422X. ; 19:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundSurveillance for circulating emerging diseases of economic importance has a major role in the rapid response to major pathogen outbreaks. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the significant endemic viruses in Egypt. FMDV is periodically investigated for monitoring evolution and emergence of new variants. The genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype A responsible for recent outbreaks of FMD in Egypt was determined.MethodsSamples were collected from different locations and virus isolation was performed using BHK-21 cells. Viral RNA was extracted and samples were screened for FMDV using real-time RT-PCR. DNA sequence analysis was performed and computational and bioinformatics analyses were used to determine the substitution rates and phylogenetic relationship.ResultsSequence and phylogenetic analyses of full-length 1D region of FMDV samples collected from different governorates in 2020 showed close similarity to Egyptian FMDV strains from serotype A-African topotype-G-IV with genetic variation of 6.5%. Recently isolated FMDV strains showed high genetic variations from locally used vaccine strains in the major antigenic sites of VP1 region.ConclusionsAlthough, efforts made by the veterinary authorities to implement an effective mass vaccination plan, the recently detected FMDV strains in this study could not be subtyped using the FMDV primers routinely used for molecular serotyping. These dissimilarities raise the alarm for reconsideration of the FMDV isolates used in vaccine manufacture. Clearly close monitoring of FMD in Egypt is urgently required to define the risks of future outbreaks and to ensure appropriate control measures against FMD major outbreaks.
63.	Huang, P, et al. (författare) The relationship between human leukocyte antigen-DP/DQ gene polymorphisms and the outcomes of HCV infection in a Chinese population 2017 Ingår i: Virology journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 14:1, s. 235- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
64.	Johansson, Adam Johannes, et al. (författare) Insights from post-test examination of three packages from the MiniCan test series of copper-cast iron canisters for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel : impact of the presence and density of bentonite clay 2017 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 52, s. 54-60 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract MiniCan is a field test designed to highlight certain aspects of corrosion in a KBS-3 type repository for spent nuclear fuel. Five experimental packages containing miniature copper-cast iron canisters were installed in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in 2006. Three packages have been retrieved, MiniCan 3 in 2011 and MiniCan 4 and 5 in 2015. The packages were examined regarding surface chemistry, microbiology and corrosion of copper and iron. The main difference in design between the retrieved packages was the presence and density of bentonite clay. Black deposits of sulphides were visually noted during dismantling of both MiniCan 3 (low density clay) and MiniCan 5 (no clay), but not in MiniCan 4 (high density clay). Extensive corrosion of cast iron specimens was observed in all three packages, with local attacks corresponding to the loss of hundreds of µm/y. Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) were found to be present in ground water, in bentonite clay and on surfaces of various specimens of iron and copper, and it is suggested that the SRB activity had a pronounced influence on the corrosion observed. Copper surfaces display a roughness at the µm level and the integrated corrosion rate of copper mass-loss specimens was generally low. This paper is part of a supplement on the 6th International Workshop on Long-Term Prediction of Corrosion Damage in Nuclear Waste Systems. © 2017 The Author(s).
65.	Krambrich, Janina, et al. (författare) SARS-CoV-2 in hospital indoor environments is predominantly non-infectious 2021 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 18:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundThe ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has spread rapidly worldwide and disease prevention is more important than ever. In the absence of a vaccine, knowledge of the transmission routes and risk areas of infection remain the most important existing tools to prevent further spread.MethodsHere we investigated the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the hospital environment at the Uppsala University Hospital Infectious Disease ward by RT-qPCR and determined the infectivity of the detected virus in vitro on Vero E6 cells.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in several areas, although attempts to infect Vero E6 cells with positive samples were unsuccessful. However, RNase A treatment of positive samples prior to RNA extraction did not degrade viral RNA, indicating the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsids or complete virus particles protecting the RNA as opposed to free viral RNA.ConclusionOur results show that even in places where a moderate concentration (Ct values between 30 and 38) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found; no infectious virus could be detected. This suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the hospital environment subsides in two states; as infectious and as non-infectious. Future work should investigate the reasons for the non-infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virions.
