| 51. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Responsiveness as a measure for assessing the health of OSS ecosystems
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Building Sustainable Open Source Communities (OSCOMM 2010). - Tampere : Tampere University of Technology. - 9789521524110 ; , s. 1-8
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The health of an Open Source ecosystem is an important decision factor when considering the adoption of Open Source software or when monitoring a seeded Open Source project. In this paper we introduce responsiveness as a qualitative measure of the quality of replies within mailing lists, which can be used for assessing ecosystem health. We consider one specific metric of responsiveness in this paper, and that is the response time of follow-up messages in mailing lists. We also describe a way for characterising the nature of communication in messages with short and long response times. The approach is tested in the context of the Nagios project, and we particularly focus on the responsiveness for contributors acting in their professional roles as core developers. Our contribution is a step towards a deeper understanding of voluntary support provided in mailing lists of OSS projects.
|
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| 52. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Social Network Analysis of the Nagios Community
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Open Source Workshop OSW 2009. - Skövde : University of Skövde. - 9789197851336 ; , s. 9-12
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The health of an Open Source ecosystem is an important decision factor when considering the adoption of Open Source software. In this paper we assess ecosystem health of the Nagios community using an approach involving analysis of social networks derived from mailing lists. Our investigation focuses on the extent to which core developers act as mediators between participants of the mailing lists.
|
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| 53. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork : How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved?
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 89:1, s. 128-145
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many organisations are dependent upon long-term sustainable software systems and associated communities. In this paper we consider long-term sustainability of Open Source software communities in Open Source software projects involving a fork. There is currently a lack of studies in the literature that address how specific Open Source software communities are affected by a fork. We report from a study aiming to investigate the developer community around the LibreOffice project, which is a fork from the OpenOffice.org project. In so doing, our analysis also covers the OpenOffice.org project and the related Apache OpenOffice project. The results strongly suggest a long-term sustainable LibreOffice community and that there are no signs of stagnation in the LibreOffice project 33 months after the fork. Our analysis provides details on developer communities for the LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice projects and specifically concerning how they have evolved from the OpenOffice.org community with respect to project activity, developer commitment, and retention of committers over time. Further, we present results from an analysis of first hand experiences from contributors in the LibreOffice community. Findings from our analysis show that Open Source software communities can outlive Open Source software projects and that LibreOffice is perceived by its community as supportive, diversified, and independent. The study contributes new insights concerning challenges related to long-term sustainability of Open Source software communities.
|
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| 54. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
The Nagios community : An extended quantitative analysis
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Open Source Software: New Horizons. - Berlin : Springer. - 9783642132438 - 364213243X ; , s. 85-96
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The health of an Open Source ecosystem is an important decision factor when considering the adoption of an Open Source software or when monitoring a seeded Open Source project. In this paper we assess the ecosystem health using approaches involving domain analysis and social network analysis of mailing lists for the Nagios project. We elaborate approaches for how involvement of different roles can be analysed through quantitative analysis, specifically focusing on core developers and professional providers. Our contribution is a step towards a deeper understanding of professional involvement in professional Open Source ecoystems.
|
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| 55. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas
(författare)
-
Thesis Methods : Assessing the Biological Plausibility of Regulatory Hypotheses
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many algorithms that derive gene regulatory networks from microarray gene expression data have been proposed in the literature. The performance of such an algorithm is often measured by how well a genetic network can recreate the gene expression data that the network was derived from. However, this kind of performance does not necessarily mean that the regulatory hypotheses in the network are biologically plausible. We have therefore proposed a Gene Ontology based method for assessing the biological plausibility of regulatory hypotheses at the gene product level using prior biological knowledge in the form of Gene Ontology (GO) annotation of gene products and regulatory pathway databases (Gamalielsson et al. 2005). Templates were designed to encode general knowledge, derived by generalizing from known interactions to typical properties of interacting gene product pairs. By matching regulatory hypotheses to templates, the plausible hypotheses can be separated from inplausible ones. This document elaborates on how the present method can be improved and extended.
|
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| 56. |
- Katz, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
-
Software, copyright and the learning environment : An analysis of the IT contracts Swedish schools impose on their students and the implications for FOSS
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Free and Open Source Software Law Review. - : International Free and Open Source Software Law Review. - 1877-6922. ; 8:1, s. 1-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Free and open source software (FOSS) is commonly made available to students in schools, but the schools do not necessarily take a holistic approach to their provision of IT (including software) which takes into account the nature of FOSS. In particular, we have identified a number of contracts with which Swedish students who are provided with laptops by their schools are required to comply which set out conditions for the use of the laptops, and associated software and content. Many clauses in these contracts are legally incompatible with certain FOSS licences, or contain misconceptions about FOSS, licensing and culture. This paper explores the relationship between the contracts and FOSS licensing and culture, and suggests a number of resolutions to the contradictions and misconceptions, as well as considering related issues.
