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Sökning: WFRF:(Koch Christian 1958)

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51.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Computerized Information Standards Enabling Innovation in Public Procurement of Buildings
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783319077314 ; 8521:PART 1, s. 373-383
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Computerized and standardized information enables innovation in processes, products and services. Where early research on the impact of standards tended to focus on barriers, more recent research advocates standardisation as enabler of innovation albeit in a stakeholder-oriented, flexible manner. This paper asks whether computerized information standards enable or constrain innovation in public procurement of buildings. In architectural and engineering design of public buildings handling of information involves interoperability problems that hamper innovation. Moreover the project based product development tends be done in constellations of firms in interorganisational contracting, which do not provide stability or room for innovation. A large hospital project was investigated through interviews, documents and observations. The effects of implementing building information standards are both inter- and intraorganisational. The building client claims to have saved money, through better structured building component data that gave considerable positive effects during tendering. The IT-suppliers develop IT-tools, preparing for new markets.
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52.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958 (författare)
  • Contested overruns and performance of offshore wind power plants
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Construction Management and Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-433X .- 0144-6193. ; 30:8, s. 609- 622
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Offshore wind power plants are expected to expand rapidly in the coming years. These large engineeringconstruction projects are important for climate change mitigation. The paper contributes to socio-technicalunderstanding of engineering construction. Cost, time, delays and performance results of selected Britishplants are investigated, with a focus on strategic misrepresentation. This megaproject concept is combinedwith a socio-technical content analysis of offshore wind farms and provides a technologically precise andcontemporary conceptualization in comparison with complex engineering and megaproject approaches.Based on publicly available data, budget and time overruns and underperformance are demonstrated. Budgetoverruns range from 0% to 65%; time overruns from 9% to 100%. Operational performance indicatorsreveal plants far below and just below estimations. These are all indications of strategic misrepresentation,but according to project players, the delays originate from weather, product technology, site features andprocesses. The findings thus indicate a latent controversy regarding reasons for overruns. A socio-technicalvariant of reference class forecasting (RCF) is developed to explore whether RCF could improve the estimates.Socio-technical RCF is developed for 10 plants that share foundation, national and geotechnical conditions.This provides an illustrative example of a proposed uplift for London Array. Such an RCF shouldbe orchestrated with more governance mechanisms in order to improve future investments in engineeringconstruction, including offshore plants.
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53.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Convenience renovation and non-transition- contractor SMEs operating in the detached housing market.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceedings 5th International Conference on Sustainability Transitions.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Single houses built in Sweden before 1980 are in need of renovation to meet the 2020 standards for energy performance as a large majority is still warmed with electricity, insufficiently insulated and exhibit poor energy efficiency. Such small scale renovations have traditionally been the market of small and medium sized contractors (SME’s) interacting directly with the house owners. The main purposes of this contribution are therefore to investigate how renovation of single family houses occurs when in interaction with craftsman SMEs and secondly to envisage activities in small craftsman organisations under transformation towards delivering sustainable buildings. A selective literature review of activities in SMEs facing sustainable housing transition is carried out. Case studies of small craftsman companies; including carpenters, electricians, and plumbers and their customer relations are ongoing. This paper presents a study of three craftsmen contractors and their interaction with potential customers, owners of single family houses. Through interviewing, participant observation, and shadowing the sales processes and negotiations are followed. Theoretically the study draws on Goffman´s concepts of performance, staging and encounters.The result shows that occasions for sustainable renovation are staged and “inter-acted” into convenience renovation, renovation of selected elements of the house and in support of aesthetic and or functional needs of the house owner. Main activities envisaged for transitional activities are strategizing, networking, exercising politics and doing marketing. Transition can for example be exercised from the network of the SMEs.
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54.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Creating State of the Art? A Passive House University Hospital North of the Polar Circle
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018. - 2352-2534. - 9783030006617 ; , s. 1065-1073
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The recent Norwegian passive house legislation has raised concerns as to whether the building industry was able to build cost-efficient buildings, without overspending tax payers’ money and having negative consequences for peripheral areas in particular in the very north part of the country. This paper aims at exploring and analyzing how these challenges created by the new legislation has been met during building of a new hospital block in Tromsø, the A-wing. Building on sustainable transition theory which identifies several recombinant dynamics, both public and private, we define the building of passive houses as a societal development encompassing dynamics like company development, personnel competences, as well as architectural, engineering and production methods. The empirical material draws on interviews, analysis of documents relative to the project and public media material. The case study revealed a mixture of recurrent, and specific cold climate challenges: some are directly related to passive house technologies, such as issues with the façade, others indirectly, such as Tromsø being a remote market for material and labour. The project encountered delays, shift in contracts and cost augmentations. Competences had to be developed and combined to achieve the standards of passive house building and the local workforce was complemented by adding workers from other regions and markets; the south and middle Norwegian, Nordic, Baltic and East European countries. Accordingly, the project was not isolated in the northern part of Norway and its challenges appeared to be rather organizational and managerial than technical.
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55.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Culture clash and cultural confirmation: Swedish – Chinese encounters on a Sustainable building scene
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Buser M., Lindahl G. & Räisänen C. (eds), Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenborg. - 9788750211259
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Studies on globalisation often focus on large multinational companies and their strategic options forexpansion. However, statistics show, that also small and mediumsized companies are increasingly ableto internationalise and do so. In a construction setting this is often related to participation or eveninitiation of building projects. In particular, Swedish building companies have a potential competitiveadvantage in the booming market for sustainable building, energy efficiency and energy renovation.This paper studies two cases of Chinese sustainable building projects in the Beijing region where asmall Swedish consultancy company participate. The main aim is to study how culture influence in twoselected energy efficiency building projects involving Swedish and Chinese partners?The frameworkof understanding draws primarily on culture theory, yet also more indirectly on small business,organization and management theories. The method is based on interview and project documents.Interviews is done with representatives from Swedish and Chinese companies collaborating in twoChinese projects. One project is creating new office premises for a Chinese client, the other is a greenhotel project. Both projects are designed, build according to EU green building norms and alsoeventually obtain this certificate. The projects are interrelated and can be seen as first a potential niche,second a (larger) market for the Swedish company in China.Cultural similarities and differencestranscend national distinctions and extend into company cultures related to the companies’ differentroles in the project. The pattern found is thus more of a multiple configuration of cultures than a dualculture clash. Nation, company and sector cultures interact and certain culturally based interpretationsserve to confirm existing understanding of sustainable building projects. It is discussed how smallcompanies are constrained by their cultural ballast, cultural capital. They continually base decisions onsituational judgment within frames posited by their cultures, limited resources and networkdependencies.
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56.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Doing Systems Development – A Pragmatist Take on the Learning of Engineers
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: IRIS Selected Papers of the Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia. - 2387-3353. ; 2014:5, s. 1-15
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Systems development of wind turbine control is competitive with respect to innovation, time and cost. So how can learning possibly occur under such circumstances? Dewey’s pragmatist approach to learning is adopted, emphasising reciprocity between the systems developer’s individual experience and the sociotechnical practice. The framework involves the concepts of sociotechnical practice, anchoring of indeterminate situation, and strip of doings towards determinate situation. An ethnographic study was made of four cases of systems development and learning do occur in the cases, enabled by converging anchoring of the indeterminate situation and the systems developers different experience. However, an extreme case reveals initiated learning processes and that the interchanges between materiality of the artefacts and systems developers block the learning processes due to a customer with imprecise demands and unclear system specifications. The specific contribution of the paper is the understanding of the individual systems developer’s learning, complemented with the possibility for collective learning and the mechanisms of blocked or derailed learning processes. The practical implications are that managers of systems development should ensure that constitutive means are present, and specifications, are sufficiently obdurate. Too ductile means, such as customers with unclear demands, can block or derail learning processes
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57.