66.	Larsson, Simon B., et al. (författare) Mechanisms downstream of reverse transcription reduce serum levels of HBV DNA but not of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B virus infection 2015 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum of chronically infected patients declines by 3-4 log(10) units at loss of HBe antigen (HBeAg) from serum. The mechanisms behind this decline, and the much smaller decline of surface antigen (HBsAg) levels, are still not well known. The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of this process by analysing both serum and intrahepatic markers of HBV replication. Methods: Levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg in serum, and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and S-RNA and total intrahepatic HBV DNA (ihDNA) in liver biopsies from 84 chronically infected patients (16 positive and 68 negative for HBeAg) were analysed. Results: Lower HBV DNA levels within HBeAg-positive stage reflected lower levels of cccDNA and pgRNA with strong correlation. In HBeAg-negative patients, ihDNA levels were greater and HBV DNA levels in serum lower than expected from pgRNA levels. A lower HBV DNA/HBsAg ratio corresponded with lower pgRNA/cccDNA (p < 0.01) and higher S-RNA/cccDNA (p < 0.0001) ratios, suggesting that in HBeAg-negative patients transcription of pgRNA, but not of S-RNA, becomes suppressed. Conclusions: The marked reduction of HBV DNA in serum after loss of HBeAg appears to be due to combined reduction of cccDNA, pgRNA and yet unidentified mechanisms downstream of reverse transcription. Such mechanisms include faster clearance of circulating virus or blocked secretion of virions, the latter supported by the observed relative increase of ihDNA in HBeAg-negative patients. The smaller reduction of S-RNA than of pgRNA partly explains why HBsAg remain high in the HBeAg-negative stage, supporting the possibility of HBsAg synthesis from integrated HBV DNA.
67.	Lindgren, Mats, et al. (författare) Methods for predicting corrosion on electronic products 2014 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 49:7, s. 661-664 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Surface insulation resistance (SIR) measurements have become necessary to perform, especially due to the introduction of lead free solders. It has been reported that SIR and other test methods have to be used for evaluating the reliability of printed wiring boards. This paper presents an investigation on how the SIR test environment influences the test results. The factors varied were temperature and humidity. The temperature was varied between 40 and 85°C, and the relative humidity was varied between 60 and 85%. Furthermore, the influence of different types of process chemicals on SIR was evaluated. Seven lead free solder pastes, of which five were no-clean and two were water soluble, were compared. The influence of using conformal coating was also studied. These solder pastes were used to verify the developed method. A proper test method for SIR measurements is suggested in the paper, as well as a recommendation for use of conformal coating.
68.	Liu, G.Q., et al. (författare) Naphthenic acid corrosion characteristic and corrosion product film resistance of carbon steel and Cr5Mo low alloy steel in secondary vacuum gas oil 2016 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 51:6, s. 445-454 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC) has been studied for many years, the mechanism of NAC is not fully understood. The objective of this paper is to study high-temperature NAC in secondary vacuum gas oil of an industrial crude oil vacuum distillation tower. A high-temperature autoclave was applied to conduct high-temperature corrosion test to investigate NAC behaviour of carbon steel and Cr5Mo low alloy steel at different sulphur contents and total acid numbers (TAN). The result shows that the corrosion rate of carbon steel and low alloy steel is high at low TAN and high TAN while it keeps at a low value at medium TAN. Corrosion product film on Cr5Mo low alloy steel surface is denser and more compact than that of carbon steel at high TAN. The chromium present in Cr5Mo low alloy steel plays an important role in NAC resistance by the formation of Cr7S8 film in the inner layer of the scale. Corrosion rates of the two steels in secondary vacuum gas oil are high at low TAN and high TAN, but low at medium TAN which are strange and different from previous experimental results conducted in non-industrial oil solution. A tentative explanation for this new phenomenon is also put forward.
