| 51. |
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| 52. |
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| 53. |
- Gherm, VE, et al.
(författare)
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Wideband scattering functions for HF ionospheric propagation channels
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. - 1364-6826 .- 1879-1824. ; 63:14, s. 1489-1497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A physically based method has been developed to simulate the wideband HF ionospheric propagation channel relevant to the case of wideband spread spectrum HF communications and also other HF applications such as digital broadcasting and over-the-horizon radar, It is based on the consideration and solution of the equations governing pulse signal propagation through a fluctuating time varying random ionosphere. The wideband scattering function has been constructed as the appropriate Fourier transform of the correlation function of a channel impulse response. Numerical codes have been written, which allow numerical simulation of the wideband scattering function of the HF sky wave ionospheric fluctuation channel for any given model of the background ionosphere and time varying ionospheric turbulence with an anisotropic inverse power law spatial spectrum and frozen drift of the ionospheric inhomogeneitics. When employed in the simulation of the scattering function for real conditions of propagation, the method provides the possibility of analysing the propagation effects for different relative bandwidths of the background channel, fluctuating channel and transmitted pulse. The effects of the transmitted pulse bandwidth and anisotropy of the irregularities have been studied. The numerical results have been obtained and presented, which demonstrate the contribution of the effects enumerated in the wideband scattering function of the HF ionospheric channel. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 54. |
- Grigoryan, L, et al.
(författare)
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Self-medication with antimicrobial drugs in Europe
- 2006
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Ingår i: Emerging infectious diseases. - : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). - 1080-6040 .- 1080-6059. ; 12:3, s. 452-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 55. |
- Hanna, N, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring of Water Quality, Antibiotic Residues, and Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichiacoli in the Kshipra River in India over a 3-Year Period
- 2020
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Ingår i: International journal of environmental research and public health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 17:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major global and environmental health issue, yet the presence of antibiotic residues and resistance in the water and sediment of a river subjected to excessive anthropogenic activities and their relationship with water quality of the river are not well studied. The objectives of the present study were a) to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the water and sediment of the Kshipra river in India at seven selected sites during different seasons of the years 2014, 2015, and 2016 and b) to investigate the association between antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant E. coli in water and sediment and measured water quality parameters of the river. Antibiotic residues and resistant E. coli were present in the water and sediment and were associated with the measured water quality parameters. Sulfamethoxazole was the most frequently detected antibiotic in water at the highest concentration of 4.66 µg/L and was positively correlated with the water quality parameters. Significant (p < 0.05) seasonal and spatial variations of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in water and sediment were found. The resistance of E. coli to antibiotics (e.g., sulfamethiazole, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacine, cefotaxime, co-trimoxazole, ceftazidime, meropenem, ampicillin, amikacin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and tigecycline) had varying associations with the measured water and sediment quality parameters. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that regular monitoring and surveillance of water quality, including antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance, of all rivers should be taken up as a key priority, in national and Global Action Plans as these can have implications for the buildup of antibiotic resistance.
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| 56. |
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| 58. |
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| 59. |
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| 61. |
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| 62. |
- Kerns, JM, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of peripheral nerve regeneration in acellular muscle and nerve autografts
- 2003
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-2073 .- 0284-4311. ; 37:4, s. 193-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve through acellular muscle and nerve autografts was evaluated 6-28 days postoperatively by the sensory pinch test, immunocytochemical staining for neurofilaments, and light and electron microscopy. Data points generated by the pinch test were plotted against postoperative time periods and by the use of regression analysis the initial delay period for muscle grafts was determined to 10.3 days. This value was similar to that previously published for acellular nerve grafts (9.5 days), but significantly longer than that for fresh nerve grafts (3.6 days). The calculated regeneration rate (slope of the regression line) for muscle grafts (1.8 mm/day) did not differ significantly ( p >0.05) from that calculated for acellular nerve grafts (2.1 mm/day) or for fresh nerve grafts (1.5 mm/day). The front of regenerating axons shown by axonal neurofilament staining confirmed the pinch test results. Both types of acellular grafts were repopulated with host non-neuronal cells and the muscle graft contained occasional ectopic muscle fibres. Remnants of graft basal laminae were evident at the ultrastructural level. These results indicate the suitability of either acellular muscle or nerve grafts for nerve repair despite their prolonged initial delay periods compared with conventional fresh nerve grafts.
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| 63. |
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| 64. |
- Khan, MS, et al.
(författare)
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Health-seeking behaviour of women selling sex in Lahore, Pakistan
- 2011
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Ingår i: International journal of STD & AIDS. - : SAGE Publications. - 1758-1052 .- 0956-4624. ; 22:7, s. 376-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge and health-seeking behaviour related to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and abortion among women selling sex in Lahore, Pakistan. This was a cross-sectional, community-based, quantitative study. A total of 730 women selling sex were recruited by respondent-driven sampling. A pretested structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. The median age of the participants was 30 years. Thirteen percent of the participants said it was common for them to have an abnormal vaginal discharge. Seventy-five percent of the participants recognized STIs as either leucorrhoea or AIDS. Sixty-five percent of the participants complained of having suffered from STI(s) in the six months preceding the survey, of whom 28% sought treatment. Women selling sex who reported consistent condom use were 1.5 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–2.2) more likely to seek treatment than women who did not report consistent condom use. The level of knowledge about STIs remains low among women selling sex in Lahore, Pakistan, and health-seeking behaviour for the management of STIs and abortions is influenced by ability to pay and ease of access in the private sector.
