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51.	Lestinsky, M., et al. (författare) Physics book: CRYRING@ESR 2016 Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 225:5, s. 797-882 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract The exploration of the unique properties of stored and cooled beams of highly-charged ions as provided by heavy-ion storage rings has opened novel and fascinating research opportunities in the realm of atomic and nuclear physics research. Since the late 1980s, pioneering work has been performed at the CRYRING at Stockholm (Abrahamsson et al. 1993) and at the Test Storage Ring (TSR) at Heidelberg (Baumann et al. 1988). For the heaviest ions in the highest charge-states, a real quantum jump was achieved in the early 1990s by the commissioning of the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt (Franzke 1987) where challenging experiments on the electron dynamics in the strong field regime as well as nuclear physics studies on exotic nuclei and at the borderline to atomic physics were performed. Meanwhile also at Lanzhou a heavy-ion storage ring has been taken in operation, exploiting the unique research opportunities in particular for medium-heavy ions and exotic nuclei (Xia et al. 2002).
52.	Voight, Benjamin F, et al. (författare) Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction : a mendelian randomisation study 2012 Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 380:9841, s. 572-580 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: High plasma HDL cholesterol is associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction, but whether this association is causal is unclear. Exploiting the fact that genotypes are randomly assigned at meiosis, are independent of non-genetic confounding, and are unmodified by disease processes, mendelian randomisation can be used to test the hypothesis that the association of a plasma biomarker with disease is causal.METHODS: We performed two mendelian randomisation analyses. First, we used as an instrument a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the endothelial lipase gene (LIPG Asn396Ser) and tested this SNP in 20 studies (20,913 myocardial infarction cases, 95,407 controls). Second, we used as an instrument a genetic score consisting of 14 common SNPs that exclusively associate with HDL cholesterol and tested this score in up to 12,482 cases of myocardial infarction and 41,331 controls. As a positive control, we also tested a genetic score of 13 common SNPs exclusively associated with LDL cholesterol.FINDINGS: Carriers of the LIPG 396Ser allele (2·6% frequency) had higher HDL cholesterol (0·14 mmol/L higher, p=8×10(-13)) but similar levels of other lipid and non-lipid risk factors for myocardial infarction compared with non-carriers. This difference in HDL cholesterol is expected to decrease risk of myocardial infarction by 13% (odds ratio [OR] 0·87, 95% CI 0·84-0·91). However, we noted that the 396Ser allele was not associated with risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0·99, 95% CI 0·88-1·11, p=0·85). From observational epidemiology, an increase of 1 SD in HDL cholesterol was associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0·62, 95% CI 0·58-0·66). However, a 1 SD increase in HDL cholesterol due to genetic score was not associated with risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0·93, 95% CI 0·68-1·26, p=0·63). For LDL cholesterol, the estimate from observational epidemiology (a 1 SD increase in LDL cholesterol associated with OR 1·54, 95% CI 1·45-1·63) was concordant with that from genetic score (OR 2·13, 95% CI 1·69-2·69, p=2×10(-10)).INTERPRETATION: Some genetic mechanisms that raise plasma HDL cholesterol do not seem to lower risk of myocardial infarction. These data challenge the concept that raising of plasma HDL cholesterol will uniformly translate into reductions in risk of myocardial infarction.
53.	Allan, Eric, et al. (författare) Interannual variation in land-use intensity enhances grassland multidiversity 2014 Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 111:1, s. 308-313 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation.
54.	Amare, Azmeraw, et al. (författare) Association of Polygenic Score and the involvement of Cholinergic and Glutamatergic Pathways with Lithium Treatment Response in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. 2023 Ingår i: Research square. - : Research Square Platform LLC. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Lithium is regarded as the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), a severe and disabling mental disorder that affects about 1% of the population worldwide. Nevertheless, lithium is not consistently effective, with only 30% of patients showing a favorable response to treatment. To provide personalized treatment options for bipolar patients, it is essential to identify prediction biomarkers such as polygenic scores. In this study, we developed a polygenic score for lithium treatment response (Li+PGS) in patients with BD. To gain further insights into lithium's possible molecular mechanism of action, we performed a genome-wide gene-based analysis. Using polygenic score modeling, via methods incorporating Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors, Li+PGS was developed in the International Consortium of Lithium Genetics cohort (ConLi+Gen: N=2,367) and replicated in the combined PsyCourse (N=89) and BipoLife (N=102) studies. The associations of Li+PGS and lithium treatment response - defined in a continuous ALDA scale and a categorical outcome (good response vs. poor response) were tested using regression models, each adjusted for the covariates: age, sex, and the first four genetic principal components. Statistical significance was determined at P<��.
55.	Ledoux, X., et al. (författare) The Neutrons for Science Facility at SPIRAL-2 2014 Ingår i: Nuclear Data Sheets. - : Elsevier BV. - 0090-3752 .- 1095-9904. ; 119, s. 353-356 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Neutrons For Science (NFS) facility is a component of SPIRAL-2 laboratory under construction at Caen (France). SPIRAL-2 is dedicated to the production of high intensity Radioactive Ions Beams (RIB). It is based on a high-power linear accelerator (LINAG) to accelerate deuterons beams in order to produce neutrons by breakup reactions on a C converter. These neutrons will induce fission in U-238 for production of radioactive isotopes. Additionally to the RIB production, the proton and deuteron beams delivered by the accelerator will be used in the NFS facility. NFS is composed of a pulsed neutron beam and irradiation stations for cross-section measurements and material studies. The beams delivered by the LINAG will allow producing intense neutron beams in the 100 keV-40 MeV energy range with either a continuous or quasi-mono-energetic spectrum. At NFS available average fluxes will be up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of other existing time-of-flight facilities in the 1 MeV - 40 MeV range. NFS will be a very powerful tool for fundamental physics and application related research in support of the transmutation of nuclear waste, design of future fission and fusion reactors, nuclear medicine or test and development of new detectors. The facility and its characteristics are described, and several examples of the first potential experiments are presented.