69.	Lwande, Olivia Wesula, et al. (författare) Mosquito-borne Inkoo virus in northern Sweden - isolation and whole genome sequencing 2017 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 14 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Inkoo virus (INKV) is a less known mosquito-borne virus belonging to Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, California serogroup. Studies indicate that INKV infection is mainly asymptomatic, but can cause mild encephalitis in humans. In northern Europe, the sero-prevalence against INKV is high, 41% in Sweden and 51% in Finland. Previously, INKV RNA has been detected in adult Aedes (Ae.) communis, Ae. hexodontus and Ae. punctor mosquitoes and Ae. communis larvae, but there are still gaps of knowledge regarding mosquito vectors and genetic diversity. Therefore, we aimed to determine the occurrence of INKV in its mosquito vector and characterize the isolates.Methods: About 125,000 mosquitoes were collected during a mosquito-borne virus surveillance in northern Sweden during the summer period of 2015. Of these, 10,000 mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation and detection using cell culture and RT-PCR. Virus isolates were further characterized by whole genome sequencing. Genetic typing of mosquito species was conducted by cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene amplification and sequencing (genetic barcoding).Results: Several Ae. communis mosquitoes were found positive for INKV RNA and two isolates were obtained. The first complete sequences of the small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments of INKV in Sweden were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the INKV genome was most closely related to other INKV isolates from Sweden and Finland. Of the three INKV genome segments, the INKV M segment had the highest frequency of non-synonymous mutations. The overall G/C-content of INKV genes was low for the N/NSs genes (43.8–45.5%), polyprotein (Gn/Gc/NSm) gene (35.6%) and the RNA polymerase gene (33.8%) This may be due to the fact that INKV in most instances utilized A or T in the third codon position.Conclusions: INKV is frequently circulating in northern Sweden and Ae. communis is the key vector. The high mutation rate of the INKV M segment may have consequences on virulence
70.	Lwande, Olivia Wesula, et al. (författare) Seewis hantavirus in common shrew (Sorex araneus) in Sweden 2020 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1743-422X. ; 17:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Rodent borne hantaviruses are emerging viruses infecting humans through inhalation. They cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hemorrhagic cardiopulmonary syndrome. Recently, hantaviruses have been detected in other small mammals such as Soricomorpha (shrews, moles) and Chiroptera (bats), suggested as reservoirs for potential pandemic viruses and to play a role in the evolution of hantaviruses. It is important to study the global virome in different reservoirs, therefore our aim was to investigate whether shrews in Sweden carried any hantaviruses. Moreover, to accurately determine the host species, we developed a molecular method for identification of shrews.Method: Shrews (n = 198), caught during 1998 in Sweden, were screened with a pan-hantavirus PCR using primers from a conserved region of the large genome segment. In addition to morphological typing of shrews, we developed a molecular based typing method using sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome B (CytB) genes. PCR amplified hantavirus and shrew fragments were sequenced and phylogenetically analysed.Results: Hantavirus RNA was detected in three shrews. Sequencing identified the virus as Seewis hantavirus (SWSV), most closely related to previous isolates from Finland and Russia. All three SWSV sequences were retrieved from common shrews (Sorex araneus) sampled in Västerbotten County, Sweden. The genetic assay for shrew identification was able to identify native Swedish shrew species, and the genetic typing of the Swedish common shrews revealed that they were most similar to common shrews from Russia.Conclusion: We detected SWSV RNA in Swedish common shrew samples and developed a genetic assay for shrew identification based on the COI and CytB genes. This was the first report of presence of hantavirus in Swedish shrews.
71.	Mannsverk, Steinar, et al. (författare) SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and spike protein mutational dynamics in a Swedish cohort during 2021, studied by Nanopore sequencing 2022 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Nature. - 1743-422X. ; 19 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, new variants of significance to public health have emerged. Consequently, early detection of new mutations and variants through whole-genome sequencing remains crucial to assist health officials in employing appropriate public health measures.Methods: We utilized the ARTIC Network SARS-CoV-2 tiled amplicon approach and Nanopore sequencing to sequence 4,674 COVID-19 positive patient samples from Uppsala County, Sweden, between week 15 and 52 in 2021. Using this data, we mapped the circulating variants of concern (VOC) in the county over time and analysed the Spike (S) protein mutational dynamics in the Delta variant throughout 2021.Results: The distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 VOC matched the national VOC distribution in Sweden, in 2021. In the S protein of the Delta variant, we detected mutations attributable to variants under monitoring and variants of interest (e.g., E484Q, Q613H, Q677H, A222V and Y145H) and future VOC (e.g., T95I and Y144 deletion, which are signature mutations in the Omicron variant). We also frequently detected some less well-described S protein mutations in our Delta sequences, that might play a role in shaping future emerging variants. These include A262S, Q675K, I850L, Q1201H, V1228L and M1237I. Lastly, we observed that some of the Delta variant's signature mutations were underrepresented in our study due to artifacts of the used bioinformatics tools, approach and sequencing method. We therefore discuss some pitfalls and considerations when sequencing SARS-CoV-2 genomes.Conclusion: Our results suggest that genomic surveillance in a small, representative cohort can be used to make predictions about the circulating variants nationally. Moreover, we show that detection of transient mutations in currently circulating variants can give valuable clues to signature mutations of future VOC. Here we suggest six such mutations, that we detected frequently in the Delta variant during 2021. Lastly, we report multiple systematic errors that occurred when following the ARTIC Network SARS-CoV-2 tiled amplicon approach using the V3 primers and Nanopore sequencing, which led to the masking of some of the important signature mutations in the Delta sequences.
