| 51. |
- Nilsson, K. Peter R., et al.
(författare)
-
Imaging distinct conformational states of amyloid-beta fibrils in Alzheimer's disease using novel luminescent probes
- 2007
-
Ingår i: ACS Chemical Biology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1554-8929 .- 1554-8937. ; 2:8, s. 553-560
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using luminescent conjugated polyelectrolyte probes (LCPs), we demonstrate the possibility to distinguish amyloid-β 1–42 peptide (Aβ1–42) fibril conformations, by analyzing in vitro generated amyloid fibrils of Aβ1–42 formed under quiescent and agitated conditions. LCPs were then shown to resolve such conformational heterogeneity of amyloid deposits in vivo. A diversity of amyloid deposits depending upon morphology and anatomic location was illustrated with LCPs in frozen ex vivo brain sections from a transgenic mouse model (tg-APP swe) of Alzheimer’s disease. Comparative LCP fluorescence showed that compact-core plaques of amyloid β precursor protein transgenic mice were composed of rigid dense amyloid. A more abundant form of amyloid plaque displayed morphology of a compact center with a protruding diffuse exterior. Surprisingly, the compact center of these plaques showed disordered conformations of the fibrils, and the exterior was composed of rigid amyloid protruding from the disordered center. This type of plaque appears to grow from more loosely assembled regions toward solidified amyloid tentacles. This work demonstrates how application of LCPs can prove helpful to monitor aggregate structure of in vivo formed amyloid deposits such as architecture, maturity, and origin.
|
|
| 52. |
|
|
| 53. |
- Nyström, Sofia N., et al.
(författare)
-
AA-Amyloid is cleared by endogenous immunological mechanisms
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Amyloid. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-6129 .- 1744-2818. ; 19:3, s. 138-145
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reactive amyloidosis is a complication to longstanding inflammatory diseases.Protein amyloid A (AA), an N-terminal fragment of the acute phase protein serumamyloid A, undergoes conformational changes and is deposited as amyloid in tissue.AA-amyloidosis is reversible and reduction of amyloid mass has been reported as theinflammation ceases. Not much is known about the endogenous factors thatcontribute to amyloid resolution. Herein, we describe the dynamics of amyloiddegradation in experimental murine AA-amyloidosis and show that amyloiddegradation depends on macrophages and antibody formation. AA-amyloidosis wasinduced in mice and resolution of amyloid was monitored over time by histologicaltechniques. Internalized amyloid was present in macrophages that appeared at siteof deposition. At 9 months, when virtually all amyloid was cleared, amyloidosis wasre-induced in one group of animals by a single silver nitrate injection. This causedeposition of excessive amounts of amyloid, and indicate that even thoughundetectable the amyloid reseed in the body and can there act as amyloid enhancingfactor. Antibodies directed against protein AA were detected in animals duringamyloid clearance by ELISA-technique. Passive immunization with an amyloidspecific monoclonal antibody, produced by a B-cell clone recovered from an animalwith advanced AA-amyloidosis, diminish amyloid deposits in murine AA-amyloidosis.Immunoglobulins co-localize with amyloid deposits and can contribute to amyloiddegradation by Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis.
|
|
| 54. |
- Nyström, Sofia N., et al.
(författare)
-
Cardiac Amyloid in Experimental AA Amyloidosis is Associated with IncreasedAutophagic Activity
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cardiac involvement in reactive amyloidosis is a severe complication that leads to reducedsurvival. We induced reactive amyloidosis in mice by induction of chronic inflammation andfound that cardiac involvement develops later than spleen and liver deposits. TEM studiesrevealed intracellular amyloid deposits, but endogenous production of SAA1, SAA2 or SAA3by the cardiomyocytes was not supported by mRNA analysis. Therefore, the intracellulardeposits of protein AA must derive from SAA produced at another location. Autophagosomeswere present in close association with intracellular amyloid and the autophagy marker LC3was increased 20 times in cardiac tissue with moderate amounts of amyloid. Increase in LC3was not paralleled by an increase in LAMP-2. The ER-stress marker Bip was unchanged ininflamed heart tissue and in amyloid-containing heart. Even though procaspase-12 increasedin heart after silver nitrate injections and in heart with AA-amyloid, no active caspase-12could be detected. We suggest that autophagosomes are involved in amyloid clearance, buttheir accumulation indicate that the formation of autophagolysosomes is hampered.