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58.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Feral systems and enterprise resource planning systems: content and dynamics.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Feral Information Systems Development: Managerial Implications. - : IGI Global. ; , s. 68-89
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems continue, even in 2013, to be an important change agenda in business. With a long-term development spanning 15 years, ERP systems have changed profoundly and diversified into a number of businesses. Yet this chapter is initially addressing two major issues left aside in the Information Systems (IS) research on ERP: the technological content and the time dynamics. Using two different small reviews of journal articles from IS journals in 2004 and 2010, it is shown how IS research on ERP delivers strong insight into social processes and conditions around ERP, including forms of employee response to the mandated software routines, but largely disregards the content development of the ERP technology, delivering research where it appears to be enough to characterize the technology through the mere term “ERP”. This means that ERP research is disregarding the profound technology changes and their impact on the challenges for employees, when implementing and operating ERP. Actors within organizations are in fact attempting to cope with these profound technology changes and the business challenges associated with ERP implementations by finding ways to fit their practices into these large integrated systems, and one strategy is developing their own (feral) systems . This development could be due to a multitude of factors, including the level of managerial competence, a lack of contextual understanding of the functions of the existing ERP system and a mistrust of the system. We contend that context and the ideals of ERP systems are often providing rapid and profound changes that many find hard to cope with, and this could be due to a lack of understanding of the content (i.e. software functions, procedures and architecture) of the ERP system. In this chapter we contend that it could be this lack of understanding of the content of the ERP and employee work requirements that could lead to the development of feral information systems. The chapter concludes with a call for more training and education for all employees in the content of the ERP and a need to build more contextual research in the study of ERP.
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59.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958 (författare)
  • From crew to country? Local and national construction safety cultures in Denmark
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Construction Management and Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-433X .- 0144-6193. ; 31:6, s. 691-703
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Accidents in construction have evoked over time a range of prevention methods and efforts. This paper adds to the growing body of qualitative studies of safety culture, appreciating that also in construction, the cultural explanations are of crucial importance. It is suggested to use a combined theoretical and ethnographic framework involving the integration, differentiation, ambiguity and multiple configuration elements of safety cultures. The primary case analyzed is a carpenter’s crew of 28 men doing renovation work, who belong to a firm with 100 em-ployees. The analysis finds an overarching common integrative culture of pride of work, which overlaps with differentiation of four cultures: ”mastering”, ”framework and rules”, ”drawing board and plan” and ”ties that bind”. And finally, it finds ambiguous perceptions of possibilities for prevention and risk, which differ according to time, place and actor. Second juxtaposing the cultures found in four other ethnographic studies carried out in Denmark ena-bles reflection over possible grander cultures in play. Although these studies find 25 different safety cultures, a national pattern seems to be prevalent of a constellation of reactive and pro-active safety cultures.
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60.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Good enough quality: Multiple quality cultures in a Swedish region
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: ARCOM 2020 - Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 36th Annual Conference 2020 - Proceedings. ; , s. 465-474
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite decades of efforts, the construction sector is still haunted by defects and impaired quality. The Swedish investments in buildings and infrastructure is impressive and counted in billions of euros these years. Yet the investment costs have not achieved concrete improvements and the quality of the realized infrastructure and buildings is at least controversial. The actors involved are despite their efforts unable to deliver an excellent quality, but merely a quality on an acceptable level. This paper aims at analysing the context which produces such a low-quality drawing on the concept of organisational culture inspired by Alvesson 's adaption of Geertz 's work. Organizational culture is here described as bearing multiple forms and occurring in complex constellations. As in construction, the projects and their interorganisational features are important, we cautiously choose to think of quality culture within a single urban region, assuming that projects and companies operate in the same shared environment. Out of the literature we have selected four major aspects of quality culture: The concept of quality, the formal legal quality control system, the relation between production and quality and the guiding micronarrative. The empirical material consists of 27 interviews of professionals of the sector and projects documents analysis. The results show that these four aspects unify and separate characteristics of quality cultures. Quality is assigned different meanings creating several quality cultures. Moreover, the formal quality control system is unable to bridge the major decalage between project and headquarters producing instead alternative set of quality cultures. The constellations of quality cultures in construction are thus in internal contradiction and continual instability. The resulting antagonistic dynamics resembles that of an orchestra of dissonances.
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61.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Heavy-duty construction equipment: dinosaurs of black energy?
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 37th Annual ARCOM Conference, ARCOM 2021. - Leeds : Association of Researchers in Construction Management (ARCOM). - 9780995546356 ; , s. 694-703
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Construction equipment emissions in civil engineering are a major sustainability issue. However, the industry continues investing in diesel (and/or biodiesel) machines - which, even if compliant with EU regulations, are far from “clean”. Cleaner technologies in construction equipment, like electrical engines, are considered more expensive investments; moreover, they are dependent on the available power supply while operating in confined areas. So, transitioning these machines sustainably involves changing technologies, business models, and public regulation. In Scandinavia, heavy-duty engines (over 25 tons) have only recently become (limitedly) available. Therefore, the current paper analyzes enablers and barriers for a sustainable transition of civil engineering construction equipment to onsite electrical machines in Scandinavia. The sustainable transition theory, combined with sustainable business models, serves as the framework of understanding. Empirically, a desk study of governance and regulation is combined with material from four fossil-free test building sites in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. The results highlight the importance of a public-private business model, where public client-driven transition is subsidy-supported (e.g., making electrical equipment available through concession, and encouraging small innovative machine manufacturers to develop electrical equipment), while waiting for international construction equipment players to become transition-ready. Recommendations for the transition thus include strengthening public-private collaboration.
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62.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Information standards - A hinder or an enabler for innovation?
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Proceeding of the 34th Annual ARCOM Conference, ARCOM 2018. - 9780995546325 ; , s. 27-36
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • © Proceeding of the 34th Annual ARCOM Conference, ARCOM 2018. The potential of cost reduction by efficient digital communication in building processes in Sweden has been investigated to be 15-25% of the building sum. An important part of this potential is by using building information standards, such as Omniclass and IFC. This research has aimed at evaluating the use of building information standards and its impact on innovation. Standards are understood as classification of information and rules for building processes. Selected literature help reveal the multiple character of relevant standardization in building and the effects on innovation. Ten types of effect are identified. Three national longitudinal case studies of hospital projects in Scandinavia were carried out. Many barriers for innovation when using standards were found. The regional public authorities can decide to adopt standards locally and in two out of three cases they did not. For the companies this is a business consideration: In the Norwegian case, the proactive adoption of the architect, meant benefits for the client and contractor. However, other actors did not follow. In the Swedish case, BIM coordination was hampered by incompatible design systems. In the Danish case, the client demanded use of Cuneco Classification System, a Danish information standard, but the classification was done in a reactive manner at a late stage. The Danish and the Norwegian case were innovative, but the Swedish less so. Nine out of ten types of effects were found in the cases. Standard-enabled innovations were mixed with other innovations. The two most remarkable were the Danish reverse innovation, and the Norwegian shift of structural concept. The information standards and BIM are closely intertwined in practice. A common database of coded objects in the Danish case is a strong innovation enabled by standards. The use of TFM, in the Norwegian architect project and its subsequent use in site BIM is remarkable.
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63.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Information Standards Enabling or Constraining Innovative Hospital Facilities? -A Scandinavian Case
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 194, s. 347-361
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The losses from suboptimal interoperability in IT supported design, production, and operation of health care facilities are tantamount. In these years new built of hospitals in Scandinavia could be realized in a more efficient and innovative way if using information standards. This paper inquires into whether computerized information standards enable or constrain innovation in public procurement of buildings. In architectural and engineering design of public buildings the project based product development tends be done in constellations of firms in interorganisational contracting, which do not provide stability or room for innovation. A large hospital project was investigated through interviews, documents and observations. The effects of implementing building information standards are both inter- and intraorganisational. The building client claims to have saved money, through better structured building component data that gave considerable positive effects during tendering. The IT-suppliers develop IT-tools, and the AEC companies can commence develop services preparing for new markets.