|
|
| 57. |
- Laurio, Kim, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolutionary search for improved path diagrams
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Evolutionary Computation, Machine Learning and Data Mining in Bioinformatics. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783540717829 - 9783540717836 ; , s. 114-121
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A path diagram relates observed, pairwise, variable correlations to a functional structure which describes the hypothesized causal relations between the variables. Here we combine path diagrams, heuristics and evolutionary search into a system which seeks to improve existing gene regulatory models. Our evaluation shows that once a correct model has been identified it receives a lower prediction error compared to incorrect models, indicating the overall feasibility of this approach. However, with smaller samples the observed correlations gradually become more misleading, and the evolutionary search increasingly converges on suboptimal models. Future work will incorporate publicly available sources of experimentally verified biological facts to computationally suggest model modifications which might improve the model’s fitness.
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| 58. |
- Lubovac, Zelmina, et al.
(författare)
-
Combining functional and topological properties to identify core modules in protein interaction networks
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Proteins. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0887-3585 .- 1097-0134. ; 64:4, s. 948-959
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advances in large-scale technologies in proteomics, such as yeast two-hybrid screening and mass spectrometry, have made it possible to generate large Protein Interaction Networks (PINs). Recent methods for identifying dense sub-graphs in such networks have been based solely on graph theoretic properties. Therefore, there is a need for an approach that will allow us to combine domain-specific knowledge with topological properties to generate functionally relevant sub-graphs from large networks. This article describes two alternative network measures for analysis of PINs, which combine functional information with topological properties of the networks. These measures, called weighted clustering coefficient and weighted average nearest-neighbors degree, use weights representing the strengths of interactions between the proteins, calculated according to their semantic similarity, which is based on the Gene Ontology terms of the proteins. We perform a global analysis of the yeast PIN by systematically comparing the weighted measures with their topological counterparts. To show the usefulness of the weighted measures, we develop an algorithm for identification of functional modules, called SWEMODE (Semantic WEights for MODule Elucidation), that identifies dense sub-graphs containing functionally similar proteins. The proposed method is based on the ranking of nodes, i.e., proteins, according to their weighted neighborhood cohesiveness. The highest ranked nodes are considered as seeds for candidate modules. The algorithm then iterates through the neighborhood of each seed protein, to identify densely connected proteins with high functional similarity, according to the chosen parameters. Using a yeast two-hybrid data set of experimentally determined protein-protein interactions, we demonstrate that SWEMODE is able to identify dense clusters containing proteins that are functionally similar. Many of the identified modules correspond to known complexes or subunits of these complexes.
|
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| 59. |
|
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| 60. |
|
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| 61. |
- Lubovac, Zelmina, et al.
(författare)
-
Weighted Clustering Coefficient for Identifying Modular Formations in Protein-Protein Interaction Networks
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol 14. - : World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. ; , s. 122-127
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a novel approach for deriving modules from protein-protein interaction networks, which combines functional information with topological properties of the network. This approach is based on weighted clustering coefficient, which uses weights representing the functional similarities between the proteins. These weights are calculated according to the semantic similarity between the proteins, which is based on their Gene Ontology terms. We recently proposed an algorithm for identification of functional modules, called SWEMODE (Semantic WEights for MODule Elucidation), that identifies dense sub-graphs containing functionally similar proteins. The rational underlying this approach is that each module can be reduced to a set of triangles (protein triplets connected to each other). Here, we propose considering semantic similarity weights of all triangle-forming edges between proteins. We also apply varying semantic similarity thresholds between neighbours of each node that are not neighbours to each other (and hereby do not form a triangle), to derive new potential triangles to include in module-defining procedure. The results show an improvement of pure topological approach, in terms of number of predicted modules that match known complexes.
|
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| 62. |
- Lubovac, Zelmina, et al.