56.	Wagner, Robert, et al. (författare) The role of ions in new particle formation in the CLOUD chamber 2017 Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 17:24, s. 15181-15197 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The formation of secondary particles in the atmosphere accounts for more than half of global cloud condensation nuclei. Experiments at the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber have underlined the importance of ions for new particle formation, but quantifying their effect in the atmosphere remains challenging. By using a novel instrument setup consisting of two nanoparticle counters, one of them equipped with an ion filter, we were able to further investigate the ion-related mechanisms of new particle formation. In autumn 2015, we carried out experiments at CLOUD on four systems of different chemical compositions involving monoterpenes, sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia. We measured the influence of ions on the nucleation rates under precisely controlled and atmospherically relevant conditions. Our results indicate that ions enhance the nucleation process when the charge is necessary to stabilize newly formed clusters, i.e., in conditions in which neutral clusters are unstable. For charged clusters that were formed by ion-induced nucleation, we were able to measure, for the first time, their progressive neutralization due to recombination with oppositely charged ions. A large fraction of the clusters carried a charge at 1.5 nm diameter. However, depending on particle growth rates and ion concentrations, charged clusters were largely neutralized by ion-ion recombination before they grew to 2.5 nm. At this size, more than 90% of particles were neutral. In other words, particles may originate from ion-induced nucleation, although they are neutral upon detection at diameters larger than 2.5 nm. Observations at Hyytiala, Finland, showed lower ion concentrations and a lower contribution of ion-induced nucleation than measured at CLOUD under similar conditions. Although this can be partly explained by the observation that ion-induced fractions decrease towards lower ion concentrations, further investigations are needed to resolve the origin of the discrepancy.
57.	Yang, Jian, et al. (författare) FTO genotype is associated with phenotypic variability of body mass index 2012 Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 490:7419, s. 267-272 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There is evidence across several species for genetic control of phenotypic variation of complex traits(1-4), such that the variance among phenotypes is genotype dependent. Understanding genetic control of variability is important in evolutionary biology, agricultural selection programmes and human medicine, yet for complex traits, no individual genetic variants associated with variance, as opposed to the mean, have been identified. Here we perform a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of phenotypic variation using similar to 170,000 samples on height and body mass index (BMI) in human populations. We report evidence that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7202116 at the FTO gene locus, which is known to be associated with obesity (as measured by mean BMI for each rs7202116 genotype)(5-7), is also associated with phenotypic variability. We show that the results are not due to scale effects or other artefacts, and find no other experiment-wise significant evidence for effects on variability, either at loci other than FTO for BMI or at any locus for height. The difference in variance for BMI among individuals with opposite homozygous genotypes at the FTO locus is approximately 7%, corresponding to a difference of similar to 0.5 kilograms in the standard deviation of weight. Our results indicate that genetic variants can be discovered that are associated with variability, and that between-person variability in obesity can partly be explained by the genotype at the FTO locus. The results are consistent with reported FTO by environment interactions for BMI8, possibly mediated by DNA methylation(9,10). Our BMI results for other SNPs and our height results for all SNPs suggest that most genetic variants, including those that influence mean height or mean BMI, are not associated with phenotypic variance, or that their effects on variability are too small to detect even with samples sizes greater than 100,000.
58.	Fan, Xuge, et al. (författare) Graphene ribbons with suspended masses as transducers in ultra-small nanoelectromechanical accelerometers 2019 Ingår i: Nature Electronics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2520-1131. ; 2:9, s. 394-404 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) sensors and actuators could be of use in the development of next-generation mobile, wearable and implantable devices. However, these NEMS devices require transducers that are ultra-small, sensitive and can be fabricated at low cost. Here, we show that suspended double-layer graphene ribbons with attached silicon proof masses can be used as combined spring–mass and piezoresistive transducers. The transducers, which are created using processes that are compatible with large-scale semiconductor manufacturing technologies, can yield NEMS accelerometers that occupy at least two orders of magnitude smaller die area than conventional state-of-the-art silicon accelerometers. With our devices, we also extract the Young’s modulus values of double-layer graphene and show that the graphene ribbons have significant built-in stresses.
59.	Fan, Xuge, et al. (författare) Manufacture and characterization of graphene membranes with suspended silicon proof masses for MEMS and NEMS applications 2020 Ingår i: MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2055-7434. ; 6:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Graphene's unparalleled strength, chemical stability, ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). However, the integration of graphene into MEMS or NEMS devices and suspended structures such as proof masses on graphene membranes raises several technological challenges, including collapse and rupture of the graphene. We have developed a robust route for realizing membranes made of double-layer CVD graphene and suspending large silicon proof masses on membranes with high yields. We have demonstrated the manufacture of square graphene membranes with side lengths from 7 mu m to 110 mu m, and suspended proof masses consisting of solid silicon cubes that are from 5 mu mx5 mu mx16.4 mu m to 100 mu mx100 mu mx16.4 mu m in size. Our approach is compatible with wafer-scale MEMS and semiconductor manufacturing technologies, and the manufacturing yields of the graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were >90%, with >70% of the graphene membranes having >90% graphene area without visible defects. The measured resonance frequencies of the realized structures ranged from tens to hundreds of kHz, with quality factors ranging from 63 to 148. The graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were extremely robust, and were able to withstand indentation forces from an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip of up to 7000nN. The proposed approach for the reliable and large-scale manufacture of graphene membranes with suspended proof masses will enable the development and study of innovative NEMS devices with new functionalities and improved performances.