72.	Necib, S., et al. (författare) Assessment of the resistance to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of C-steel casing and overpack in the COx claystone 2017 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 52, s. 95-100 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The French national radioactive waste management agency (Andra) is in charge of studying the disposal of high level wastes (HLW) in deep geological repositories. The reference concept for HLW disposal cells consisted of a multi-barrier system: horizontal boreholes drilled in the Callovo Oxfordian (COx) claystone, cased with carbon steel (C-steel) and containing C-steel overpacks with the nuclear waste packages. Mechanical strength is required for the metallic structures to ensure safety. This study presents the work performed on C-steel to assess in situ mechanical loading, long-term mechanical behaviour based on modelling and environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) susceptibility. The results from in situ experiments have demonstrated anisotropy of the mechanical loading of the casing. Long-term calculations revealed local plastic strain after a few years to a few decades, which highlighted the need to assess the potential risk of EAC. Eventually, the results on EAC assessment in the COx claystone confirmed that the microstructure of the casing and overpack plays a key role on the mechanical resistance. This paper is part of a supplement on the 6th International Workshop on Long-Term Prediction of Corrosion Damage in Nuclear Waste Systems.
73.	Peltier, Fabienne, et al. (författare) Localised corrosion of intermetallic particles on aluminium AA2099-T8 2021 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 56:7, s. 610- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Specimens of AA2099-T8 were immersed for different times ranging from 2 to 180 min in 0.1M NaCl. The development of corrosion around intermetallic particles was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS). The degradation evolution of each major intermetallic particle after exposure of the alloy to electrolyte allowed to determine which particle corroded during the first stages of immersion. The corrosion of lithium-containing particles was also investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The earliest stages of attack started with localised corrosion of Al2CuMg (S-phase) particles resulting in dealloying which was followed by trenching around these particles. After 10 min, trenching was observed around Al7Cu2Fe(Mn) particles and then progressed to AlCuFeMnSi particles after 90 min.
74.	Pettersson, Rachel, et al. (författare) Materials performance in simulated waste combustion environments 2008 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 43:2, s. 123-128 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Combustion of waste for power generation gives increased fouling and corrosion compared to fossil fuels, and leads to higher operating and maintenance costs. New materials solutions to increase lifetime include austenitic stainless steels, nickel base alloys, coatings and weld overlaying. In this work a simulated waste incineration environment with regularly renewed deposits of KCl - ZnCl(2) has been used to evaluate the performance of candidate materials and to elucidate the operative degradation mechanisms.
75.	Prakash, Kasthuri, et al. (författare) High serum levels of pregenomic RNA reflect frequently failing reverse transcription in hepatitis B virus particles 2018 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Hepatocytes infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) produce different HBV RNA species, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which is reverse transcribed during replication. Particles containing HBV RNA are present in serum of infected individuals, and quantification of this HBV RNA could be clinically useful. Methods: In a retrospective study of 95 patients with chronic HBV infection, we characterised HBV RNA in serum in terms of concentration, particle association and sequence. HBV RNA was detected by real-time PCR at levels almost as high as HBV DNA. Results: The HBV RNA was protected from RNase and it was found in particles of similar density as particles containing HBV DNA after fractionation on a Nycodenz gradient. Sequencing the epsilon region of the RNA did not reveal mutations that would preclude its binding to the viral polymerase before encapsidation. Specific quantification of precore RNA and pgRNA by digital PCR showed almost seven times lower ratio of precore RNA/pgRNA in serum than in liver tissue, which corresponds to poorer encapsidation of this RNA as compared with pgRNA. The serum ratio between HBV DNA and HBV RNA was higher in genotype D as compared with other genotypes. Conclusions: The results suggest that HBV RNA in serum is present in viral particles with failing reverse transcription activity, which are produced at almost as high rates as viral particles containing DNA. The results encourage further studies of the mechanisms by which these particles are produced, the impact of genotype, and the potential clinical utility of quantifying HBV RNA in serum.
76.	Prosek, Tomas, et al. (författare) Real time corrosion monitoring in atmosphere using automated battery driven corrosion loggers 2008 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 43:2, s. 129-133 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A logger enabling continuous measurement of corrosion rate of selected metals in indoor and outdoor atmospheres has been developed. Principle of the measurement method is based on the increasing electrical resistance of a measuring element made of the material concerned as its cross-sectional area diminishes due to corrosion. Zinc, iron, copper and nickel sensors at several thicknesses are available. Sensitivity of the corrosion measurement varies from 1 to 10 nm depending on the type and thickness of the sensor. Changes in the air corrosivity can be thus detected within hours or even tens of minutes. The logger lifetime in medium corrosive environments is designed to be 2 years with full autonomy. Data on the sensor corrosion rate are available any time through GPRS connection or by a non-contact inductive reading without the need of retracting the logger from the exposure site.