(författare)
-
Weighted Cohesiveness for Identification of Functional Modules and their Interconnectivity
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Bioinformatics Research and Development. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783540712329 - 9783540712336 ; , s. 185-198
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systems biology offers a holistic perspective where individual proteins are viewed as elements in a network of protein-protein interactions (PPI), in which the proteins have contextual functions within functional modules. In order to facilitate the identification and analysis of such modules, we have previously proposed a Gene Ontology-weighted clustering coefficient for identification of modules in PPI networks and a method, named SWEMODE (Semantic WEights for MODule Elucidation), where this measure is used to identify network modules. Here, we introduce novel aspects of the method that are tested and evaluated. One of the aspects that we consider is to use the k-core graph instead of the original protein-protein interaction graph.Also, by taking the spatial aspect into account, by using the GO cellular component annotation when calculating weighted cohesiveness, we are able to improve the results compared to previous work where only two of the GO aspects (molecular function and biological process) were combined. We here evaluate the predicted modules by calculating their overlap with MIPS functional complexes. In addition, we identify the “most frequent” proteins, i.e. the proteins that most frequently participate in overlapping modules. We also investigate the role of these proteins in the interconnectivity between modules. We find that the majority of identified proteins are involved in the assembly and arrangement of cell structures, such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
|
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| 63. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Addressing Lock-in Effects in the Public Sector : How Can Organisations Deploy a SaaS SolutionWhile Maintaining Control of Their Digital Assets?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of Ongoing Research, Practitioners, Posters, Workshops, and Projects at EGOV-CeDEM-ePart 2020co-located with the IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference EGOV-CeDEM-ePart 2020. - Aachen : CEUR. ; , s. 289-296
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As software as a service (SaaS) adoption increases in both the public and private sectors, so does dependency on specific providers and technologies and the consequent danger of lock-in. This paper reports on how public sector organisations (PSOs) can, and should, avoid lock-in throughout the lifecycle (commissioning, deployment and decommissioning) of their deployment of the Microsoft Office 365 SaaS product (O365). We investigate how 33 PSOs address different lock-in effects, focussing on the City of Gothenburg, and show that none of the PSOs determined possible lock-in effects prior to implementation or were able to provide documented evidence that they would be able to independently access, process and maintain the digital assets processed by the SaaS solution after decommissioning. We also report on jurisdictional and data processing issues, with consequent impact on digital sovereignty.
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| 64. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Avoiding lock-in effects through obtaining all necessary licences before use of a SaaS solution in a public sector organisation
- 2023
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Law and Technology. - 2042-115X. ; 14:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With increased adoption and use of cloud-based software-as-a-service (SaaS) solutions from international providers many public sector organisations expose themselves to a dependency on specific providers and a range of different lock-in effects. The article reports from a case study which investigated how a large Swedish public sector organisation addressed licensing issues and lock-in effects during adoption and use of a SaaS solution (Microsoft 365). The study identifies problematic licensing issues and presents a legal analysis related to the organisational implementation of the SaaS solution in the specific organisation. Findings show that the organisation has failed to successfully obtain all necessary licences and all necessary rights which would allow for long-term maintenance of all its digital assets independently of the SaaS solution currently in use.
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| 65. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Collaborative research involving small companies : Experiences from co-production of knowledge for research and practice through use of an action case approach
- 2017
-
Ingår i: SER&IP '17 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice. - : IEEE Press. - 9781538627976 - 9781538627983 ; , s. 24-30
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order for the conduct of collaborative research projects and their outcomes to be valuable for both research and practice it is necessary to successfully address a number of sociotechnical challenges in the field of software engineering. Collaborative research involving researchers and practitionersrelated to software systems have utilised a variety of different research approaches. Adoption of an effective research approach for the situation at hand in a research project may significantly contribute to project success. Experiences from collaborative research show that action case can be an appropriate choice of approach for addressing socio-technical challenges in the software domain, which is appealing to both practitioners and researchers. This paper elaborates on a number of challenges for successful conduct of collaborative research projects and reports on experiences from use of action case as a research approach for conduct of collaborative research related to software systems.
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| 66. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
D8.8 : Monitoring of the Open Source Project implementation
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Deliverable D8.8 reports on monitoring of the Open Source Project implementations. Based on development efforts for each supplier, this updated deliverable (version 2.1) provides feedback on their use of: an open work practice for development; frequent open releases; and promotion activities aiming towards a sustainable community. In particular, it focuses on establishing sustainable communities, together with an assessment of how this is succeeded. The deliverable presents an evaluation of how each open source project implementation adheres to requirements expressed in deliverable D4.3 and how projects and suppliers have acted upon feedback and recommendations from PREFORMA. In so doing, the deliverable provides an evaluation of the extent to which best practices from community driven open source projects have been adopted with adherence to full transparency for all digital assets. Specifically, the evaluation considers software and associated digital assets provided via links to developed and provided resources (including source code, executables, and test files) and tools (including software configuration management system, mailing lists, and build environment) used in each open source project. An important outcome from this evaluation is a report on adherence to requirements (as specified in D4.3 and clarified in feedback from PREFORMA) and an assessment of how contracted organisations have managed to provide open source software and establish thriving and long-term sustainable open source communities of relevance for memory institutions and other stakeholder groups. Based on these outcomes, recommendations are given for further actions by the suppliers, the PREFORMA Consortium, and any potential adopter of software from the Open Source Portal provided by the PREFORMA Consortium.