60.	Hotz, Alrun, et al. (författare) Meta-Analysis of Mutations in ALOX12B or ALOXE3 Identified in a Large Cohort of 224 Patients 2021 Ingår i: Genes. - : MDPI. - 2073-4425. ; 12:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCI) are a nonsyndromic group of cornification disorders that includes lamellar ichthyosis, congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, and harlequin ichthyosis. To date mutations in ten genes have been identified to cause ARCI: TGM1, ALOX12B, ALOXE3, NIPAL4, CYP4F22, ABCA12, PNPLA1, CERS3, SDR9C7, and SULT2B1. The main focus of this report is the mutational spectrum of the genes ALOX12B and ALOXE3, which encode the epidermal lipoxygenases arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, i.e., 12R type (12R-LOX), and the epidermis-type lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3), respectively. Deficiency of 12R-LOX and eLOX3 disrupts the epidermal barrier function and leads to an abnormal epidermal differentiation. The type and the position of the mutations may influence the ARCI phenotype; most patients present with a mild erythrodermic ichthyosis, and only few individuals show severe erythroderma. To date, 88 pathogenic mutations in ALOX12B and 27 pathogenic mutations in ALOXE3 have been reported in the literature. Here, we presented a large cohort of 224 genetically characterized ARCI patients who carried mutations in these genes. We added 74 novel mutations in ALOX12B and 25 novel mutations in ALOXE3. We investigated the spectrum of mutations in ALOX12B and ALOXE3 in our cohort and additionally in the published mutations, the distribution of these mutations within the gene and gene domains, and potential hotspots and recurrent mutations.
61.	Smith, Anderson D., et al. (författare) Biaxial strain in suspended graphene membranes for piezoresistive sensing 2014 Ingår i: 2014 IEEE 27th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). - : IEEE. - 9781479935093 ; , s. 1055-1058 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Pressure sensors based on suspended graphene membranes have shown extraordinary sensitivity for uniaxial strains, which originates from graphene's unique electrical and mechanical properties and thinness [1]. This work compares through both theory and experiment the effect of cavity shape and size on the sensitivity of piezoresistive pressure sensors based on suspended graphene membranes. Further, the paper analyzes the effect of both biaxial and uniaxial strain on the membranes. Previous studies examined uniaxial strain through the fabrication of long, rectangular cavities. The present work uses circular cavities of varying sizes in order to obtain data from biaxially strained graphene membranes.
62.	Smith, Anderson D., et al. (författare) Graphene-based CO2 sensing and its cross-sensitivity with humidity 2017 Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 7:36, s. 22329-22339 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present graphene-based CO2 sensing and analyze its cross-sensitivity with humidity. In order to assess the selectivity of graphene-based gas sensing to various gases, measurements are performed in argon (Ar), nitrogen (N-2), oxygen (O-2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and air by selectively venting the desired gas from compressed gas bottles into an evacuated vacuum chamber. The sensors provide a direct electrical readout in response to changes in high concentrations, from these bottles, of CO2, O-2, nitrogen and argon, as well as changes in humidity from venting atmospheric air. From the signal response to each gas species, the relative graphene sensitivity to each gas is extracted as a relationship between the percentagechange in graphene's resistance response to changes in vacuum chamber pressure. Although there is virtually no response from O-2, N-2 and Ar, there is a sizeable cross-sensitivity between CO2 and humidity occurring at high CO2 concentrations. However, under atmospheric concentrations of CO2, this cross-sensitivity effect is negligible - allowing for the use of graphene-based humidity sensing in atmospheric environments. Finally, charge density difference calculations, computed using density functional theory (DFT) are presented in order to illustrate the bonding of CO2 and water molecules on graphene and the alterations of the graphene electronic structure due to the interactions with the substrate and the molecules.
63.	Smith, Anderson D., et al. (författare) Graphene-based CO2 sensing and its cross-sensitivity with humidity 2017 Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 7:36, s. 22329-22339 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present graphene-based CO2 sensing and analyze its cross-sensitivity with humidity. In order to assess the selectivity of graphene-based gas sensing to various gases, measurements are performed in argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and air by selectively venting the desired gas from compressed gas bottles into an evacuated vacuum chamber. The sensors provide a direct electrical readout in response to changes in high concentrations, from these bottles, of CO2, O2, nitrogen and argon, as well as changes in humidity from venting atmospheric air. From the signal response to each gas species, the relative graphene sensitivity to each gas is extracted as a relationship between the percentage-change in graphene's resistance response to changes in vacuum chamber pressure. Although there is virtually no response from O2, N2 and Ar, there is a sizeable cross-sensitivity between CO2 and humidity occurring at high CO2 concentrations. However, under atmospheric concentrations of CO2, this cross-sensitivity effect is negligible – allowing for the use of graphene-based humidity sensing in atmospheric environments. Finally, charge density difference calculations, computed using density functional theory (DFT) are presented in order to illustrate the bonding of CO2 and water molecules on graphene and the alterations of the graphene electronic structure due to the interactions with the substrate and the molecules.
64.	Smith, Anderson David, et al. (författare) Graphene-based piezoresistive pressure sensing for uniaxial and biaxial strains 2014 Ingår i: 2014 Silicon Nanoelectronics Workshop, SNW 2014. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781479956777 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The piezoresistive effect in graphene has been experimentally demonstrated for both uniaxial and biaxial strains. For uniaxial strain, rectangular membranes were measured while circular membranes provided biaxial strain. Gauge factors have also been extracted and compared to previous literature as well as simulations.
65.	Smith, Anderson David, et al. (författare) Piezoresistive Properties of Suspended Graphene Membranes under Uniaxial and Biaxial Strain in Nanoelectromechanical Pressure Sensors 2016 Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 10:11, s. 9879-9886 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Graphene membranes act as highly sensitive transducers in nanoelectromechanical devices due to their ultimate thinness. Previously, the piezoresistive effect has been experimentally verified in graphene using uniaxial strain in graphene. Here, we report experimental and theoretical data on the uni- and biaxial piezoresistive properties of suspended graphene membranes applied to piezoresistive pressure sensors. A detailed model that utilizes a linearized Boltzman transport equation describes accurately the charge-carrier density and mobility in strained graphene and, hence, the gauge factor. The gauge factor is found to be practically independent of the doping concentration and crystallographic orientation of the graphene films. These investigations provide deeper insight into the piezoresistive behavior of graphene membranes.