77.	Rodrigues De Miranda, Joachim, et al. (författare) Cold case : The disappearance of Egypt bee virus, a fourth distinct master strain of deformed wing virus linked to honeybee mortality in 1970's Egypt 2022 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1743-422X. ; 19:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In 1977, a sample of diseased adult honeybees (Apis mellifera) from Egypt was found to contain large amounts of a previously unknown virus, Egypt bee virus, which was subsequently shown to be serologically related to deformed wing virus (DWV). By sequencing the original isolate, we demonstrate that Egypt bee virus is in fact a fourth unique, major variant of DWV (DWV-D): more closely related to DWV-C than to either DWV-A or DWV-B. DWV-A and DWV-B are the most common DWV variants worldwide due to their close relationship and transmission by Varroa destructor. However, we could not find any trace of DWV-D in several hundred RNA sequencing libraries from a worldwide selection of honeybee, varroa and bumblebee samples. This means that DWV-D has either become extinct, been replaced by other DWV variants better adapted to varroa-mediated transmission, or persists only in a narrow geographic or host range, isolated from common bee and beekeeping trade routes.
78.	Rosborg, Bo, et al. (författare) Corrosion rate of pure copper in an oxic bentonite/saline groundwater environment 2011 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 46:2, s. 148-152 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The principal strategy for high level radioactive waste disposal in Sweden is to enclose the spent fuel in copper canisters that are embedded in bentonite clay similar to 500 m down in the Swedish bedrock. At this depth, the groundwater is reducing. However, oxic conditions are initially established in the repository during emplacement. The corrosion rate of pure copper in an oxic bentonite/saline groundwater environment has been followed by thin electrical resistance sensors placed in a bentonite test package that was kept at room temperature for 3 years. The corrosion potentials of the sensors have verified oxic conditions in the test package. The corrosion rate of pure copper in this environment has been found to slowly decrease to quite low but measurable values; from above 15 mu m/year down to similar to 1 mu m/year after 3 years of exposure. The measurements have verified a desired behaviour of copper in the environment.
79.	Shakya, Ruchika, et al. (författare) Inkoo and Sindbis viruses in blood sucking insects, and a serological study for Inkoo virus in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer in Norway 2022 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Nature. - 1743-422X. ; 19:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Mosquito-borne viruses pose a serious threat to humans worldwide. There has been an upsurge in the number of mosquito-borne viruses in Europe, mostly belonging to the families Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus (Sindbis, Chikungunya), Flaviviridae (West Nile, Usutu, Dengue), and Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, California serogroup (Inkoo, Batai, Tahyna). The principal focus of this study was Inkoo (INKV) and Sindbis (SINV) virus circulating in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and some parts of Russia. These viruses are associated with morbidity in humans. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding reservoirs and transmission. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of INKV and SINV in blood sucking insects and seroprevalence for INKV in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway. Materials and methods: In total, 213 pools containing about 25 blood sucking insects (BSI) each and 480 reindeer sera were collected in eight Norwegian reindeer summer pasture districts during 2013–2015. The pools were analysed by RT-PCR to detect INKV and by RT-real-time PCR for SINV. Reindeer sera were analysed for INKV-specific IgG by an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (n = 480, IIFA) and a Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (n = 60, PRNT). Results: Aedes spp. were the most dominant species among the collected BSI. Two of the pools were positive for INKV-RNA by RT-PCR and were confirmed by pyrosequencing. The overall estimated pool prevalence (EPP) of INKV in Norway was 0.04%. None of the analysed pools were positive for SINV. Overall IgG seroprevalence in reindeer was 62% positive for INKV by IIFA. Of the 60 reindeer sera- analysed by PRNT for INKV, 80% were confirmed positive, and there was no cross-reactivity with the closely related Tahyna virus (TAHV) and Snowshoe hare virus (SSHV). Conclusion: The occurrence and prevalence of INKV in BSI and the high seroprevalence against the virus among semi-domesticated reindeer in Norway indicate that further studies are required for monitoring this virus. SINV was not detected in the BSI in this study, however, human cases of SINV infection are yearly reported from other regions such as Rjukan in south-central Norway. It is therefore essential to monitor both viruses in the human population. Our findings are important to raise awareness regarding the geographical distribution of these mosquito-borne viruses in Northern Europe.