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| 67. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Data processing and maintenance in different jurisdictions when using a SaaS solution in a public sector organisation
- 2022
-
Ingår i: eJournal of eDemocracy & Open Government. - Krems : Department for E-Governance and Administration, Danube University Krems. - 2075-9517. ; 14:2, s. 214-234
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many public sector organisations (PSO) use SaaS solutions from dominant global providers. Implementation of these solutions may raise issues concerning both lawful data processing, and the obligations that those PSOs have to maintain their digital assets. One example is a large Swedish PSO which addressed these issues as part of the adoption and implementation of Microsoft 365. The study identifies challenges and presents an analysis of the organisational implementation of that SaaS solution, exposing legal issues that arose in that context. Findings show an absence of a documented risk analysis related to the PSO's use of that SaaS solution, covering data processing and maintenance of its digital assets. Recommendations are presented to facilitate a PSO's procurement and implementation of such a SaaS solution to address issues around data processing and the processing of digital assets.
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| 68. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring health within OSS ecosystems
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Building Sustainable Open Source Communities. - : Tampere University of Technology. - 9789521521553
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open Source Software (OSS) is software which can be freely used, modified and redistributed, generally produced in a collaborative fashion by global communities of firms and individuals. In this paper we consider OSS ecosystems using an analytical device which we refer to as the OSS Stakeholder triangle. We believe that the OSS Stakeholder triangle constitues a useful means for analysing many aspects of Open Source ecosystems, including interaction between stakeholder roles and the overall health of an ecosystem.
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| 69. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring Tool Support for Long-term Maintenance of Digital Assets : a Case Study
- 2011
-
Ingår i: EURAS Proceedings 2011 - Standards for Development. - : EURAS: European Academy of Standardization, the EURAS Board. - 3861306298 - 9783861306290 ; , s. 207-217
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many organisations have long-term maintenance requirements for their digital assets, and it is often the case that those assets outlive the tools that were used to generate them. In many usage scenarios such assets are kept in proprietary file formats, thus increasing the risks for the organisation. In this paper we report from a case study aiming to analyse tool support for data curation and long-term maintenance of documents in standardised XML-based document formats. Our investigation includes analysis of both Open Source and proprietary tools using a rich resource of corporate documents initially created in a proprietary document format. Specifically, we investigate a number of tools implementing ODF and OfficeOpen XML in order to establish their support for data curation and long-term maintenance of documents. We found that support for data curation by migration from the investigated proprietary document format to the two standardised XML-based document formats do not satisfy the organisation’s expectations. Our study reports on a range of problems associated with the use of proprietary file formats and provides a basis for strategic consideration of these issues.
|
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| 70. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementing IT Standards in Software : Challenges and Recommendations for Organisations Planning Software Development Covering IT Standards
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Law and Technology. - 2042-115X. ; 10:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To develop software based on standards, developers will often require patent licences for the patents which impinge on those standards. This paper reports on an investigation into acquiring patent licences required to implement three specific formal standards in software, namely ISO 32000-1 (a standard based on PDF 1.7), ISO/IEC 29500 (Office Open XML), and ISO 20022 (a standard for international financial business communication). In particular, the licences were requested in the context of implementation of those standards in open source software. We elaborate on the challenges of seeking to obtain those rights, providing examples. Findings show evidence of significant practical difficulty of obtaining the necessary licences, and we examine the implications of that evidence. We make specific recommendations both in terms of the steps which an organisation should take into account prior to considering implementing such a standard in software, as well as recommendations to changes in policy and practice aimed at reducing friction in implementing such standards in open source software.
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| 71. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementing the HEVC standard in software : Challenges and Recommendations for organisations planning development and deployment of software
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Standardisation. - Delft : TU Delft OPEN. - 2772-9249. ; 2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Implementation and use of an IT standard in software involves legal, technical and societal challenges. This paper addresses how an organisation can, and should, determine the conditions for implementation and use of the HEVC standard in software. The investigation considers the availability of the standard’s complete technical specification and the extent to which an organisation can access the information necessary to assess the licence conditions for standard essential patents impinging on the standard. Through an action case study approach the investigation analyses declarations in patent databases relevant to the standard and seeks to obtain patent licences from each declarant permitting implementation of the standard in software, where that software is to be provided under one (or several) of three specific open source software licences, and alternatively to be provided as an online service. Our analysis of legal and licensing conditions for use of the standard shows significant obstacles. We find that it is impossible to obtain licences from patent holders that would allow for implementation and use of the standard in open source software. The paper illuminates significant challenges related to conditions for use of the standard under (F)RAND terms and identifies that references to the standard in public procurement projects lead to anti-competitive effects.