66.	Smith, Anderson D., et al. (författare) Resistive graphene humidity sensors with rapid and direct electrical readout 2015 Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 7:45, s. 19099-19109 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We demonstrate humidity sensing using a change of the electrical resistance of single-layer chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene that is placed on top of a SiO2 layer on a Si wafer. To investigate the selectivity of the sensor towards the most common constituents in air, its signal response was characterized individually for water vapor (H2O), nitrogen (N-2), oxygen (O-2), and argon (Ar). In order to assess the humidity sensing effect for a range from 1% relative humidity (RH) to 96% RH, the devices were characterized both in a vacuum chamber and in a humidity chamber at atmospheric pressure. The measured response and recovery times of the graphene humidity sensors are on the order of several hundred milliseconds. Density functional theory simulations are employed to further investigate the sensitivity of the graphene devices towards water vapor. The interaction between the electrostatic dipole moment of the water and the impurity bands in the SiO(2)d substrate leads to electrostatic doping of the graphene layer. The proposed graphene sensor provides rapid response direct electrical readout and is compatible with back end of the line (BEOL) integration on top of CMOS-based integrated circuits.
67.	van der Harst, Pim, et al. (författare) Seventy-five genetic loci influencing the human red blood cell 2012 Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 492:7429, s. 369-375 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Anaemia is a chief determinant of global ill health, contributing to cognitive impairment, growth retardation and impaired physical capacity. To understand further the genetic factors influencing red blood cells, we carried out a genome-wide association study of haemoglobin concentration and related parameters in up to 135,367 individuals. Here we identify 75 independent genetic loci associated with one or more red blood cell phenotypes at P < 10(-8), which together explain 4-9% of the phenotypic variance per trait. Using expression quantitative trait loci and bioinformatic strategies, we identify 121 candidate genes enriched in functions relevant to red blood cell biology. The candidate genes are expressed preferentially in red blood cell precursors, and 43 have haematopoietic phenotypes in Mus musculus or Drosophila melanogaster. Through open-chromatin and coding-variant analyses we identify potential causal genetic variants at 41 loci. Our findings provide extensive new insights into genetic mechanisms and biological pathways controlling red blood cell formation and function.
68.	Zanotti, Roberta, et al. (författare) Refined diagnostic criteria for bone marrow mastocytosis : a proposal of the European competence network on mastocytosis 2022 Ingår i: Leukemia. - : Springer Nature. - 0887-6924 .- 1476-5551. ; 36:2, s. 516-524 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the current classification of the World Health Organization (WHO), bone marrow mastocytosis (BMM) is a provisional variant of indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) defined by bone marrow involvement and absence of skin lesions. However, no additional diagnostic criteria for BMM have been proposed. Within the registry dataset of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis, we compared characteristics and outcomes of 390 patients with BMM and 1175 patients with typical ISM. BMM patients were significantly older, predominantly male, had lower tryptase and lower burden of neoplastic mast cells, and displayed a higher frequency of allergic reactions, mainly triggered by Hymenoptera, than patients with typical ISM. The estimated 10-year progression-free survival of BMM and typical ISM was 95.9% and 92.6%, respectively. In BMM patients defined by WHO-based criteria, the presence of one B-Finding and tryptase level >= 125 ng/mL were identified as risk factors for progression in multivariate analyses. BMM patients without any of these risk factors were found to have better progression-free survival (p < 0.05) and better overall survival (p < 0.05) than other ISM patients. These data support the proposal to define BMM as a separate SM variant characterized by SM criteria, absence of skin lesions, absence of B-Findings, and tryptase levels <125 ng/mL.
69.	Abercrombie, Daniel, et al. (författare) Dark Matter benchmark models for early LHC Run-2 Searches : Report of the ATLAS/CMS Dark Matter Forum 2020 Ingår i: Physics of the Dark Universe. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-6864. ; 27 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This document is the final report of the ATLAS-CMS Dark Matter Forum, a forum organized by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations with the participation of experts on theories of Dark Matter, to select a minimal basis set of dark matter simplified models that should support the design of the early LHC Run-2 searches. A prioritized, compact set of benchmark models is proposed, accompanied by studies of the parameter space of these models and a repository of generator implementations. This report also addresses how to apply the Effective Field Theory formalism for collider searches and present the results of such interpretations.
70.	Angelin, Marcus, et al. (författare) ORGN 103-Tandem driven dynamic libraries : Amplification through internal selection pressure 2007 Ingår i: Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0065-7727. ; 234 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
71.	Antelius, Mikael, et al. (författare) Hermetic integration of liquids using high-speed stud bump bonding for cavity sealing at the wafer level 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. - : IOP Publishing. - 0960-1317 .- 1361-6439. ; 22:4, s. 045021- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper reports a novel room-temperature hermetic liquid sealing process where the access ports of liquid-filled cavities are sealed with wire-bonded stud bumps. This process enables liquids to be integrated at the fabrication stage. Evaluation cavities were manufactured and used to investigate the mechanical and hermetic properties of the seals. Measurements on the successfully sealed structures show a helium leak rate of better than 10 (10) mbarL s (1), in addition to a zero liquid loss over two months during storage near boiling temperature. The bond strength of the plugs was similar to standard wire bonds on flat surfaces.
72.	Antelius, Mikael, et al. (författare) Wafer-Level Vacuum Sealing by Coining of Wire Bonded Gold Bumps 2013 Ingår i: Journal of microelectromechanical systems. - 1057-7157 .- 1941-0158. ; 22:6, s. 1347-1353 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper reports on the investigation of a novel room-temperature vacuum sealing method based on compressing wire bonded gold bumps which are placed to partially overlap the access ports into the cavity. The bump compression, which is done under vacuum, causes a material flow into the access ports, thereby hermetically sealing a vacuum inside the cavities. The sealed cavity pressure was measured by residual gas analysis to 8x10(-4) mbar two weeks after sealing. The residual gas content was found to be mainly argon, which indicates the source as outgassing inside the cavity and no measurable external leak. The seals are found to be mechanically robust and easily implemented by the use of standard commercial tools and processes.