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| 65. |
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| 66. |
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| 67. |
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| 68. |
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| 69. |
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| 70. |
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| 71. |
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| 72. |
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| 73. |
- Lundborg, C. S., et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacoepidemiology at Nordic School of Public Health NHV: Examples from 1999 to 2014
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 43:16 Suppl, s. 73-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Pharmacoepidemiology is a branch of public health and had a place at the Nordic School of Public Health. Courses, Master's theses and Doctorates of Public Health (DrPH) in Pharmacoepidemiology were a relatively minor, but still important part of the school's activities. Methods: This paper gives a short background, followed by some snapshots of the activities at NHV, and then some illustrative case-studies. These case-studies list their own responsible co-authors and have separate reference lists. Results: In the Nordic context, NHV was a unique provider of training and research in pharmacoepidemiology, with single courses to complete DrPH training, as well as implementation of externally-funded research projects. Conclusions: With the closure of NHV at the end of 2014, it is unclear if such a comprehensive approach towards pharmacoepidemiology will be found elsewhere in the Nordic countries.
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| 74. |
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| 75. |
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| 76. |
- Lundborg, L, et al.
(författare)
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Association of body mass index and maternal age with first stage duration of labour
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1, s. 13843-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To evaluate associations between early-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and active first stage labour duration, accounting for possible interaction with maternal age, we conducted a cohort study of women with spontaneous onset of labour allocated to Robson group 1. Quantile regression analysis was performed to estimate first stage labour duration between BMI categories in two maternal age subgroups (more and less than 30 years). Results show that obesity (BMI > 30) among younger women (< 30 years) increased the median labour duration of first stage by 30 min compared with normal weight women (BMI < 25), and time difference estimated at the 90th quantile was more than 1 h. Active first stage labour time differences between obese and normal weight women was modified by maternal age. In conclusion: (a) obesity is associated with longer duration of first stage of labour, and (b) maternal age is an effect modifier for this association. This novel finding of an effect modification between BMI and maternal age contributes to the body of evidence that supports a more individualized approach when describing labour duration.
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| 77. |
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| 78. |
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| 79. |
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| 81. |
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| 82. |
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| 83. |
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| 84. |
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| 85. |
- Lundborg, M., et al.
(författare)
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The accelerated weight histogram method for alchemical free energy calculations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 154:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The accelerated weight histogram method is an enhanced sampling technique used to explore free energy landscapes by applying an adaptive bias. The method is general and easy to extend. Herein, we show how it can be used to efficiently sample alchemical transformations, commonly used for, e.g., solvation and binding free energy calculations. We present calculations and convergence of the hydration free energy of testosterone, representing drug-like molecules. We also include methane and ethanol to validate the results. The protocol is easy to use, does not require a careful choice of parameters, and scales well to accessible resources, and the results converge at least as quickly as when using conventional methods. One benefit of the method is that it can easily be combined with other reaction coordinates, such as intermolecular distances.
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| 86. |
- Machowska, A, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic Prescribing to Patients with Infectious and Non-Infectious Indications Admitted to Obstetrics and Gynaecology Departments in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in Central India
- 2020
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Ingår i: Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2079-6382. ; 9:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients admitted to obstetrics and gynaecology (OBGY) departments are at high risk of infections and subsequent antibiotic prescribing, which may contribute to antibiotic resistance (ABR). Although antibiotic surveillance is one of the cornerstones to combat ABR, it is rarely performed in low- and middle-income countries. Aim: To describe and compare antibiotic prescription patterns among the inpatients in OBGY departments of two tertiary care hospitals, one teaching (TH) and one nonteaching (NTH), in Central India. Methods: Data on patients’ demographics, diagnoses and prescribed antibiotics were collected prospectively for three years. Patients were divided into two categories- infectious and non-infectious diagnosis and were further divided into three groups: surgical, nonsurgical and possible-surgical indications. The data was coded based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, and the International Classification of Disease system version-10 and Defined Daily Doses (DDDs) were calculated per 1000 patients. Results: In total, 5558 patients were included in the study, of those, 81% in the TH and 85% in the NTH received antibiotics (p < 0.001). Antibiotics were prescribed frequently to the inpatients in the nonsurgical group without any documented bacterial infection (TH-71%; NTH-75%). Prescribing of broad-spectrum, fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of antibiotics was more common in both categories in the NTH than in the TH. Overall, higher DDD/1000 patients were prescribed in the TH in both categories. Conclusions: Antibiotics were frequently prescribed to the patients with no documented infectious indications. Misprescribing of the broad-spectrum FDCs of antibiotics and unindicated prescribing of antibiotics point towards threat of ABR and needs urgent action. Antibiotics prescribed to the inpatients having nonbacterial infection indications is another point of concern that requires action. Investigation of underlying reasons for prescribing antibiotics for unindicated diagnoses and the development and implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs are recommended measures to improve antibiotic prescribing practice.