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| 72. |
|
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| 73. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On Challenges for Implementing ISO Standards in Software : Can Both Open and Closed Standards Be Implemented in Open Source Software?
- 2018. - 1
-
Ingår i: Corporate and Global Standardization Initiatives in Contemporary Society. - Hershey : IGI Global. - 9781522553205 - 1522553207 - 9781522553212 ; , s. 219-251
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the years, the importance of open standards has been acknowledged in EU and national policies. Formal (e.g., ISO) standards are often referred to in software development and procurement. Use of formal (ISO) standards and to what extent ISO standards can be implemented in open source software is considered, with particular reference to patent licensing. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards and that FRAND commitments may impose major challenges for use of such standards. Further policies and procedures set by standards setting organisations (SSOs) regarding the notification of standards-essential patents (SEPs) present challenges for organisations wishing to implement standards in software. This chapter elaborates implications and suggests ways of addressing the challenges identified. Use of formal standards may create barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibit an open and inclusive business-friendly ecosystem.
|
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| 74. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On Challenges for Implementing ISO Standards in Software : Can Both Open and Closed Standards Be Implemented in Open Source Software?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Research Anthology on Usage and Development of Open Source Software. - : IGI Global. - 9781799891598 - 9781799891581 - 1799891585 ; , s. 63-95
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the years, the importance of open standards has been acknowledged in EU and national policies. Formal (e.g., ISO) standards are often referred to in software development and procurement. Use of formal (ISO) standards and to what extent ISO standards can be implemented in open source software is considered, with particular reference to patent licensing. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards and that FRAND commitments may impose major challenges for use of such standards. Further policies and procedures set by standards setting organisations (SSOs) regarding the notification of standards-essential patents (SEPs) present challenges for organisations wishing to implement standards in software. This chapter elaborates implications and suggests ways of addressing the challenges identified. Use of formal standards may create barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibit an open and inclusive business-friendly ecosystem.
|
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| 75. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On Implementation of Open Standards in Open Source Software : Under What Conditions Can Formal and Open Standards Be Used?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 20th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference. - : European Academy for Standardisation. - 9783958860353 ; , s. 235-252
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Commission and several European countries have acknowledged the importance of open standards and have taken various initiatives for addressing specific challenges. Formal standards (e.g. from ISO) are often referred to in software development and procurement. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning use of formal and open standards in national policy and implications for implementation in software. This paper characterises how requirements for open standards have been adopted in national policy, elaborates on conditions for use of formal standards in scenarios when national policy imposes requirements for use of open standards, and elaborates conditions for implementation of specific open and formal standards in open source software. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards. Specifically, while some formal standards (e.g. the ISO standard for PNG) are also considered open standards according to the definition adopted in national policies for open standards, it is also clear that other formal standards (e.g. the ISO standard for JPEG 2000) are not considered open standards by the same policies. Use of such formal standards creates barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibits an open and inclusive business friendly ecosystem, something which is of particular importance for small companies that are essential players in an innovative and international society.
|
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| 76. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On implementation of Open Standards in software : To what extent can ISO standards be implemented in open source software?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542. ; 13:1, s. 47-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several European countries, as well as the European Commission, have acknowledged the importance of open standards (under various definitions of that term) and have taken steps accordingly. Formal (e.g. ISO) standards are often referred to in software development and procurement, but may not necessarily also be open standards. The authors consider the application of formal standards where national policy promotes their use, and, since much contemporary software development involves open source software, they further consider the interaction between the requirement to comply with open standards, and the implementation of open and formal standards in open source software, with particular reference to patent licensing. It is shown that not all formal standards are open standards. SSO policies and procedures regarding the notification of standards-essential patents (SEPs) present challenges for organisations wishing to implement standards in software since such policies and procedures need to be compliant with procurement requirements, patent licences and open source software licences. This paper draws out some implications for those organisations (differentiating where appropriate between small companies and other organisations) and suggests a number of ways of addressing the challenges identified. Use of formal standards may create barriers for implementation in open source software and inhibit an open and inclusive business-friendly ecosystem, and to avoid such barriers is of particular importance for small companies that are essential players in an innovative and international society.