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64.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958-, et al. (författare)
  • Institutional forces in reporting practice – effects of sustainability and the EU-taxonomy on the Swedish Real Estate Market
  • 2022
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper explores institutional forces in sustainability reporting (SR) practice, adopting an institutional field approach to an emerging field of sustainable real estate reporting of sustainable investments through the EU taxonomy, over-layering the mature exchange field of the real estate business. We study 29 listed real estate companies in Sweden and their process towards the first taxonomy reporting spring 2022. Three companies are obliged to report their future coverage of the legislation, while 14 report voluntary and 3 choose to report their degree of sustainability, thus showing clear elements of an emerging institutional field, and its active dynamics even where law is not obligatory. Similarly, the companies’ status of sustainability was evaluated from 2022 and previous years’ annual reports, shows that 16 appear to follow each other closely, 9 companies attempt to take a leading position while only 2 appear to attempt to downplay sustainability. Annual reports tend to have a character of mechanical compliance where new insight produced by taxonomy reporting is merely juxtaposed to other reporting standards, such as Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Only one company appear to attempt to establish crosscutting learning from the many sources of evaluation the different standards and legislation represent. Moreover, legislation is likely to have limited effect as the real estate companies are only limited dependent of Bank loans, having a series of other financial means at their disposal. Many companies also had their strongest financial year in 2021 and the timing of the arrival of a financial control instrument is less opportune. 
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65.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • ”Integrated Design Process” a concept for Green Energy Engineering
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 5:3, s. 292-298
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Consulting Engineers and Architects are currently experimenting with the concept of “Integrated Design Process” (IDP). This paper views Integrated Design Process as a process tool and a concept for management and organization of the green energy engineering process. Moreover such a concept is understood both as systematic knowledge and a symbolic device for enabling change. The paper briefly review international variants, and focus on two variants present in Den-mark: an architect and engineering variant of IDP. The differences between the concepts include different roles for main actors, the use of information technology, the relation to lean, and forms of collaboration. The paper discusses two building projects focusing on teams of engineers and architects in the early conceptual phase. One develops a solution focused on energy saving technologies, the other on energy producing. It is argued that in this practical context, IDP is viewed as ambiguous and not well defined, and the architects and engineer work hard understanding and using the con-cepts even when directly involved. It is difficult to reach consensus on how to do it. The various players agree that an increased interdisciplinary interaction in the design team is necessary in order to comply with the increased complexity of green energy building design. IDP shows potential as a driver for green energy engineering and technologies, as tra-ditional roles and responsibilities in the design process is changed, and sustainable solutions for green buildings can reach a higher standard and quality and are integrated earlier in the design process.
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66.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958 (författare)
  • Leap forward or Snail Speed? Examining Radical Sustainable Innovation
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceedings World Sustainable Built Environment Conference 2017 Hong Kong (WSBE17).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sustainable building appear to progress rapidly these years. The new technological possibilities could be interpreted as radical, but the objective of this paper is to critically examine, whether some parts of sustainable building technology can be understood as radical or whether we rather witness a continued slow and emergent development. The framework of understanding includes concepts of radical innovation, inventions and sustainability. Radical sustainable innovation (RSI) should break away from the customary and be characterized by high degrees of newness in the entire life cycle. RSI should offer significant enhancements of known benefits, entirely new benefits, or substantial cost reductions, leading to the transformation of existing markets, the creation of entirely new possibilities for sustainable balanced growth and RSI should contribute to a sustainable globe. Serious limitations are addressed. For example buildings are large complex products realised through complex processes and with a considerable lifecycle. It appears impossible that an entire building should/could be radically new. the certification standards represent a possible low denominator for measuring radicality, as criteria for newness related to inventions are found not to be instrumental. Methodologically a selection of international cases of office buildings with very high scores of BREEAM, LEED and DGNB are examined. “Protected economy” cases are sorted away in line with the developed criteria for radical innovation. The result shows that a portfolio of office buildings have reached substantially higher level of sustainability than contemporary building regulations (such as those in EU). There is indeed a gap between a few, substantially more sustainable buildings and the majority of buildings, indicating some radicality, yet not identified as radical innovation here.
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67.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Learning from demonstration? Developing construction for sustainability
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Open Construction and Building Technology Journal. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1874-8368. ; 8:1, s. 9-17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Demonstration projects are often used in the building sector to provide a basis for using new processes and/or products. The climate change agenda implies that construction is not only required to deliver value for the customer, cost reductions and efficiency but also sustainable buildings. This paper reports on an early demonstration project, the building of a passive house dormitory in the Central Region of Denmark in 2006-2009. The project was supposed to deliver value, lean design, prefabrication, quality in sustainability, certification according to German standards for passive houses, and micro combined heat and power using hydrogen. Using sociological and business economic theories of innovation, the paper discusses how early movers of innovation tend to obtain only partial success when demonstrating their products and often feel obstructed by minor details. The empirical work encompasses both an evaluation of the design and construction process as well as a post-occupancy evaluation. Process experiences include the use of a multidisciplinary competence group and performance measurement. The commencement of the project was enthusiastic, but it was forced into more traditional forms of control, driven by such challenges as complying with cost goals, the need to choose a German prefab supplier, and local contractors. Energy calculations, indoor climate, issues related to square meter requirements, and the hydrogen element became problematic. The aim to obtain passive house certification prevailed over realizing a good indoor climate, which included sufficient heating. Project management must be able to handle quantitative complexity where simple issues add up to major challenges. © Koch and Bertelsen; Licensee Bentham Open.
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68.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Learning how to grow – Management Competences in play at an International Acquisition by a Medium-Sized, Swedish Engineering Company
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Buser M., Lindahl G. & Räisänen C. (eds), Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization. Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg. - 9788750211259
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It has become increasingly important for also medium-sized building companies to internationalise.Many of these companies are not ready for that development and top level management need to learnhow to carry out steps of internationalisation. The aim of this paper is to create a competency modelfor top management teams of medium-sized, building companies and then second investigate a case ofa Swedish Engineering company, 3000 staff, doing an expansion to Norway. The analysis leads to afurther developed competency model for top management. The framework of understanding consistsof an overarching category, competency, and four further; leadership and teamwork, uncertainty, riskand resistance, international expansion, and cultural issues.Then empirical material, enables insightsand arguments that supports and/or contradicts the theoretical data for each of the identifiedcompetences. Three additional competencesis derived from the case study, leading to a total of tencompetences: learning during change, strategic leadership, dealing with risk and contingencies,embrace and redirect resistance, synergy orientation, managing local responsiveness, culturalmindsetappointing qualified personnel, efficient communication and business mindset.Missingcompetenceswere acquired through external consultants or recruitment. To achieve the desiredsynergies,management uses detailed checklists and processes, and place a person with a very stronginternal network as responsible for the integration project. Additionally, the findings indicate somemanagement focus on organizational culture.Managementassumed that through learning and adaptingto the organisational cultures, one automatically takes the national culture into account.
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69.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Learning in sociomaterial practices -a case of embedded systems development
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Proceedings 39th IRIS.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Embedded systems are an important element of internet of things. Embedded systemsdevelopment and learning are inseparable. Hence, this paper presents a study of wind turbine control systemsand the developers’ learning and hope to contribute to the understanding of embedded systems developmentand practice based learning. Our approach focuses on the sociomaterial practices including the interactionbetween constitutive means and the developers’ individual experience; central matters in this frameworkinvolve the concepts of anchoring of indeterminate situation and strip of doings towards determinatesituation. The case of embedded systems development addresses hardware, software, their integration and thedesign and production of the physical product. Learning does occur, enabled by converging anchoring of theindeterminate situation and the systems developers’ different experience. The case shows the embeddedsystems developers’ concerns over intellectual property, which limits learning. The contribution is theunderstanding of the individual systems developer’s learning and the mechanisms of enablers and obstaclesin the learning processes.