73.	Asiatici, Mikhail, et al. (författare) Capacitive inertial sensing at high temperatures of up to 400 degrees C 2016 Ingår i: Sensors and Actuators A-Physical. - : Elsevier. - 0924-4247 .- 1873-3069. ; 238, s. 361-368 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract High-temperature-resistant inertial sensors are increasingly requested in a variety of fields such as aerospace, automotive and energy. Capacitive detection is especially suitable for sensing at high temperatures due to its low intrinsic temperature dependence. In this paper, we present high-temperature measurements utilizing a capacitive accelerometer, thereby proving the feasibility of capacitive detection at temperatures of up to 400 degrees C. We describe the observed characteristics as the temperature is increased and propose an explanation of the physical mechanisms causing the temperature dependence of the sensor, which mainly involve the temperature dependence of the Young's modulus and of the viscosity and the pressure of the gas inside the sensor cavity. Therefore a static electromechanical model and a dynamic model that takes into account squeeze film damping were developed.
74.	Bartelt, Alexander, et al. (författare) Thermogenic adipocytes promote HDL turnover and reverse cholesterol transport 2017 Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Brown and beige adipocytes combust nutrients for thermogenesis and through their metabolic activity decrease pro-atherogenic remnant lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic mice. However, whether the activation of thermogenic adipocytes affects the metabolism and anti-atherogenic properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is unknown. Here, we report a reduction in atherosclerosis in response to pharmacological stimulation of thermogenesis linked to increased HDL levels in APOE(star)3-Leiden. CETP mice. Both cold-induced and pharmacological thermogenic activation enhances HDL remodelling, which is associated with specific lipidomic changes in mouse and human HDL. Furthermore, thermogenic stimulation promotes HDL-cholesterol clearance and increases macrophage-to-faeces reverse cholesterol transport in mice. Mechanistically, we show that intravascular lipolysis by adipocyte lipoprotein lipase and hepatic uptake of HDL by scavenger receptor B-I are the driving forces of HDL-cholesterol disposal in liver. Our findings corroborate the notion that high metabolic activity of thermogenic adipocytes confers atheroprotective properties via increased systemic cholesterol flux through the HDL compartment.
75.	Bleiker, Simon J., et al. (författare) High-Aspect-Ratio Through Silicon Vias for High-Frequency Application Fabricated by Magnetic Assembly of Gold-Coated Nickel Wires 2015 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology. - : IEEE Press. - 2156-3950 .- 2156-3985. ; 5:1, s. 21-27 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, we demonstrate a novel manufacturing technology for high-aspect-ratio vertical interconnects for high-frequency applications. This novel approach is based on magnetic self-assembly of prefabricated nickel wires that are subsequently insulated with a thermosetting polymer. The high-frequency performance of the through silicon vias (TSVs) is enhanced by depositing a gold layer on the outer surface of the nickel wires and by reducing capacitive parasitics through a low-k polymer liner. As compared with conventional TSV designs, this novel concept offers a more compact design and a simpler, potentially more cost-effective manufacturing process. Moreover, this fabrication concept is very versatile and adaptable to many different applications, such as interposer, micro electromechanical systems, or millimeter wave applications. For evaluation purposes, coplanar waveguides with incorporated TSV interconnections were fabricated and characterized. The experimental results reveal a high bandwidth from dc to 86 GHz and an insertion loss of <0.53 dB per single TSV interconnection for frequencies up to 75 GHz.
76.	Bleiker, Simon J., et al. (författare) High-speed Metal-filling of Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) by Parallelized Magnetic Assembly of Micro-Wires 2016 Ingår i: 2016 IEEE 29th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781509019731 ; , s. 577-580 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This work reports a parallelized magnetic assembly method for scalable and cost-effective through-silicon via (TSV) fabrication. Our fabrication approach achieves high throughput by utilizing multiple magnets below the substrate to assemble TSV structures on many dies in parallel. Experimental results show simultaneous filling of four arrays of TSVs on a single substrate, with 100 via-holes each, in less than 20 seconds. We demonstrate that increasing the degree of parallelization by employing more assembly magnets below the substrate has no negative effect on the TSV filling speed or yield, thus enabling scaled-up TSV fabrication on full wafer-level. This method shows potential for industrial application with an estimated throughput of more than 70 wafers per hour in one single fabrication module. Such a TSV fabrication process could offer shorter processing times as well as higher obtainable aspect ratios compared to conventional TSV filling methods.
77.	Braun, Stefan, et al. (författare) Method for the wafer-level integration of shape memory alloy wires 2013 Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract The present invention relates to a method to attach a shape memory alloy wire to a substrate, where the wire is mechanically attached into a 3D structure on the substrate. The present invention also relates to a device comprising a shape memory alloy wire attached to a substrate, where the wire is mechanically attached into a 3D structure on the substrate.
78.	Dimas, Antigone S, et al. (författare) Impact of type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants on quantitative glycemic traits reveals mechanistic heterogeneity. 2014 Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 63:6, s. 2158-2171 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Patients with established type 2 diabetes display both beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. To define fundamental processes leading to the diabetic state, we examined the relationship between type 2 diabetes risk variants at 37 established susceptibility loci and indices of proinsulin processing, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. We included data from up to 58,614 non-diabetic subjects with basal measures, and 17,327 with dynamic measures. We employed additive genetic models with adjustment for sex, age and BMI, followed by fixed-effects inverse variance meta-analyses. Cluster analyses grouped risk loci into five major categories based on their relationship to these continuous glycemic phenotypes. The first cluster (PPARG, KLF14, IRS1, GCKR) was characterized by primary effects on insulin sensitivity. The second (MTNR1B, GCK) featured risk alleles associated with reduced insulin secretion and fasting hyperglycemia. ARAP1 constituted a third cluster characterized by defects in insulin processing. A fourth cluster (including TCF7L2, SLC30A8, HHEX/IDE, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B) was defined by loci influencing insulin processing and secretion without detectable change in fasting glucose. The final group contained twenty risk loci with no clear-cut associations to continuous glycemic traits. By assembling extensive data on continuous glycemic traits, we have exposed the diverse mechanisms whereby type 2 diabetes risk variants impact disease predisposition.