|
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| 77. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On the potential for improved standardisation through use of open source work practices in different standardisation organisations : How can open source-projects contribute to development of IT-standards?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Digitalisation: Challenge and Opportunity for Standardisation. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958861725 - 3958861725 ; , s. T137-T155
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open source has had significant impact on how work practices for development and deployment of software and has thereby transformed the way of working in the domain of software. From a review of the literature and current activities amongst policy makers and standardisation organisations it is evident that there is potential for utilising open source work practices for improved standardisation processes in the domain of standards. This paper presents three principle contributions. First, we clarify core concepts and elaborate on work related to how organisations seek to utilise open source software for developing standards. Second, we present opportunities and challenges for how open source work practices can be used for development of IT-standards. Third, for different standardisation organisations we illustrate through a review of existing open source projects implementing standards provided by three different standardisation organisations how those projects have contributed to development and governance of each standard. We find that open source work practices may contribute to improved standardisation processes and thereby constitute an effective strategy for improved standardisation.
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| 78. |
|
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| 79. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceived and Actual Lock-in Effects Amongst Swedish Public Sector Organisations when Using a SaaS Solution
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Electronic Government. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030847883 - 9783030847890 ; , s. 59-72
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When a public sector organisation (PSO) uses a software as a service (SaaS) solution from a global provider this imposes risks for different types of lock-in effects. In turn, use of such solutions by PSOs may prevent full control of digital assets that need to be created, processed, maintained, and archived for use and reuse over long life-cycles. This paper addresses perceived and actual lock-in effects related to use of SaaS solutions in the public sector. We review perceptions of lock-in amongst government agencies and investigate how 46 PSOs have addressed challenges related to obtaining licences and an effective exit plan related to use of the Microsoft Office 365 SaaS solution. Through a review of responses to a survey conducted by the Swedish Government Offices we find significant misconceptions concerning lock-in effects. We find that every one of the 46 PSOs investigated neither obtained necessary licences nor established an effective exit strategy to allow the PSO to independently access, process and maintain digital assets processed by the SaaS solution after decommissioning. We present recommendations for any PSO considering use of a SaaS solution.
|
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| 80. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainable digitalisation through different dimensions of openness : how can lock-in, interoperability, and long-term maintenance of IT systems be addressed?
- 2018
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Ingår i: OpenSym '18. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450359368 ; , s. 3:1-3:10
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lock-in, interoperability, and long-term maintenance are three fundamental challenges that need to be addressed by any organisation involved in development, use and procurement of IT systems. This paper clarifies fundamental concepts and key dimensions of openness and provides examples of work-practices and recommendations for achieving sustainable digitalisation through addressing the fundamental challenges. Specifically, there are three main contributions. First, the concepts open standard, open source software, and open content are clarified and elaborated. Second, the associated three dimensions standard, software, and content are elaborated through examples of how different combinations along the dimensions can enable and inhibit sustainable digitalisation when IT-systems are developed and procured. Third, work-practices used by public sector organisations in specific projects for development and procurement of IT-systems are elaborated with the view to discuss how the three fundamental challenges are being addressed and provide guidance for how organisations can achieve a sustainable digitalisation.
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| 81. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Sustainable Swedish e-Government Practice : Observations from unlocking digital assets
- 2011
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Ingår i: Electronic Government and Electronic Participation. - Linz : TRAUNER Verlag. - 9783854995159 ; , s. 203-211
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many public sector organisations have long-term maintenance requirements for their digital assets, and it is often the case that those assets outlive the tools that were used to generate them. In order to achieve a sustainable e-Governance practice it is therefore important to acknowledge potential risks related to lock-in and associated lack of interoperability. In this paper we report from a field-study aiming to analyse tool support for migration and long-term maintenance of documents in standardised XML-based document formats. Our investigation includes analysis of both Open Source and proprietary tools using a rich resource of public sector documents initially created in a proprietary document format. Our study reports on a range of problems associated with the use of different file formats and their implementation in tools. Specifically, we find that available tools do not satisfy the needs for migration from proprietary to open formats for editing that are long-term maintainable.