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70.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Let the grunts do it! - studying the embedding of a multidisciplinary master education in an educational institution
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: 2nd International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd), Valencia, SPAIN, JUN 21-23, 2016. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; 228, s. 257-264
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite much attention interdisciplinary educations still struggle to make full foothold in higher education. This paper study how an interdisciplinary master education can become embedded in education institutions. Educational research and institutional theory is used to conceptualise the interdisciplinary aspect and institutional change work. The case, Innokick, is a new education introduced in Switzerland. The education recruit engineers, business economists, and design bachelors. Cross disciplinary collaboration is central in the education as is close encounter with external enterprises and organisations that provide tasks for the students. The students develop prototypes of applications, products, a business model and business plan. The research fieldwork encompassed interviews, study of documentation and participants' observation. The study show how relatively low rank employees, the grunts, is left with realizing a strategy of making cross disciplinary, cross institutional and research based education. In an entrepreneurial spirit the first semester showed how a strong culture developed yet many aspect under construction. Challenges include tightening the interdisciplinary teachers' team, overcoming mono-disciplinary cultures at the involved education institutions, strengthening research and future employment for the students of the master. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open acess article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
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71.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958 (författare)
  • Let’s see the bones – Interoperability and Information Instructure at display
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Workshop on Innovation in Information Infrastructures (III 2012).October 9-11, 2012, Edinburgh. ; , s. 9-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Classification of building information is viewed as a key enabler for interoperability and a common information infrastructure in construction.This paper develops a conceptual frame understanding information infrastructure as a community and carrying out a longitudinal case study of a particular sociomaterial community. The method is composite and involves two intensive longitudinal studies and an orchestrated set of data collection.The theoretical frame developed proposes to extend the sociomaterial approach into a heterogeneous sociomaterial community approach contextualized in construction in Denmark. This community carries out three attempts to establish standards for interoperability, in the form of classification of a building information model. The first two attempts fail exhibiting a series of socio material breakdowns and conflicts. The technical approaches to classification organize/ are organized by social players and also involve positioning an industry association, “Building, Information technology, Productivity and Collaboration”, BIPS, in a central role. This institutionalization process also involves a stabilization of small core group with traits similar to elite.
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72.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958 (författare)
  • Machine Learning for Engineering Processes
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1356 .- 1865-1348. ; 354, s. 325-336
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Buildings are realized through engineering processes in projects, that however tend to result in cost and/or time overrun. Therefore, a need is highlighted by the industry and the literature, to develop predictive models, that can aid in decision-making and guidance, especially in a preparation effort before production is initiated. This study aims at investigating what are possible applications of machine learning in building engineering projects and how they impact on their performance? First, a literature review about machine learning (ML) is done. The first case is drawing on a productivity survey of building projects in Sweden (n = 580). The most influential factors behind project performance are identified, to predict performance. Features that are strongly correlated with four performance indicators are identified: cost variance, time variance and client- and contractor satisfaction and a regression analysis is done. Human related factors predict success best, such as the client role, the architect performance and collaboration. But external factors and technical aspects of a building are also important. The second case combines constructability and risk analysis on a basis on civil engineering project from several different countries and with very different character; a town square, a biogas plant, road bridges and sub projects from an airport. The data encompasses 30 projects. The development build on literature study, expert interview, unsupervised and supervised learning. The strength lies more in the conceptual work of risk sources enabled by ML. Human reasoning is needed in building projects. Also after the introduction of ML.
  •  
73.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Making an engine: performativities of building information standards
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Building Research and Information. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-4321 .- 0961-3218. ; 45:6, s. 596-609
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Digitization of buildings requires the systematic handling of a variety and volumes of data. It is a common vision to aim for coordinated homogenization of data structures, enabled by the classification of information. This paper studies the role of building information standards for classification in digitization of the building life cycle. It draws on science and technology studies of information technology standards, big data and building information modelling (BIM) in building research. The approach is based on performativity of standards for information systems, viewing performativity as potentially non-linear and multiple. The five-year design process of a large hospital in Denmark is examined as episodes of performance of the building information standard, particularly one recent standard, the Cuneco Classification System (CCS). The study shows that despite client demands, several building information standards are active over time: an expansive' design brief process adds user demands and uses room classification. Another process diminishes the design brief more than 50%, with several standards in use. The client's facilities management system, which performs the structuring of data backwards' into the design process, makes architects and engineers (but not contractors) use CCS. This fragmentation of performing standards is denoted multiple performativities' and includes temporal and compartmental performativity.
  •  
74.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Mechatronics business challenges
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Proceedings 23rd European Operations Management conference EUROMA 2016.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mechatronics businesses has blossomed for some time, yet still exhibit potential for further growth and development. The objective here is to explore which challenges mechatronics businesses faces. The theory draws on operations strategy, mechatronics and business development. It includes performance indicators of mechatronics business development. Five firms in Switzerland, were investigated. They operate within manufacturing machines and automation. High value innovation are crucial for competitiveness. The important performance indicators found included precision, speed, productivity, flexibility reliability, speedy calibration and production costs. Two companies needed diversification and three independency of clients. We found close interconnectedness between mechatronic technical and business issues.
  •  
75.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Mechatronics: From systems combination to business integration
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings Management of the technology age. Portland International Conference in Management, Engineering of Technology (PICMET 2015). Portland, OR, AUG 02-06, 2015. - 2159-5100. - 9781890843328 ; 2015-September, s. 1576-1584
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The mechatronics approach has been around fordecades, but many companies still struggle realising the businesspotential inherent in successful combination, or even integrationof enabling technologies in systems for mechanical, computing,metrology, and control topics. And the challenges are not onlylinked to combining systems, but also to realise them as productsand create business value doing it.This paper takes an investigative stance and study a systemsand product development process, asking what enablers andbarriers it encompasses for realising an integrated mechatronicsbusiness, drawing on business model and mechatronictheoretical approaches.The case is development of wind turbines and their controlsystems. The SME, with long term experience of control systemsfor one turbine manufacturer, was approached by another withrather different ideas for the combined product, the windturbine. Through an ethnographic study the collaborationprocess in the multinational project organisation was followed.The study shows how several types of engineering, sales,managerial and manufacturing concerns are woven together,but also disrupted over time. The transformation of a salesoriented (product) specification into technical specificationproves problematic, issues of protection of company criticalcompetences occurs, as well as technical and businessintegration issues on mechatronics engineering.
  •  
76.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Missed opportunities: two case studies of digitalization of FM in hospitals
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Facilities. - 0263-2772. ; 37:7-8, s. 381-394
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: Digital practices of facility management (FM) are undergoing transformation. Several Nordic countries have ambitious hospital-building projects, driven by large public clients with long-term experience of operating complex building campuses. There is thus an opportunity for creating state-of-the-art digital FM. This paper aims to investigate the role of digital FM in new hospital projects in Scandinavia. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a literature review, a framework of understanding of digital FM in hospital operation is established. Two longitudinal cases are presented and analysed, one for a Greenfield hospital and the other for an extension of an existing hospital. Findings: The literature highlights the importance of integration between technical digitalization, competences, organization and management of digital FM. The projects are in different phases and represent quite advanced preparations for digital FM. State-of-the-art computer-aided FM systems are prepared before operation. External consultants are involved, posing a dilemma of in-house/outsourced human resources in the future digital FM operation. Research limitations/implications: Two case studies provide insights, but they have limited generalizability. Practical implications: The study underscores the importance of preparation of management, organization and competences for digitalization. Originality/value: Documented research on building information modelling (BIM) integrations in FM is still scarce. This article adds to the few empirical studies in the area. The findings illustrate that real estate administrators investing in FM software for new hospital buildings face challenges of aligning BIM models from design and construction to the FM system.