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| 87. |
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| 88. |
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| 89. |
- Mitchell, J, et al.
(författare)
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Trends, relationships and case attribution of antibiotic resistance between children and environmental sources in rural India
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1, s. 22599-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacterial antibiotic resistance is an important global health threat and the interfaces of antibiotic resistance between humans, animals and the environment are complex. We aimed to determine the associations and overtime trends of antibiotic resistance between humans, animals and water sources from the same area and time and estimate attribution of the other sources to cases of human antibiotic resistance. A total of 125 children (aged 1–3 years old) had stool samples analysed for antibiotic-resistant bacteria at seven time points over two years, with simultaneous collection of samples of animal stools and water sources in a rural Indian community. Newey–West regression models were used to calculate temporal associations, the source with the most statistically significant relationships was household drinking water. This is supported by use of SourceR attribution modelling, that estimated the mean attribution of cases of antibiotic resistance in the children from animals, household drinking water and wastewater, at each time point and location, to be 12.6% (95% CI 4.4–20.9%), 12.1% (CI 3.4–20.7%) and 10.3% (CI 3.2–17.3%) respectively. This underlines the importance of the ‘one health’ concept and requires further research. Also, most of the significant trends over time were negative, suggesting a possible generalised improvement locally.
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| 90. |
- Mölstad, Sigvard, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons learnt during 20 years of the swedish strategic programme against antibiotic resistance
- 2017
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. - : WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. - 0042-9686 .- 1564-0604. ; 95:11, s. 764-773
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increasing use of antibiotics and rising levels of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are a challenge to global health and development. Successful initiatives for containing the problem need to be communicated and disseminated. In Sweden, a rapid spread of resistant pneumococci in the southern part of the country triggered the formation of the Swedish strategic programme against antibiotic resistance, also known as Strama, in 1995. The creation of the programme was an important starting point for long-term coordinated efforts to tackle antibiotic resistance in the country. This paper describes the main strategies of the programme: committed work at the local and national levels; monitoring of antibiotic use for informed decision-making; a national target for antibiotic prescriptions; surveillance of antibiotic resistance for local, national and global action; tracking resistance trends; infection control to limit spread of resistance; and communication to raise awareness for action and behavioural change. A key element for achieving long-term changes has been the bottom-up approach, including working closely with prescribers at the local level. The work described here and the lessons learnt could inform countries implementing their own national action plans against antibiotic resistance.
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| 91. |
- Mölstad, Sigvard, et al.
(författare)
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Sustained reduction of antibiotic use and low bacterial resistance : 10-year follow-up of the Swedish Strama programme
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Lancet - Infectious diseases. - : Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. - 1473-3099 .- 1474-4457. ; 8:2, s. 125-132
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing use of antibiotics and the spread of resistant pneumococcal clones in the early 1990s alarmed the medical profession and medical authorities in Sweden. Strama (Swedish Strategic Programme for the Rational Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Surveillance of Resistance) was therefore started in 1994 to provide surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance, and to implement the rational use of antibiotics and development of new knowledge. Between 1995 and 2004, antibiotic use for outpatients decreased from 15.7 to 12.6 defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day and from 536 to 410 prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants per year. The reduction was most prominent in children aged 5-14 years (52%) and for macrolides (65%). During this period, the number of hospital admissions for acute mastoiditis, rhinosinusitis, and quinsy (peritonsillar abscess) was stable or declining. Although the epidemic spread in southern Sweden of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae was curbed, the national frequency increased from 4% to 6%. Resistance remained low in most other bacterial species during this period. This multidisciplinary, coordinated programme has contributed to the reduction of antibiotic use without measurable negative consequences. However, antibiotic resistance in several bacterial species is slowly increasing, which has led to calls for continued sustained efforts to preserve the effectiveness of available antibiotics.
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| 92. |
- Narangifard, A., et al.
(författare)
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Human skin barrier formation takes place via a cubic to lamellar lipid phase transition as analyzed by cryo-electron microscopy and EM-simulation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Experimental Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4827 .- 1090-2422. ; 366:2, s. 139-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The skin's permeability barrier consists of stacked lipid sheets of splayed ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids, positioned intercellularly in the stratum corneum. We report here on the early stage of skin barrier formation taking place inside the tubuloreticular system in the secretory cells of the topmost viable epidermis and in the intercellular space between viable epidermis and stratum corneum. The barrier formation process was analysed in situ in its near-native state, using cryo-EM combined with molecular dynamics modeling and EM simulation. Stacks of lamellae appear towards the periphery of the tubuloreticular system and they are closely associated with granular regions. Only models based on a bicontinuous cubic phase organization proved compatible with the granular cryo-EM patterns. Only models based on a dehydrated lamellar phase organization agreed with the lamellar cryo-EM patterns. The data support that human skin barrier formation takes place via a cubic to lamellar lipid phase transition.
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