80.	Solbak, Sara M.Ø., et al. (författare) Characterization of interactions between hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase, annexin A2 and RNA - effects on NS5B catalysis and allosteric inhibition 2017 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 14 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) provide efficient hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy and clearance for a majority of patients, but are not available or effective for all patients. They risk developing HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for which the mechanism remains obscure and therapy is missing. Annexin A2 (AnxA2) has been reported to co-precipitate with the non-structural (NS) HCV proteins NS5B and NS3/NS4A, indicating a role in HCC tumorigenesis and effect on DAA therapy.Methods: Surface plasmon resonance biosensor technology was used to characterize direct interactions between AnxA2 and HCV NS5B, NS3/NS4 and RNA, and the subsequent effects on catalysis and inhibition.Results: No direct interaction between AnxA2 and NS3/NS4A was detected, while AnxA2 formed a slowly dissociating, high affinity (K D = 30 nM), complex with NS5B, decreasing its catalytic activity and affinity for the allosteric inhibitor filibuvir. The RNA binding of the two proteins was independent and AnxA2 and NS5B interacted with different RNAs in ternary complexes of AnxA2:NS5B:RNA, indicating specific preferences.Conclusions: The complex interplay revealed between NS5B, AnxA2, RNA and filibuvir, suggests that AnxA2 may have an important role for the progression and treatment of HCV infections and the development of HCC, which should be considered also when designing new allosteric inhibitors.
81.	Thierry, Dominique, et al. (författare) Long-term atmospheric corrosion of Zn–5%Al-coated steel and HDG during outdoor worldwide exposures 2020 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 55:7, s. 520-530 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hot-dipped galvanised (HDG) steel and Zn5Al-coated steel were exposed for 6 years at different atmospheric weathering sites worldwide. The mass loss of the coatings has been measured after 1, 2, 4 and 6 years of exposure. In addition, corrosion products have been determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. It is shown that Zn5Al is better than HDG-steel independently on the exposure duration and location. The mass loss of Zn5Al is also less dependent of the environmental parameters (such as chloride deposition, relative humidity and temperature) than HDG-steel. The ratio of performance after 6 years of exposure varied from 1.3 to 5.1 with the mean value of 3.1. The analyses of the corrosion products indicate the formation of protective Zn/Al - (Formula presented.) layered double hydroxide (LDH) and sulphate-containing corrosion products of Zn and Al after 6 years of exposure. A mechanism explaining the superior properties of Zn5Al is proposed.
82.	Tråven, Madeleine, et al. (författare) Bovine coronavirus in naturally and experimentally exposed calves; viral shedding and the potential for transmission 2016 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a widely distributed pathogen, causing disease and economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Prevention of virus spread is impeded by a lack of basic knowledge concerning viral shedding and transmission potential in individual animals. The aims of the study were to investigate the duration and quantity of BCoV shedding in feces and nasal secretions related to clinical signs, the presence of virus in blood and tissues and to test the hypothesis that seropositive calves are not infectious to naive in-contact calves three weeks after BCoV infection.Methods: A live animal experiment was conducted, with direct contact between animal groups for 24 h as challenge procedure. Four naive calves were commingled with a group of six naturally infected calves and sequentially euthanized. Two naive sentinel calves were commingled with the experimentally exposed group three weeks after exposure. Nasal swabs, feces, blood and tissue samples were analyzed for viral RNA by RT-qPCR, and virus isolation was performed on nasal swabs. Serum was analyzed for BCoV antibodies.Results: The calves showed mild general signs, and the most prominent signs were from the respiratory system. The overall clinical score corresponded well with the shedding of viral RNA the first three weeks after challenge. General depression and cough were the signs that correlated best with shedding of BCoV RNA, while peak respiratory rate and peak rectal temperature appeared more than a week later than the peak shedding. Nasal shedding preceded fecal shedding, and the calves had detectable amounts of viral RNA intermittently in feces through day 35 and in nasal secretions through day 28, however virus isolation was unsuccessful from day six and day 18 from the two calves investigated. Viral RNA was not detected in blood, but was found in lymphatic tissue through day 42 after challenge. Although the calves were shedding BCoV RNA 21 days after infection the sentinel animals were not infected.Conclusions: Prolonged shedding of BCoV RNA can occur, but detection of viral RNA does not necessarily indicate a transmission potential. The study provides valuable information with regard to producing scientifically based biosecurity advices.