  •  
77.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Mixing Hot and Cold: Fiery Soul Architects Creating Sustainable Buildings in the Arctic
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018, Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030006624 ; , s. 1075-1083
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A small Swedish architectural firm performs a strategy to internationalize in Sweden, Denmark and Norway, even into the most northern parts, Lofoten and Svalbard. These countries and areas exhibit similarities and differences, providing opportunity and barriers for architectural businesses to expand. Three strands of literature are used, business of architectural firm, internationalization, and strategy. The empirical material from the Swedish architectural firm, is gathered through semi-structured interviews and desktop research. The findings indicate that, when the firm executes its business outside local boundaries, three dimensions of strategy must be performed: (1) firm’s services are required by international clients. (2) Opportunity has to be provided and firm must response with flexibility. (3) The service, finally, is executed through an international project where synergy and customization are performed. The strategizing should inseparably relate to the multifaceted situation.
  •  
78.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Multiple dynamics of sustainable housing concepts in Denmark – on the role of passive houses
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: International Conference on Sustainable Transitions, IST 2012, Track E Theory Development and Critical Perspectives. ; :Volume E, s. 283-307
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The multilevel perspective of Geels (2005, 2011) outlines a number of dynamics of transition, yet after establishing pluralism what really remains from the analysis is a two sided competition between an existing regime and an upcoming technological niche.Critically using Geels’ conceptualization of a world of dynamics, the paper reviews institutional theory and actor network approaches to transition in an attempt to better account for contemporary developments, encompassing EU and governmental reforms and their role in transition in the building sector as well as multiple competing concepts. Referring to multiparadigmatic approaches (Goia & Pitre 1990) we argue that the combination of institutionalist and actor network theory can bring a fruitful understanding of this process. We use institutional theory to address emerging multiple competing institutions (Thornton et al 2012), and actor network to understand the heterogenous actor dynamics (Latour 2005, Pipan &Czarniawska 2010). The emergence of ‘passive houses’ in Denmark is used as a case of transition dynamics. The concept was developed in Germany and imported into Denmark. In Geels’ vocabulary it constitutes a technological niche, encompassing technologies, players, improvisation and early customers. Passive houses as future institutions have entered into fierce competition with other future institutions such as LEED, DGNB/green building council and active houses. Passive Houses was at the outset a well-developed upcoming institution with its own design principles, - software, certification and numerous material realizations, e.g. reference buildings, strong enough to be a challenger institution. Passive houses are promoted by a characteristic alliance of architects, consulting engineers, a few clients, and an architect school, whereas the other concepts exhibit their specific actor alliances. Yet passive houses experience barriers such as the reputation of being expensive and non-user friendly and are currently surpassed by the other concepts.
  •  
79.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Operations Strategy Development in Project-based Production –A Political Process Perspective
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. - 1741-038X. ; 26:4, s. 501-514
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how operations strategy (OS) innovation occurs ina project-centred production and organisation.Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal case study encompassing the processes at theheadquarters of the company and in two projects using lean.Findings – The operation strategy development commences at a middle level in the organisation, isunderpinned and embedded in production projects and only after several years becomes embedded inthe corporate operation strategy. Projects use lean principles in a differentiated manner.Research limitations/implications – A qualitative case study provides insight into only a singleoccasion of change in OS. More case studies would probably reveal several paths of OS development.OS development need to be handled as emergent, political and with contributions from severalmanagers and management levels, bridging the vertical divides between projects and headquarter.Practical implications – A conscious and systematic vertical integration and interaction is crucial inproject-based companies doing operation strategy development, something critically difficult atbuilding contractors.Originality/value – The present study contributes to the small body of studies of OS developmentprocesses, by providing insight in how project-based companies renew their operation strategy.
  •  
80.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Operations Strategy for Maintaining Competitiveness in a European Automotive Company
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 24th International Association for Management of Technology Conference: Technology, Innovation and Management for Sustainable Growth, IAMOT 2015, The Westin Cape Town, South Africa, 8-11 June 2015. - 9781775921110 ; , s. 2522-2532
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The automotive industry is mostly known for its large concentration on a few global players. However the industry also encompasses a series of small and medium-sized enterprises, either as suppliers or as value adders, focused on smaller submarkets. This paper focuses on the specific situation in the automotive industry of a medium-sized manufacturer of tankers for trucks in the road transport industry. The company delivers design, manufacturing and service of high quality products to its customers within an engineer-to-order and manufacture-to-order market. The company faces a range of conflicting demands. The company operates in Northern Europe and benefits from proximity to its customers, yet experiences pressure from low cost, volume manufacturer competitors. Its operations strategy focuses on improving efficiency while maintaining the high value adding element to meet the needs of its identified market. The paper provides a case analysis aimed at evaluating the company’s operation strategy, and more specifically its efforts to improve layout, and synchronizing material flows and bills of materials, where the use of kits, bundles of materials and location of stocks, are prominent aspects of production. An operations management theoretical framework is adopted including material handling and layout concepts. The contribution builds on interviews with key informants within the company as well as document analysis and the presence of one author within the company over a longer period. The paper evaluates the development of the company’s operations strategy. It describes the analysis made of internal logistics and the bills of material as well as the role of business strategy, market and fluctuations in personnel numbers, together with the operations strategy steps taken subsequently.
  •  
81.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Performance of retrofit with ICT of social housing - Proving technology optimists wrong?
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Proceeding of the 34th Annual ARCOM Conference, ARCOM 2018. ; , s. 667-676
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The costs of social housing retrofit are critical for social housing companies, for efforts to build sustainable cities, and for society. Compared to available resources, retrofits are deemed costly, and there is a need to improve productivity. One approach is to realise digital integration and (partial) automation processes, creating more performative digital practices. However what digitalisation should target and its scope is difficult to decide. Even standard concepts like Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) have many variants. To capture the performance gain of digitalisation requires measurement methods, while most methods are designed for new built and production, and does not appreciate the costs and values that characterize retrofit using digital practices. This paper aims at conceptualizing a method for understanding performance in digitalized retrofit of social housing. A review of approaches to productivity, efficiency and performance is done. Values produced are multidimensional and cannot be reduced to costs per m2. Performance is proposed conceptualized as values produced for clients, tenants and companies, and then compared to costs and effects of the digital practices. The context is two phases of a large Scandinavian retrofit project, followed by a longitudinal study using a mixed method approach. The social housing consists of 900 apartments in blocks and in row houses at 70.000 m2. The refurbishment encompasses new bath rooms, ventilation and parts of the building envelope. A gradual VDC implementation is carried out, avoiding an ambitious overall implementation. The performance is dependent of hybrid ICT and organizational practices, where the interaction with tenants is important. It is therefore a hybrid set of factors that lever performance, including intense coordination among contractors, continual communication, interaction with tenants and the craftsmen's learning during production. The impact of ICT is more indirect. Technology optimism or not, It is not technology alone that improves the performance.
  •  
82.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958 (författare)
  • Productivity measurement - the social construction of reduction through expansion
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Proceeding of the 34th Annual ARCOM Conference, ARCOM 2018. ; , s. 677-686
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A recent large-scale measurement of productivity in Swedish construction involved some 880 respondents and around 500 projects. It covers construction costs, lead time, use of manpower and management in the building of office buildings, public institutions, and civil engineering. Measurements were done through questionnaires and telephone interviews, aspects of productivity such as project start and end, project costs, use of manpower, major disturbances in the process. The results showed a remarkable variety of almost all parameters including cost levels per square-meter building and meters infrastructure (roads, bridges). The aim here is to critically scrutinize the construct of such an investigation. What kind of inclusions and exclusions of concepts and devices are made to stabilize the result? What kind of value does it represent for stakeholders? Drawing on Science Technology and Society concepts, such as qualculative practices and sociology of calculation, it is argued that the social construction of this investigation actually merely represents an everyday event in a society completely penetrated by auditing regimes. Building up the social network of the investigation, involves negotiation of relevance and rigor. Methodologically the scrutiny builds on self-reflection of the main author of the productivity investigation and interactions with researchers and key stakeholders. There is no more need to be modest about productivity measures, than many other big data bombardments of everyday life. Actually, most productivity measures are built on respondent's interpretation. This goes for national statistical bureaus, but it also goes for most productivity research. "Reduction" is and recurrent in the calculation process. It occurs when reducing the value of a building to square-meters, or the initiation and finalization of a building into two dates. "Expansion" is also in play following rules of large volumes of respondents, but performing in a surprising manner as it produces a representation of large variation in building projects.