79.	Ellis, W. Chadwick, et al. (författare) Bis phenylene flattened 13-membered tetraamide macrocyclic ligand (TAML) for square planar cobalt(III) 2018 Ingår i: Journal of coordination chemistry (Print). - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0095-8972 .- 1029-0389. ; 71:11-13, s. 1822-1836 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The preparation, characterization, and evaluation of a cobalt(III) complex [CO{(OC)2(o,o'-NC6H4NCO)2CMe2}(OH2)]- with 13-membered tetraamide macrocyclic ligand (TAML) is described. This is a square-planar (X-ray) S=1 paramagnetic (H-1 NMR) compound, which becomes an S=0 diamagnetic octahedral species in excess d(5)-pyridine. Its one-electron oxidation at an electrode is fully reversible with the lowest E-1/2 value (0.66V vs SCE) among all investigated Co-III TAML complexes. The oxidation results in a neutral blue species which is consistent with a Co-III/radical-cation ligand. The ease of oxidation is likely due to the two benzene rings incorporated in the ligand structure (whereas there is just one in many other Co-III TAMLs). The oxidized neutral species are unexpectedly EPR silent, presumably due to the -stacking aggregation. However, they display eight-line hyperfine patterns in the presence of excess of 4-tert-butylpyridine or 4-tert-butyl isonitrile. The EPR spectra are more consistent with the Co-III/radical-cation ligand formulation rather than with a Co-IV complex. Attempts to synthesize a similar vanadium complex under the same conditions as for cobalt using [(VO)-O-V(OCHMe2)(3)] were not successful. TAML-free decavanadate was isolated instead. [GRAPHICS] .
80.	Ericsson, Per, et al. (författare) Toward 17µm pitch heterogeneously integrated Si/SiGe quantum well bolometer focal plane arrays 2011 Ingår i: Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVII. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. ; , s. 801216-1-801216-9 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Most of today's commercial solutions for un-cooled IR imaging sensors are based on resistive bolometers using either Vanadium oxide (VOx) or amorphous Silicon (a-Si) as the thermistor material. Despite the long history for both concepts, market penetration outside high-end applications is still limited. By allowing actors in adjacent fields, such as those from the MEMS industry, to enter the market, this situation could change. This requires, however, that technologies fitting their tools and processes are developed. Heterogeneous integration of Si/SiGe quantum well bolometers on standard CMOS read out circuits is one approach that could easily be adopted by the MEMS industry. Due to its mono crystalline nature, the Si/SiGe thermistor material has excellent noise properties that result in a state-ofthe- art signal-to-noise ratio. The material is also stable at temperatures well above 450°C which offers great flexibility for both sensor integration and novel vacuum packaging concepts. We have previously reported on heterogeneous integration of Si/SiGe quantum well bolometers with pitches of 40μm x 40μm and 25μm x 25μm. The technology scales well to smaller pixel pitches and in this paper, we will report on our work on developing heterogeneous integration for Si/SiGe QW bolometers with a pixel pitch of 17μm x 17μm.
81.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) 3D Free-Form Patterning of Silicon by Ion Implantation, Silicon Deposition, and Selective Silicon Etching 2012 Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 22:19, s. 4004-4008 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A method for additive layer-by-layer fabrication of arbitrarily shaped 3D silicon micro- and nanostructures is reported. The fabrication is based on alternating steps of chemical vapor deposition of silicon and local implantation of gallium ions by focused ion beam (FIB) writing. In a final step, the defined 3D structures are formed by etching the silicon in potassium hydroxide (KOH), in which the local ion implantation provides the etching selectivity. The method is demonstrated by fabricating 3D structures made of two and three silicon layers, including suspended beams that are 40 nm thick, 500 nm wide, and 4 μm long, and patterned lines that are 33 nm wide.
82.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) 3D Patterning of Si Micro and Nano Structures by Focused Ion Beam Implantation, Si Deposition and Selective Si Etching 2012 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
83.	Fischer, Andreas C., et al. (författare) 3D printing of silicon micro and nano structures by ion implantation, silicon deposition, and selective silicon etching 2013 Ingår i: Technical Paper - Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A method for additive layer-by-layer fabrication of arbitrarily shaped 3D silicon micro and nano structures is reported. The fabrication is based on alternating steps of chemical vapor deposition of silicon and local implantation of gallium ions by focused ion beam (FIB) writing. In a final step, the defined 3D structures are formed by etching the silicon in potassium hydroxide (KOH), in which the local ion implantation provides the etching selectivity. The proposed technology could change and greatly simplify the fabrication of many MEMS, NEMS, and silicon photonic devices without requiring a fully equipped semiconductor cleanroom. This layer-by-layer fabrication method is in principle also viable for the implementation of 3D structures in semiconductors other than silicon.
84.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) A method and an apparatus for forming electrically conductive vias in a substrate, an automated robot-based manufacturing system, a component comprising a substrate with via holes, and an interposer device 2010 Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract A method for forming conductive vias in a substrate (302) by filling preformed via holes (303-305), preferably through via holes, with conductive material, comprises providing a plurality of preformed objects at least partly comprising ferromagnetic material (301) on a surface of the substrate; providing a magnetic source (307) on an opposite side of the substrate with respect to the plurality of preformed objects, thereby at least partly aligning at least a portion of the preformed objects with a magnetic field associated with the magnetic source; and moving the magnetic source relative the substrate, or vice versa, thereby moving the at least portion of the preformed objects into at least a portion of the via holes.
85.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982- (författare) "Competitive coordination of the uranyl ion by perchlorate and water - The crystal structures of UO2(ClO4)(2)center dot 3H(2)O and UO2(ClO4)(2)center dot 5H(2)O and a redetermination of UO2(ClO4)(2)center dot 7H(2)O" (vol 629, pg 1012, 2003) 2005 Ingår i: Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeines Chemie. - KTH, Dept Chem, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0044-2313 .- 1521-3749. ; 631:10, s. 1966-1966 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
86.	Fischer, Andreas C., et al. (författare) Fabrication of high aspect ratio through silicon vias (TSVs) by magnetic assembly of nickel wires 2011 Ingår i: Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2011 IEEE 24th International Conference on. - : IEEE. - 9781424496327 ; , s. 37-40 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Three-dimensional (3D) integration of electronics and/or MEMS-based transducers is an emerging technology that vertically interconnects stacked dies using through silicon vias (TSVs). They enable the realization of devices with shorter signal lengths, smaller packages and lower parasitic capacitances, which can result in higher performance and lower costs of the system. This paper presents a novel low-cost fabrication technique for solid metal-filled TSVs using nickel wires as conductive path. The wires are placed in the via hole of a silicon wafer by magnetic self-assembly. This metal filling technique enables through-wafer vias with high aspect ratios and potentially eliminates characteristic cost drivers of the TSV production such as metallization processes, wafer thinning and general issues associated with thin-wafer handling.