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| 82. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Use of Commercial SaaS Solutions in Swedish Public Sector Organisations under Unknown Contract Terms
- 2022
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Ingår i: Electronic Government. - Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland AG. - 9783031150869 - 9783031150852 ; , s. 73-92
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lawful and appropriate use of cloud-based globally provided Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solutions by a public sector organisation (PSO) for data processing and maintenance of digital assets presupposes an investigation of all relevant contract terms. Having obtained, analysed, and filed all relevant contract terms when using a SaaS solution is a prerequisite for good administration. Identifying and obtaining all relevant contract terms for a SaaS solution involves significant obstacles which in practice may be impossible to overcome for each PSO. This paper addresses how PSOs investigate contract terms prior to adoption, and why PSOs use a globally provided SaaS solution without having identified and obtained all relevant contract terms. Through a review of responses to questions and public documents from Swedish PSOs we analysed how each PSO had investigated contract terms and licences for the Microsoft 365 (M365) solution prior to adoption and use of the solution in each PSO. We find that no PSO had investigated all relevant contract terms prior to use of M365, which implies that each PSO uses M365 under unknown contract terms. Further, we find that all PSOs use M365 for data processing of its digital assets under unknown contract terms and that each PSO has significant dependence and trust in its supplier.
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| 83. |
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| 84. |
- Narayanan, Ajit, et al.
(författare)
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Single Layer Artificial Neural Networks for Gene Expression Analysis
- 2004
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Ingår i: Neurocomputing. - : Elsevier. - 0925-2312 .- 1872-8286. ; 61, s. 217-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gene expression datasets are being produced in increasing quantities and made available on the web. Several thousands of genes are usually measured for their mRNA expression levels per sample using Affymetrix gene chips and Stanford microarrays, for instance. Such datasets are normally separated into distinct, objectively measured classes, typically disease states or other objectively measured phenotypes. A major problem for current gene expression analysis is, given the disparity between the number of genes measured (typically, thousands) and number of individuals sampled (typically, dozens), how to identify the handful of genes which, individually or in combination, help classify individuals. Previous approaches when faced with the dimensionality of the problem have tended to use unsupervised or supervised techniques that result in smaller clusters of genes, but clusters by themselves do not yield classification rules. This is especially the case with temporal microarray data, which represents the activity of genes within a cell, tissue or organism over time. The expression levels of some genes at a particular time-point can be controlled by the expression levels of other genes at a previous time-point. It is the extraction of these temporal connections within the data that is of great interest to biomolecular scientists and researchers within the pharmaceutical industry. If these so-called gene networks can be found that explain disease inception and progression, drugs can be designed to target specific genes so that the disease either does not progress or is even eradicated from an individual. In this paper we describe novel experiments using single-layer artificial neural networks for modelling both non-temporal (classificatory) and temporal microarray data.
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| 85. |
- Olson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Addressing Democratic and Didactic Implications of Different Technological Offerings in Compulsory School Teaching Practices
- 2014
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Ingår i: Next Generation Learning Conference. - Falun : Högskolan Dalarna. - 9789185941582 ; , s. 52-62
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper draws from a multidisciplinary research study that aims to identify and analyse democratic and didactic implications of different technological offerings in compulsory school teaching practices. The research study also aims to develop strategies to promote learning through open knowledge processes in Swedish educational contexts. The overarching goal of our research is to contribute to systematic and in-depth knowledge of specific, education-related challenges in one of today’s most important ongoing changes in schools, the implementation of IT. In this paper we report on the current state of practice concerning the use of technological offerings in school and its democratic and didactic implications to the aim of elaborating on pedagogical and technological challenges in the context of compulsory school.
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| 86. |
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Open Source Systems: Integrating Communities : 12th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference, OSS 2016, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 30 - June 2, 2016, Proceedings
- 2016
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference on Open Source Systems, OSS 2016, held in Gothenburg, Sweden, in May/June 2016. The 13 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics related to free, libre, and open source software, including: organizational aspects of communities; organizational adoption; participation of women; software maintenance and evolution; open standards and open data; collaboration; hybrid communities; code reviews; and certification.
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| 87. |
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Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Open Collaboration
- 2019
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are very pleased to host the premier conference on open collaboration research and practice at the University of Skövde, Sweden and thereby promote stimulating discussions and dissemination of results in many areas of open collaboration, including open source, open data, open science, open education, wikis and related social media, Wikipedia, and IT-driven open innovation research.
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| 88. |
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| 89. |
- Robles, Gregorio, et al.
(författare)
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Development effort estimation in free/open source software from activity in version control systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer Nature Switzerland AG. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effort estimation models are a fundamental tool in software management, and used as a fore-cast for resources, constraints and costs associated to software development. For Free/OpenSource Software (FOSS) projects, effort estimation is especially complex: professionaldevelopers work alongside occasional, volunteer developers, so the overall effort (in person-months) becomes non-trivial to determine. The objective of this work it to develop a simpleeffort estimation model for FOSS projects, based on the historic data of developers’ effort.The model is fed with direct developer feedback to ensure its accuracy. After extractingthe personal development profiles of several thousands of developers from 6 large FOSSprojects, we asked them to fill in a questionnaire to determine if they should be consideredas full-time developers in the project that they work in. Their feedback was used to fine-tune the value of an effort threshold, above which developers can be considered as full-time.With the help of the over 1,000 questionnaires received, we were able to determine, for every project in our sample, the threshold of commits that separates full-time from non-full-time developers. We finally offer guidelines and a tool to apply our model to FOSS projects that use a version control system.