  •  
83.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Project performance-an Emerging Constellation of Multiple Institutions
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Chan, P W and Neilson, C J (Eds) Proceeding of the 33rd Annual ARCOM Conference, 4-6 September 2017, Cambridge, UK, Association of Researchers in Construction Management.. - 9780995546318 ; , s. 522-531
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Project performance is often conceptualised as a few quantitative and disjointed parameters, like the classical time, cost and quality triangle, or the balanced scorecard's four fragmented dimensions. Rarely, is sociological theory mobilized to appreciate the complexity of a project's performance. However, a design-build project's performance can be conceptualized through the lens of institutional work and as a result, be understood as an emerging constellation of multiple institutions. To understand potential relationships between institutional processes and project performance, an ex-post study was conducted of two completed design-build projects. The ex-post study was based on interviews carried out with key participants from the two design-build projects. While each project developed multiple relationships between institutions over the course of the project, the projects were characterized by particular constellations of institutions which we denote 'settled domination' and 'conflict and competition'. Settled domination resulted in project performance that pre-dominantly satisfied the dominant institutions while project participants expected and more-or-less accepted that remaining institutions were compromised. Conflict and competition resulted in project performance characterized by a mix of compromised and uncompromised institutions. Overall, the two projects show that project performance is an emerging qualitative concept that gradually settles during the aftermath of the building phase.
  •  
84.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Projecting an Infrastructure - Shaping a community
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings EPOC 2013 Conference.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The classification of building information is often seen as a key enabler for interoperability and a common information infrastructure in the sector. This paper studies how a community develops an infrastructure using standards and classification. It takes issue with inclusion/exclusion of actors and analyzes relations between the technical and the social. The paper draws on a longitudinal case study of three attempts to create a classification and standards for interoperability of building information within a particular socio-material community – the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) community in Denmark. This involved examining the interdependencies between human and material elements in the two failed attempts – embodied in a series of socio-material ruptures and conflicts – along with the third, ongoing attempt of designing a standard for building information classification, property data, information levels and metrics. Our analysis shows the crucial role played by the technical approaches to classification in mobilising support and excluding social players in the endeavour to develop this information infrastructure. The contribution of this paper lies in extending our understanding of information infrastructure as a socio-material community.
  •  
85.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Proto institutions in Sustainable Buildings
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceedings International Conference on Sustainable Transition.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The building community is currently undergoing a transformation towards low carbon buildings; this process involves a range of dynamics: Social, cultural, political and regulatory. To analyse this process we use mainly institutional theory as approach to sustainable transition in an attempt to account for contemporary developments, encompassing multiple competing concepts and EU reforms. This theory enables us to address emerging institutions and proto-institutions of sustainable building.. In addition, we draw on political process theory To explain the agency dynamics involving coalitions, alliances in and around the proto-institutions. The development of sustainable building in Denmark from 2001-2014 is used as a case of a building community dynamics, based on data gathered from desk study and interviews. More than ten concepts of sustainable building are involved. A previous consensus oriented dominant institution broke down around 2002. The normative concepts such as passive houses that then have emerged constitute alliances encompassing technologies, practices, norms and actors. The normative upcoming proto institutions have experienced barriers such as the reputation of being expensive and non-user friendly. This has counterbalanced the emerging legitimacy that for example passive houses draw on through established design principles, design software, certification and a portfolio of realized houses in other countries. Others, such as “energy class 1” are gaining momentum as anticipatory normative institutions and future EU-regulation. A possible future configuration in sustainable building appears to involve multiple institutions and protoinstitutions.
  •  
86.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Realising “Near Zero Carbon” Building Regulation – Comparing Sustainable Housing Developments In Denmark And Sweden
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Ruddock, L, Van-Dijk, H and Houghton, CAM, (eds.) 2017, International Research Conference 2017: Shaping Tomorrow's Built Environment - conference proceedings, University of Salford, Salford, UK. - 9781912337040 ; , s. 139-150
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Over the last ten years standards for sustainable building have become increasingly tight. Central in this development is the EU, and subsequently national, regulation. From 2002 these have defined both prescriptive energy criteria and more performative regulation of “near zero carbon” sustainability to enable local and national innovation to flourish. The shifts in regulation regime are analysed, asking: Have the policy mixes and regime shifts given the intended impact on a transition toward zero carbon? Theoretically, institutional and political science concepts of public regulation are used, providing a review of regulation forms and their relation to innovation. Other paradigms of sustainable housing are viewed as competing institutions, using “anticipative institutionalisation” for the process where rules are installed before they are law. A comparative study between Sweden and Denmark of the responses to the call for near zero carbon regulation is done. The investigation shows that the zero carbon regulation exhibits differences between the countries both in their substantive elements and in the soft law initiatives. The anticipative institutionalisation before 2020 is compared to that of 2010 and 2015. Even if the results are not impressive, performative regulation can be said to better respond to the continual process of improving sustainability.
  •  
87.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958 (författare)
  • Reduction or Revaluing In Cost Constrained Design? Reverse innovation conceptualized
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Proceeding of the 33rd Annual Conference of Association of Researchers in Construction Management. - 9780995546318 ; , s. 186-195
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Where construction research and practice are ripe with examples of cost overrun, it rests predominantly with practical accounts when it comes to systematic reductions in functionality and other aspects of building design to avoid scope and cost creep. Research on such systematic reductions are rare. An emerging research literature on reverse innovation propose ways to understand such efforts. The rise of developing countries as emerging markets triggered a geographically oriented notion of reverse innovation denoting a product or service with limited functionality and a low price developed in a developing country, and later introduced in an advanced country. However, second generation conceptualizations include reverse innovation reducing cost and pricing, but also adding new values of the product or service addressing potential clients in a new way. As most reverse innovation examples communicated are simple consumer products, there is a potential in addressing more complex built products to commence conceptualizing processes and practices of reverse innovation in building, promising access to markets where high end complex build products otherwise cannot enter. The aim is to explore a possible conceptualization of reverse innovation of complex built products and gather insights of reverse innovation processes from praxis cases. The cases of reverse innovation exhibit different features and processes, Where the precedent reverse innovation literature tend to dismiss reduction strategies with departure at a high end product, this practice appear to be recurrent in construction. Once faced with a potential, estimated cost overrun some building designers would follow an ad hoc strategy of reduction in functionality until the cost target is reached. This can lead to a “cut evenly across functional areas – cut one functional area out” dilemma. But also to more proactive strategies, such as offshoring of design work, shift of suppliers, global sourcing, and international expansion. Implications for the building sector are presented.
  •  
88.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Scandinavian engineering consultants doing offshoring engineering – new forms of knowledge and service sourcing
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Conference Proceedings 22nd Nordic Academy of Management Conference. - 2298-3112.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Offshoring, a strategy of transferring activities across national borders, is becoming increasing attractive for engineering consulting firms operating in Europe. The consulting companies are knowledge based and continually struggle creating and maintaining knowledge intensive processes and organisations. They may experience lack of skilled personnel and or an increasing pressure on costs. Moreover countries like India offers highly qualified engineers at a relative low pay.The aim of this contribution is to investigate Scandinavian based consulting engineers’ experiences using offshoring. A host of possible organizational forms can be used to source knowledge globally. It can encompass a single project, but can be a profound collaboration and encompass a strategic transformation of the Scandinavian firm.Theoretically the paper builds on international business, knowledge intensive professional services and strategic management approaches. A literature study on offshoring in general and a compilation of studies of engineering offshoring shows that offshoring involve significant strategic choices beyond single project endeavours. The empirical method is combining desk research of the 30 largest consulting engineering companies in Denmark, Sweden and Norway with two case studies of a long term commitment and a project based. The firm strategies in using offshoring are differentiated; in house, outsource, offshore, and captive local investment. Even within the project frame, trust, communication and proper (soft) management are important and in the project studied the communication is hampered and extra resources used for basic knowledge accumulation, such as knowledge related to the building code used in Sweden. The company with long term commitment on the other hand have modified its overall strategy to incorporate a ever increasing element of offshoring in their business.The results thus show that a transactional approach to the collaboration is insufficient and that the offshoring firm can be seriously challenged in its strategy when trying to enable knowledge integration.