83.	Vaikutyte, Roberta, et al. (författare) Influenza vaccine effectiveness in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection in Lithuania during the 2019-2020 influenza season : a test negative case - control study 2023 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - 1743-422X. ; 20:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: Influenza is a contagious viral airborne disease that adds to the clinical and economic burden on the healthcare system. It could be prevented substantially by seasonal influenza vaccination. Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (SIVE) varies a lot and should therefore be monitored. This report aims to update age-stratified SIVE estimates among patients hospitalized due to severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) during the 2019-2020 influenza season.METHODS: We performed a test-negative case-control study between December 2019 and April 2020 influenza season. We estimated SIVE and its 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with logistic regression as (1-odds ratio)*100%. The models were adjusted for covariates that changed the unadjusted SIVE by ≥ 10%.RESULTS: Among 84 participants, 32 (38.1%) were influenza positive, mostly with A(H1N1)pdm09 (25 cases; 78.1%). SIVE against any influenza adjusted for age and heart disease was 39.2% (95% CI: -119.3%, 83.1%). Age-stratified point estimates adjusted for heart diseases indicated different SIVE, and were 64.0% (95% CI: -309.2%, 96.8%) and 21.6% (95% CI: -252.2%, 82.6%) for 18-64 and ≥ 65 year-old participants, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The point estimates suggested low to moderate SIVE against any influenza among hospitalized 18-64-year-old SARI participants, while low estimates were found in the ≥ 65-year-old group. Although broad SIVE confidence intervals indicate a small sample size and therefore the results can serve only as indicatory, they are in line with the estimates reported by other studies during the 2019-2020 season.
84.	von Fieandt, Linus, et al. (författare) Corrosion properties of CVD grown Ti(C,N) coatings in 3.5 wt-% NaCl environment 2018 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 53:4, s. 316-320 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The corrosion behaviour of Titanium carbonitride (Ti(C,N)) films grown by chemical vapour deposition was analysed in artificial sea water environment. From potentiodynamic polarisation curves, two passivation zones were detected, which originated from an initial oxidation of TiC and TiN to TiO2 followed by growth of the TiO2 layer upon increased polarisation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses verified the mechanism by detecting a gradual decrease in Ti(C,N) peaks accompanied by a gradual increase of oxidised Ti (e.g. TiO2). It was likewise found that carbon in TiC mainly decomposes into carbonate species while the nitrogen in TiN remains elemental and likely escapes as nitrogen gas. Accordingly, Ti(C,N) behaves like a superposition of TiC and TiN with their individual oxidation behaviour, resulting in a highly corrosion resistant material.
85.	Wigren Byström, Julia, et al. (författare) Quantification and kinetics of viral RNA transcripts produced in Orthohantavirus infected cells 2018 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1743-422X. ; 15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Rodent borne viruses of the Orthohantavirus genus cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome among people in Eurasia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the Americas. At present, there are no specific treatments or efficient vaccines against these diseases. Improved understanding of viral transcription and replication may instigate targeted treatment of Orthohantavirus infections. For this purpose, we investigated the kinetics and levels of viral RNA transcription during an ongoing infection in-vitro.Methods: Vero E6 cells were infected with Puumala Orthohantavirus (strain Kazan) before cells and supernatants were collected at different time points post infection for the detection of viral RNAs. A plasmid containing primer binding sites of the three Orthohantavirus segments small (S), medium (M) and large (L) was constructed and standard curves were generated to calculate the copy numbers of the individual transcripts in the collected samples.Results: Our results indicated a rapid increase in the copy number of viral RNAs after 9 h post infection. At peak days, 2-6 days after infection, the S- and M-segment transcripts became thousand and hundred-fold more abundant than the copy number of the L-segment RNA, respectively. The presence of viral RNA in the cell culture media was detected at later time-points.Conclusions: We have developed a method to follow RNA transcription in-vitro after synchronous infection of Vero cells. The obtained results may contribute to the understanding of the viral replication, and may have implications in the development of antiviral drugs targeting transcription or replication of negative stranded RNA viruses.