87.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Free form printing of silicon micro- and nanostructures 2010 Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract The invention relates to a method of making a three-dimensional structure in semiconductor material. A substrate (20) is provided having at least a surface comprising semiconductor material. Selected areas of the surface of the substrate are to a focused ion beam whereby the ions are implanted in the semiconductor material in said selected areas. Several layers of a material selected from the group consisting of mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline or amorphous semiconductor material, are deposited on the substrate surface and between depositions focused ion beam is used to expose the surface so as to define a three-dimensional structure. Material not part of the final structure (30) defined by the focused ion beam is etched away so as to provide a three-dimensional structure on said substrate (20).
88.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Heterogeneous Integration for Optical MEMS 2010 Ingår i: 2010 23RD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE IEEE PHOTONICS SOCIETY. - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 9781424453696 ; , s. 487-488 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper we present different large-scale heterogeneous integration technologies for optical MEMS that enable the integration of optical MEMS with standard CMOS-based ICs. Examples that are presented include various monocrystalline silicon micro-mirror arrays and infrared bolometer arrays.
89.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) high aspect ratio tsvs fabricated by magnetic self-assembly of gold-coated nickel wires 2012 Ingår i: Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2012 IEEE 62nd. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781467319652 ; , s. 541-547 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Three-dimensional (3D) integration is an emerging technologythat vertically interconnects stacked dies of electronics and/orMEMS-based transducers using through silicon vias (TSVs).TSVs enable the realization of devices with shorter signal lengths,smaller packages and lower parasitic capacitances, which can resultin higher performance and lower costs of the system. Inthis paper we demonstrate a new manufacturing technology forhigh-aspect ratio (> 8) through silicon metal vias using magneticself-assembly of gold-coated nickel rods inside etched throughsilicon-via holes. The presented TSV fabrication technique enablesthrough-wafer vias with high aspect ratios and superior electricalcharacteristics. This technique eliminates common issues inTSV fabrication using conventional approaches, such as the metaldeposition and via insulation and hence it has the potential to reducesignificantly the production costs of high-aspect ratio stateof-the-art TSVs for e.g. interposer, MEMS and RF applications.
90.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Inkjet Printing, Laser-Based Micromachining and Micro 3D Printing Technologies for MEMS 2015 Ingår i: Handbook of Silicon Based MEMS Materials and Technologies: Second Edition. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 9780323312233 - 9780323299657 ; , s. 550-564 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract A number of unconventional micro-fabrication technologies are emerging that are suitable for micromachining of MEMS devices. These micromachining approaches typically are sequential processes in which devices on a substrate are formed one at a time, as opposed to conventional parallel and high-throughput semiconductor manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, many of the serial micromachining processes, including inkjet printing technologies and laser-based processes can be highly efficient and cost competitive, especially for low and medium sized manufacturing volumes as well as for prototyping purposes. The technologies presented in this chapter can be categorized as additive micromachining approaches (e.g., inkjet printing) and subtractive micromachining approaches (e.g., laser ablation). This chapter discusses the more mature technologies that are already being developed in a commercial context and a number of new and emerging micromachining approaches that are still in the early research and development stage.
91.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Inkjet printing, laser-based micromachining, and micro-3D printing technologies for MEMS 2020 Ingår i: Handbook of Silicon Based MEMS Materials and Technologies. - : Elsevier BV. ; , s. 531-545 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract A number of unconventional micromachining technologies are emerging that are of potential interest for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) manufacturing. Such micromachining processes include sequential processes in which devices on a substrate are formed one at a time, which is in contrast to conventional parallel semiconductor manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, many of the serial micromachining processes, including inkjet printing technologies and laser-based processes can be highly efficient and cost competitive, especially for low- and medium-sized manufacturing volumes as well as for prototyping purposes. The technologies presented in this chapter can be categorized as additive micromachining approaches (e.g., inkjet printing) and subtractive micromachining approaches (e.g., laser ablation). This chapter discusses the more mature technologies that are already being developed in a commercial context and a number of new and emerging micromachining approaches that are still in the early research and development stage.
92.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Integrating MEMS and ICs 2015 Ingår i: Microsystems & Nanoengineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2055-7434. ; 1:1, s. 1-16 Recension (refereegranskat)abstract The majority of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices must be combined with integrated circuits (ICs) for operation in larger electronic systems. While MEMS transducers sense or control physical, optical or chemical quantities, ICs typically provide functionalities related to the signals of these transducers, such as analog-to-digital conversion, amplification, filtering and information processing as well as communication between the MEMS transducer and the outside world. Thus, the vast majority of commercial MEMS products, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and micro-mirror arrays, are integrated and packaged together with ICs. There are a variety of possible methods of integrating and packaging MEMS and IC components, and the technology of choice strongly depends on the device, the field of application and the commercial requirements. In this review paper, traditional as well as innovative and emerging approaches to MEMS and IC integration are reviewed. These include approaches based on the hybrid integration of multiple chips (multi-chip solutions) as well as system-on-chip solutions based on wafer-level monolithic integration and heterogeneous integration techniques. These are important technological building blocks for the ‘More-Than-Moore’ paradigm described in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. In this paper, the various approaches are categorized in a coherent manner, their merits are discussed, and suitable application areas and implementations are critically investigated. The implications of the different MEMS and IC integration approaches for packaging, testing and final system costs are reviewed.