  •  
89.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Sitting between two chairs: Introducing social sustainability in three large Swedish contractor companies
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Association of Researchers in Construction Management Conference, ARCOM 2015, Lincoln, United Kingdom, 7-9 September 2015. - 9780955239090 ; , s. 397-406
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recently the largest Swedish contractors have advertised social sustainability as a new competence in their social housing portfolios. They have created organisational functions related to the concept and integrated it in their strategies. Their presentation includes terms such as: attractive, safe and fair areas; social responsibility; consultation and involvement of the residents; as well as new forms of partnership and financing. In doing so, these companies have stepped aside of their traditional contractors roles as providers of technical and environmental friendly new build and renovation. This development of the contractors' business towards societal issues brings new challenges. Based on one in-depth case study juxtaposed with two other cases we analyse how the in-depth case company has tried to introduce social sustainability in its organisation and why it has failed to do so. We show that the two others are far thinner in their claim of social sustainability. The case studies include interviews, workshops, grey publication and advertising material. We draw on the theoretical concepts of hybrid organisation, project based organisation, marketing and sustainable leadership approaches, in particular the concept of "ambivalent supplication" defined by Parkin as the moment when a company is willing to engage in a sustainable process but at the same time not quite ready to leave business as usual. The results underline the following issues: the competing strategic priorities, the complexity of implementing strategy across various business functions, the lack of recognition from the financial markets and the differing definitions of sustainability across cultures.
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90.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Small players - large challenges – energy plus renovation of public housing in small towns.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Buser M., Lindahl G. & Räisänen C. (eds), Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg. - 9788750211259
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Public housing is often built in large quantities and in concentrated areas. The original focus on costefficiency represents a challenge of creating sustainable buildings in contemporary society. Largeportfolios ofbuildingsneed renovation appreciating future demands of energy consumption andeconomic, environmental and importantly social sustainability. New energy producing renewabletechnologies represent an important opportunity to meet these challenges.However, apart from thedominant agenda of large companiesin suburbs ofthe larger cities in Europe and Swedish towns, a seriesof small public housing companies exists which have parallel challenges, but receive far less attentionfrom institutional players such as government authorities, researchers and policy makers.The aim of this contribution is to analyse challenges and opportunities of doingenergy plus renovationof small public housing companies in Sweden and to develop a possible roadmap for meeting thechallenges.The theoretical framework draw on organisation, management in construction, politicalscience and economics and energy renovation literature to conceptualise small organisationscharacteristics, and building processes of renovation.The empirical material has been done incollaboration with one company, literature study and interviews over a period of a year.The resultsshow that the limited resources of small public housing companies can be tackled by providing extramanpower in the purchasing process and further in the renovation process. And by purchasing,organising and using a network for knowledge, including energy producing and energy savingtechnologies. If the rental is to be kept stable, it requires a new financial model for the public housingcompany. The roadmap developed in the project for doing energy plus renovation is presented,involving all phases of purchasing, design, building and operation. It involves systematic participationof tenants. It is structured in seven main phases to support the roadmaps role as a tool.
  •  
91.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • SMEs De- or Re-Organising knowledge when outsourcing?
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: The Offshoring Challenge: Strategic Design and Innovation for Tomorrow’s Organization. - London : Springer London. ; , s. 141-153
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A growing number of Danish manufacturing companies feel compelled to offshore greater or smaller parts of their organisation. Drawing on organisational theory and, the concept of knowledge governance, this paper examines two SMEs in the textile and the furniture sector, highlighting the knowledge-management intersection. The two case studies show one SME reorganising its processes and integrating knowledge through a mainly captive knowledge governance set-up; the other deorganises, disintegrates and, to a certain extent, “compensates” with virtual organisational elements: exercising knowledge governance through IT systems as well as through the establishment of an offshored physical intermediary control element. Furthermore, both case companies work with so-called soft knowledge governance approaches, in one case through the introduction of CSR in the new captive setup, and in the other case through the specific selection of new suppliers and their capability/competence building over time. Organisation design approaches would focus on the initial diagnosis, choice and implementation of a “new” organisation. However, the organisations studied, experience emergent organisational design elements over time. Furthermore, they are involved in dynamically tackling the learning of the organisational players as well as the dynamics of their relationships with cooperating partners regarding maintaining and developing their innovation capability. To manage these challenges, both case companies choose to revisit the organisational design elements and reconfigure their organisational design set-up, indicating a need to reinstate the classic design components along with a more dynamic perspective.
  •  
92.
  •  
93.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • SORTING THINGS OUT? MACHINE LEARNING IN COMPLEX CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computing in Construction. ; , s. 65-74
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This research includes answers from 324 main contractor representatives and 256 clients for a survey in Sweden, 2014. The literature review covers project management success in construction projects. A statistical correlation method is used to select the features that are strongly correlated with three performance indicators: cost variance, time variance and client-and contractor satisfaction. A linear regression prediction model is presented. The conclusion is an identification of the most correlating factors to project performance, and that human related factors in the project life cycle have higher impact on project success than the external factors and technical aspects of buildings.
  •  
94.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Start up or no go? Governance of large public R&D programs
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: 12th European Conference on Management Leadership and Governance. - 2048-9021. - 9781911218197 ; , s. 140-147
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Large public-funded R&D programs contain a host of projects and potential for developing start-ups. Several governance models have been suggested for this. The paper draws on startup-, R&D -, program- and portfolio management literature. The aim is to study how start-ups and R&D programs can interact, and to discuss whether publically governed R&D centers are instrumental for start-ups. The development and operation of an R&D center are seen as an emergent combination of organizational politics and learning processes. The case is a four-year ex ante longitudinal study of a development program aiming at making information standards for building products and processes. The standards encompasses relations between product components, design, production and operation processes and more. The research program involved four start-ups. The R&D center was mandated by government to an industry association. The study encompasses around 50 interviews, 20 meeting observations, and extensive document analysis. Through interviews with the start-up companies, it is studied how the companies developed and contributed, and what kind of challenges and opportunities the program and the start-ups faced during the program’s journey.A series of challenges occurred; recruiting project leaders, coordinating projects, continual stakeholder management, renewing strategy and vision, and securing progression. Central parts of the program were a collaboration with the start-up consultancy companies. This proved an efficient governance frame, assuring progression, agility and mediation of stakeholders’ interests.The R&D center’s aim and tasks were close to a market-ready business concept usable by the start-ups. Also, a relatively simple project-contracting model proved fruitful for them. However, the relation between the R&D center and the start-ups was ambiguous, and the start-ups would have preferred to deliver more projects. Also some young professionals, contributing to the R&D and prone to become entrepreneurs, did not do so. For them this center was a “no go” for start-up.
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95.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Strategic Management Competences in Scandinavian Contractors
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference. Association of Researchers in Construction Management (ARCOM).. - 9780955239076 ; , s. 645-654
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Over the past ten years, a series of contractors operating in Denmark, Norway and Sweden have slowly but surely expanded their markets beyond their previous single-country base towards operating in Scandinavia as a whole, and beyond. This expansion has been accompanied by a restructuring of company organisations and associated processes of competency development in senior management. This paper asks the question: How well is top level management prepared to manage and lead these large companies? The paper adopts a multidisciplinary theoretical approach combining international business, strategic management and HR concepts and approaches. Methodologically, a sample of the top level leaders of the hundred largest business units at some thirty Scandinavian contractors has been analysed. The focus is on the 400 top level managers in these organisations. On the basis of a desk study, an analysis of 124 managers from 18 companies has been carried out, providing insight into the basic education and mixing of competences in the top-level boards. More specifically, the areas of operations strategy and IT have been reviewed. The results show that even if the board is mainly composed of engineering competencies, business, legal and HR competencies are also present. Both engineer-dominated and mixed management boards are heading companies which show growth in turnover. This runs counter to a widespread sector perception that management boards in the construction industry are mainly composed of engineers. However, it seems that the managers with business administration competencies are rarely those with responsibility for the central tasks of leadership and strategy. Moreover, very few companies prioritize operations strategy and IT. It is assumed that everybody knows about practical building projects, and therefore that operations strategy will develop naturally. The IT area is viewed as best placed at a lower level of organisation, counter to IT governance and management prescriptions.