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| 90. |
- Robles, Gregorio, et al.
(författare)
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Setting Up Government 3.0 Solutions Based on Open Source Software : The Case of X-Road
- 2019
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Ingår i: Electronic Government. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030273248 - 9783030273255 ; , s. 69-81
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Government 3.0, which builds on openness and transparency, sharing, increased communication and collaboration, government reorganization through integration and interoperability, and use of new technologies, is an emerging concept in eGovernance. However, few systems that qualify as Government 3.0 have been described in detail so far. And there is a lack of research on how governments can put in place such systems. This study investigates and characterizes an innovative eGovernment project, based on Open Source Software (OSS), that could be considered as an example of a Government 3.0 project. Therefore, we report from a case study of X-Road, an originally Estonian eGovernment project for creating a data sharing infrastructure, which today is also used in other countries. We present the main characteristics of X-Road from the point of view of Government 3.0, how the X-Road project is organized, compare its organization to other OSS projects, identify who contributes to the project, and point out what challenges are perceived by their stakeholders. We conclude offering some reflections on how X-Road and other Government 3.0 projects can benefit from OSS.
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| 91. |
- Synnergren, Jane, et al.
(författare)
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A Data Integration Method for Exploring Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
- 2008
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Ingår i: Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Press. - 9781605582511 ; , s. 81-84
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systems biology aims to understand the behavior of and interaction between various components of the living cell, such as genes, proteins, and metabolites. A large number of components are involved in these complex systems and the diversity of relationships between the components can be overwhelming, and there is therefore a need for analysis methods incorporating data integration. We here present a method for exploring gene regulatory mechanisms which integrates various types of data to assist the identification of important components in gene regulation mechanisms. By first analyzing gene expression data, a set of differentially expressed genes is selected. These genes are then further investigated by combining various types of biological information, such as clustering results, promoter sequences, binding sites, transcription factors and other previously published information regarding the selected genes. Inspired by Information Fusion research, we also mapped functions of the proposed method to the well-known OODA-model to facilitate application of this data integration method in other research communities. We have successfully applied the method to genes identified as differentially expressed in human embryonic stem cells at different stages of differentiation towards cardiac cells. We identified 15 novel motifs that may represent important binding sites in the cardiac cell linage.
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| 92. |
- Synnergren, Jane, et al.
(författare)
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Classification of information fusion methods in systems biology
- 2009
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Ingår i: In Silico Biology. - : IOS Press. - 1386-6338. ; 9:3, s. 65-76
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological systems are extremely complex and often involve thousands of interacting components. Despite all efforts, many complex biological systems are still poorly understood. However, over the past few years high-throughput technologies have generated large amounts of biological data, now requiring advanced bioinformatic algorithms for interpretation into valuable biological information. Due to these high-throughput technologies, the study of biological systems has evolved from focusing on single components (e.g. genes) to encompassing large sets of components (e.g. all genes in an entire genome), with the aim to elucidate their interdependences in various biological processes. In addition, there is also an increasing need for integrative analysis, where knowledge about the biological system is derived by data fusion, using heterogeneous data sets as input. We here review representative examples of bioinformatic methods for fusion-oriented interpretation of multiple heterogeneous biological data, and propose a classification into three categories of tasks that they address: data extraction, data integration and data fusion. The aim of this classification is to facilitate the exchange of methods between systems biology and other information fusion application areas.
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| 93. |
- Synnergren, Jane, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping of the JDL data fusion model to bioinformatics
- 2007
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Ingår i: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781424409914 - 9781424409907 ; , s. 1506-1511
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information fusion (IF) is a rapidly developing research area which concerns the study of methods to combine the analysis of different data sources in such a way that it increases our understanding of the system under study. The synergistic effects of using multiple data sources and repeatedly updating the model when new data is available, increases the reliability of the model and makes it better suited for e.g. decision support. However, information fusion is a challenging task and more research is needed on how to best integrate data of heterogeneous types and structures in a combined analysis. Initially, IF was mainly used in military contexts, but the algorithms developed are likely to be useful in many other domains. The JDL Data Fusion Model was developed to facilitate IF processes. Here, we investigate its applicability for bioinformatics problems in general and we present an example where it is applied in a study of stem cell differentiation.
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