86.	Woodham, Andrew W., et al. (författare) Annexin A2 antibodies but not inhibitors of the annexin A2 heterotetramer impair productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages in vitro 2016 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-422X. ; 13:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract During sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), macrophages are initial targets for HIV infection. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) has been shown to protect against HIV infection of macrophages through interactions with annexin A2 (A2), which is found on the macrophage cell surface as a heterotetramer (A2t) consisting of A2 and S100A10. Therefore, we investigated potential protein-protein interactions between A2 and HIV-1 gp120 through a series of co-immunoprecipitation assays and a single molecule pulldown (SiMPull) technique. Additionally, inhibitors of A2t (A2ti) that target the interaction between A2 and S100A10 were tested for their ability to impair productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages. Our data suggest that interactions between HIV-1 gp120 and A2 exist, though this interaction may be indirect. Furthermore, an anti-A2 antibody impaired HIV-1 particle production in macrophages in vitro, whereas A2ti did not indicating that annexin A2 may promote HIV-1 infection of macrophages in its monomeric rather than tetrameric form.
87.	Yutin, Natalya, et al. (författare) Vast diversity of prokaryotic virus genomes encoding double jelly-roll major capsid proteins uncovered by genomic and metagenomic sequence analysis 2018 Ingår i: Virology Journal. - : BIOMED CENTRAL LTD. - 1743-422X. ; 15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Analysis of metagenomic sequences has become the principal approach for the study of the diversity of viruses. Many recent, extensive metagenomic studies on several classes of viruses have dramatically expanded the visible part of the virosphere, showing that previously undetected viruses, or those that have been considered rare, actually are important components of the global virome.Results: We investigated the provenance of viruses related to tail-less bacteriophages of the family Tectiviridae by searching genomic and metagenomics sequence databases for distant homologs of the tectivirus-like Double JellyRoll major capsid proteins (DJR MCP). These searches resulted in the identification of numerous genomes of viruslike elements that are similar in size to tectiviruses (10-15 kilobases) and have diverse gene compositions. By comparison of the gene repertoires, the DJR MCP-encoding genomes were classified into 6 distinct groups that can be predicted to differ in reproduction strategies and host ranges. Only the DJR MCP gene that is present by design is shared by all these genomes, and most also encode a predicted DNA-packaging ATPase; the rest of the genes are present only in subgroups of this unexpectedly diverse collection of DJR MCP-encoding genomes. Only a minority encode a DNA polymerase which is a hallmark of the family Tectiviridae and the putative family "Autolykiviridae". Notably, one of the identified putative DJR MCP viruses encodes a homolog of Cas1 endonuclease, the integrase involved in CRISPR-Cas adaptation and integration of transposon-like elements called casposons. This is the first detected occurrence of Cas1 in a virus. Many of the identified elements are individual contigs flanked by inverted or direct repeats and appear to represent complete, extrachromosomal viral genomes, whereas others are flanked by bacterial genes and thus can be considered as proviruses. These contigs come from metagenomes of widely different environments, some dominated by archaea and others by bacteria, suggesting that collectively, the DJR MCP-encoding elements have a broad host range among prokaryotes.Conclusions: The findings reported here greatly expand the known host range of (putative) viruses of bacteria and archaea that encode a DJR MCP. They also demonstrate the extreme diversity of genome architectures in these viruses that encode no universal proteins other than the capsid protein that was used as the marker for their identification. From a supposedly minor group of bacterial and archaeal viruses, these viruses are emerging as a substantial component of the prokaryotic virome.
88.	Örnek, Cem (författare) Additive manufacturing–a general corrosion perspective 2018 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 53:7, s. 531-535 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Metallic additive manufacturing will replace some materials produced by conventional fabrication methods in the nearest future. However, corrosion will remain an important aspect needed to be prevented. The corrosion behaviour of additively manufactured alloys has been sparsely studied and very little work has been published so far. In this article, a general discussion about materials produced by additive manufacturing will be provided.
89.	Örnek, Cem, et al. (författare) On the Volta potential measured by SKPFM - fundamental and practical pects with relevance to corrosion science 2019 Ingår i: Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1478-422X .- 1743-2782. ; 54:3, s. 185-198 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract The Volta potential is an electron-sensitive parameter and describes the ermodynamic propensity of a metal to take part in electrochemical actions. It has found widespread acceptance among corrosion searchers due to its connection to the corrosion potential and its sy measurability in local scale, being often used to study localised rrosion phenomena and micro-galvanic activities. The principle object this paper is to provide a comprehensive, fundamental insight into e meaning of the Volta potential and to define a polarity convention measured potentials by the scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy KPFM) in order to assess local nobilities in microstructures. nditions to relate the Volta potential with the mixed-potential theory e discussed and a possible connection to corrosion phenomena plained. The limitations of the Volta potential as well as the SKPFM chnique are also aimed to be explained, with some practical formation to maximise the output of high quality data.

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