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96.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Strategic Sourcing Development–Emerging Resource Combination and Knowledge Interaction
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: The IMP Journal. - 0809-7259. ; 7:1, s. 12-23
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper contributes to the understanding of strategic sourcing through resource combination, with focus on knowledge interactions. The IMP approach, and especially the resource combination framework, views knowledge interaction as embedded in business relationships. Knowledge is understood as having soft and hard aspects and involving both inter- and intra-organizational interactions, as well as emergent physical and organizational resource combinations, such as IT systems, aimed at enabling virtual organizing, and humans acting as boundary spanners.Two case studies of enterprise journeys are conducted. Especially the last five years both companies experience change in the resource combination, first the physical and then the organizational, adjusting the mechanisms to improve knowledge interaction and competence within their value chain and inter- and intra-organizational processes.One SME, re-organizes its processes and integrates knowledge through a specific resource and knowledge interaction setup and breaks out of the SME category; the other, medium sized, de-organizes into an SME and does some resource combination through virtual organizational elements, emphasizing virtual knowledge interaction through IT systems and through the concentration of offshored activities using physical, intermediary control elements. As resource combination and knowledge interaction becomes more complex, the companies shift from more loose relationships to tighter subsidiary types.
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97.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Sweet tooth, soothsaying or serious business? Forecasting the building activities in a town area
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Buser M., Lindahl G. & Räisänen C. (eds), Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg. - 9788750211259
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Urban developments are in many ways in a continual tension between fragmentation, dispersion andcontrolled plans and many actors, with vested political interests are contributing to these tendencies.The building industryare interested in, have an appetite for growth and/or at least maintaining theirshare of the upcoming building projects. The Gothenburg area, with some 1 million inhabitants, are noexception to the above characterization. Numerous plans and developments are flourishing, and in thedebate, actors state from 78 to 125 million euros in investments in infrastructure, new publicinstitutions, dwellings and housing etc.The aim of this paper is to generate a forecast for the needed manpower given the planned buildingactivities in the Gothenburg area. And to critically scrutinize the context, the method and the results.Thepaper’s conceptual framework build on approaches to forecasting urban, industrial and labour marketdevelopments. The paper describes these different approaches, with different scope andconceptualisation of the dynamics. We take issue with forecasts building on implicit linear prognosis,with their inbuilt modern ideology, and introduce concepts of fragmentation, dispersion and emergenceto better account such elements in our forecast.The material for the paper comes from a collaborationwith the local industry. Generating the forecast encompasses a host of methodological challenges.Triangulation of other previous investigations were used and these adopted different concepts andscope in time and geographical area. A critique of the value of the gathered material and our ownplatform will be carried out. Are even this forecast merely an expression of the local industry’s tastefor growth, which come to represent a candy for them?The result shows a very considerable need for new manpower over the next ten years. Using combinedforecasts the calculation reach estimates between 17 and 25,000 new employees per year. A largeuncertainty mirroring the shaky basis of the forecast. The contributiondiscuss mitigation strategieswhich include education, mobilizing refugees, and global sourcing. When taken as serious business thelocal community with all its players have work to do, if the region is to live up to demands of futurewelfare society.
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98.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Taking Engineering Services Offshore - The Scandinavian Experience
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Wu X, Shi Y, Du J and Guo B (Eds) “High Performance Manufacturing - Global Perspective”, Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Global Manufacturing and China, Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, UK.. - 9781902546186 ; , s. 155-159
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • “Offshoring” has become increasing attractive for European engineering consulting firms, either through the use of external resources (outsourcing) or by relocating internal activities (the captive arrangement of foreign direct investment). Consulting companies may experience lack of skilled personnel and or an increasing pressure on costs. Moreover countries like China and India provide highly qualified engineers at a relative low level of remuneration compared with their Western counterparts. The aim of this paper is to investigate the experiences of Scandinavian based consulting engineers concerning offshoring, which often begins with a single project, but early positive results and the production flexibility of many developing countries can quickly lead to a more profound collaboration and even to a strategic transformation of the Scandinavian firm. For its theoretical foundations the paper builds on international business and strategic management approaches. The empirical research uses desk research investigations of companies in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. An exploratory study focuses on a single case supplemented with a preliminary evaluation of the 30 largest consulting engineering companies in Scandinavia.
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99.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Taking issue with social sustainability in Urban Transition
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sustainability Transitions. ; , s. 665-682
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The politics of urban sustainable transition is becoming increasingly complex as many cities find themselves articulating the tripod of economic, environmental and social sustainability yet a time are unable to tackle an increasing segregation and deeper social gaps leading to outburst of violence and continual unrest underlining that focusing on energy renovation will not suffice.This status leads the present paper to ask for new possibly innovative approaches to urban transition. It is suggested including young citizens experiences in the landscape of interests necessary to provide the governance. The paper analyzes the lived and narrated experiences of three persons, teenagers of the built environment of deprived suburbs of Swedish cities and towns, using two novels and a biography. They tell us about experiencing if not poverty then serious lack of resources, a feeling of being in the periphery vis a vis the center of town, a series of violent experiences of drug addicts, physical violence also in their families and a feeling of displacement from one’s origin. But also strong feeling of identity being with friends of the same age.The implications for urban transition are to use a more sensitive and long term set up for developing neighborhoods in a social sustainable direction. It will require a broad social alliance to bridge political and sectorial fragmentation and downplay short term goals.
  •  
100.
  • Koch, Christian, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Tête à tête? Nearshoring in Europe of Consulting Engineering
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Hosni Y (Ed) “Science, Technology and Innovation in the Age of Economic, Political and Security Issues”, Proceedings of 23rd International Conference of the International Association for Management of Technology, IAMOT, Miami FL, USA.. ; , s. paper 1569866407-
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Global sourcing of engineering is becoming a more common way to increase a company’s competitiveness and includes the nearshoring and offshoring strategies of relocating engineering services and activities across national borders.. The driving force of why nearshoring and offshoring can often lead to competitive advantage is the combination of cost reduction and the opportunity of exploiting competent resources. Several emerging countries in Europe offer high quality engineering at a lower cost than the Scandinavian market. These countries are located within an acceptable travel distance from Scandinavia and due to similar standards and eurocodes the differences between countries’ engineering procedures have decreased. The aim of this contribution is, first, to investigate a Scandinavian based consulting engineering company’s experiences using nearshoring and, second, why standards and eurocodes can open the European engineering market and consequently how consultancy companies within engineering in Scandinavia can take advantage. This paper is based on international business theories regarding strategies and incentives with global sourcing, nearshoring and offshoring. The empirical research is built on a case study where interviews have been conducted with engineering consultants working in different locations. The case study is a nearshored large infrastructure project and involves collaboration between two companies with multiple locations. Engineers working in the project are distributed geographically in several European countries. The case firm strategy followed is multiple: sourcing of engineering services is done in-house, outsourced, offshored, using competing companies and using captive local investment. Even within the project frame, trust, communication and proper (soft) management are important. The results show that a transactional approach to collaboration is insufficient and that the nearshoring firm can be seriously challenged in its strategy when trying to enable knowledge integration. Standardisation through eurocodes lowers thebarriers for the cross national collaboration, even if concepts such as functional roads are still interpreted indifferent ways.
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