93.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982- (författare) Integration and Fabrication Techniques for 3D Micro- and Nanodevices 2012 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The development of micro and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) with entirely new or improved functionalities is typically based on novel or improved designs, materials and fabrication methods. However, today’s micro- and nano-fabrication is restrained by manufacturing paradigms that have been established by the integrated circuit (IC) industry over the past few decades. The exclusive use of IC manufacturing technologies leads to limited material choices, limited design flexibility and consequently to sub-optimal MEMS and NEMS devices. The work presented in this thesis breaks new ground with a multitude of novel approaches for the integration of non-standard materials that enable the fabrication of 3D micro and nanoelectromechanical systems. The objective of this thesis is to highlight methods that make use of non-standard materials with superior characteristics or methods that use standard materials and fabrication techniques in a novel context. The overall goal is to propose suitable and cost-efficient fabrication and integration methods, which can easily be made available to the industry.The first part of the thesis deals with the integration of bulk wire materials. A novel approach for the integration of at least partly ferromagnetic bulk wire materials has been implemented for the fabrication of high aspect ratio through silicon vias. Standard wire bonding technology, a very mature back-end technology, has been adapted for yet another through silicon via fabrication method and applications including liquid and vacuum packaging as well as microactuators based on shape memory alloy wires. As this thesis reveals, wire bonding, as a versatile and highly efficient technology, can be utilized for applications far beyond traditional interconnections in electronics packaging.The second part presents two approaches for the 3D heterogeneous integration based on layer transfer. Highly efficient monocrystalline silicon/ germanium is integrated on wafer-level for the fabrication of uncooled thermal image sensors and monolayer-graphene is integrated on chip-level for the use in diaphragm-based pressure sensors.The last part introduces a novel additive fabrication method for layer-bylayer printing of 3D silicon micro- and nano-structures. This method combines existing technologies, including focused ion beam implantation and chemical vapor deposition of silicon, in order to establish a high-resolution fabrication process that is related to popular 3D printing techniques.
94.	Fischer, Andreas C., et al. (författare) Investigation of Thermal Storage Operation Strategies with Heat Pumps in German Multi Family Houses 2014 Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier. - 1876-6102. ; , s. 137-144 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The use of air source heat pumps is an efficient method to provide heat for space heating and domestic hot water in residential buildings, which cover roughly one third of the German domestic energy use. Capacity controlled heat pumps are gaining increased market share and provide high flexibility in operation. The possibility to use thermal storage to decouple thermal production and electric load from the heat pump can be used for operation strategies, hereby increasing the possibility to integrate electricity production from renewable energy sources. In the work presented, a range of operational strategies for capacity controlled heat pumps connected to a thermal storage in German multifamily houses are introduced and evaluated. The use cases include maximization of energy performance, cost minimization and utilization of on-site photovoltaic production. For optimal storage operation a model predictive control (MPC) approach using quadratic programming is presented together with simplified models of the multi-family house, a thermal storage and a capacity controlled air-to-water heat pump, the MPC creates a control signal to the heat pump. The resulting control signal is then applied to a detailed heat pump model to investigate the impact on the efficiency of the heat pump unit and thereby its electric energy consumption with different storage options.Results show that the MPC strategy is able to adapt to different objectives. One of the most important findings is that changing the objective towards a variable day-ahead-price-based operation leads to decreased heat pump efficiency but increases revenue. The sensitivity analysis towards storage size shows little influence in the range of sizes investigated.
95.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) KTH Introduces New TSV-Concept with Wire-Bonded Metal Cores 2009 Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
96.	Fischer, Andreas C., et al. (författare) Layer-by-layer 3D printing of Si micro- and nanostructures by Si deposition, ion implantation and selective Si etching 2012 Ingår i: 12th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), 2012. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781467321983 ; , s. 1-4 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper we report a method for layer-by-layer printing of three-dimensional (3D) silicon (Si) micro- and nanostructures. This fabrication method is based on a sequence of alternating steps of chemical vapor deposition of Si and local implantation of gallium (Ga+) ions by focused ion beam (FIB) writing. The defined 3D structures are formed in a final step by selectively wet etching the non-implanted Si in potassium hydroxide (KOH). We demonstrate the viability of the method by fabricating 2 and 3-layer 3D Si structures, including suspended beams and patterned lines with dimensions on the nm-scale.
97.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Low-Cost Through Silicon Vias (Tsvs) With Wire-Bonded Metal Cores And Low Capacitive Substrate-Coupling 2010 Ingår i: MEMS 2010. - : IEEE. - 9781424457649 ; , s. 480-483 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The three-dimensional (3D) integration of electronics and/or MEMS-based transducers is an emerging technology that vertically interconnects stacked dies using through silicon vias (TSVs). They enable the realization of devices with shorter signal lengths, smaller packages and lower parasitic capacitances, which can result in higher performance and lower costs. This paper presents a novel low-cost fabrication technique for metal-filled TSVs using bonded gold-wires as conductive path. In this concept the wires are surrounded by polymer, which acts both as an electrical insulator causing low capacitive coupling towards the substrate and as a buffer for thermo-mechanical stress.
98.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Low-cost Through Silicon Vias (Tsvs) with wire-bonded metal cores and low capacitive substratecoupling : 2010 Ingår i: Proceedings. - Stockholm : -. ; , s. 30-30 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
99.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Method for plugging a hole and a plugged hole 2009 Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract A method for at least partially inserting a plug into a hole, said method comprising the steps of a) providing a at least one substrate with at least one hole wherein said at least one hole has a largest dimension of from 1 μm to 300 μm, b) providing a piece of material, wherein said piece of material has a larger dimension than said at least one hole, c) pressing said piece of material against the hole with a tool so that a plug is formed, wherein at least a part of said piece of material is pressed into said hole, d) removing the tool from the piece of material. There is further disclosed a plugged hole manufactured with the method. One advantage of an embodiment is that an industrially available wire bonding technology can be used to seal various cavities. The existing wire bonding technology makes the plugging fast and cheap.
100.	Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al. (författare) Selective electroless nickel plating on oxygen-plasma-activated gold seed-layers for the fabrication of low contact resistance vias and microstructures : 2010 Ingår i: Proceedings. - Stockholm : -. ; , s. 86- Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)

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