|
|
| 55. |
- Nyström, Sofia N., 1974-
(författare)
-
Deposition and Resolution of AA Amyloid
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Amyloidosis is a group of protein misfolding diseases characterized by extracellulardeposition of fibrillar protein aggregates. Today more than 25 different human amyloidogenicproteins have been identified, causing a variety of pathological conditions that includeAlzheimer’s disease, type 2 diabetes and prion diseases. Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis is acomplication to long standing inflammatory disorders and amyloid is formed from N-terminalfragments of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A. AA amyloidosis developsspontaneously in many mice strains in response to inflammatory stimulation. Amyloidformation is nucleation dependent and develops after a lag phase of months. If an extract fromamyloid loaded tissue is administered to the animal, the lag phase is shortened to days. Thetissue extract is referred to as amyloid enhancing factor, AEF.In paper I we demonstrate that the active component of AEF is the amyloid fibril itself. We doalso show that AEF retains its activity over a long period of time and is active in very low(femtomolar) doses. AEF activity can be transmitted in a serial manner, also by oraladministration. Thus, AEF shares several characteristics with the infectious prion protein. Wetherefore suggest that AEF induces protein conformational changes in a prion like manner andthat experimental AA amyloidosis is a transmissible disease.In paper II we showed that peripheral blood monocytes recovered from mice with AAamyloidosis carry AEF activity but plasma does not. AA amyloid was detected in occasionalmonocytes. It is possible that these fibrils serve as seeds or nuclei for conformational changesand subsequent amyloid deposition in the recipient animal.In paper III mechanisms of amyloid clearance in experimental AA amyloidosis were studied.During amyloid clearance antibodies directed against AA were detected. Immunoglobulinsdid also co-localize with AA deposits. Amyloid fibrils were detected intracellular inmacrophages. These findings suggest that immune mechanisms contribute to AA amyloidclearance in mice and that macrophages are key players in the process. Immunoglobulins mayserve as opsonins facilitating phagocytosis of amyloid.It is believed that the early stages of amyloidogenesis are common in all forms of amyloiddiseases and that the amyloid formation process is cytotoxic. There are few studies onbiological effects of AA deposition in post mitotic tissue such as the heart. In paper IV weinvestigate the effects of cardiac AA amyloid deposition. Our results indicate that cardiac AAdeposition is associated with increased autophagic activity.In conclusion this thesis provides new insights to the dynamics of the turnover of AA amyloidand the mechanisms involved. Our results clearly show that the innate capacity of amyloidclearance is efficient.
|
|
| 56. |
- Oskarsson, Marie E., et al.
(författare)
-
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Are Important for Islet Amyloid Formation and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide-induced Apoptosis
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 290:24, s. 15121-15132
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deposition of beta cell toxic islet amyloid is a cardinal finding in type 2 diabetes. In addition to the main amyloid component islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), heparan sulfate proteoglycan is constantly present in the amyloid deposit. Heparan sulfate (HS) side chains bind to IAPP, inducing conformational changes of the IAPP structure and an acceleration of fibril formation. We generated a double-transgenic mouse strain (hpa-hIAPP) that overexpresses human heparanase and human IAPP but is deficient of endogenous mouse IAPP. Culture of hpa-hIAPP islets in 20 mM glucose resulted in less amyloid formation compared with the amyloid load developed in cultured islets isolated from littermates expressing human IAPP only. A similar reduction of amyloid was achieved when human islets were cultured in the presence of heparin fragments. Furthermore, we used CHO cells and the mutant CHO pgsD-677 cell line (deficient in HS synthesis) to explore the effect of cellular HS on IAPP-induced cytotoxicity. Seeding of IAPP aggregation on CHO cells resulted in caspase-3 activation and apoptosis that could be prevented by inhibition of caspase-8. No IAPP-induced apoptosis was seen in HS-deficient CHO pgsD-677 cells. These results suggest that beta cell death caused by extracellular IAPP requires membrane-bound HS. The interaction between HS and IAPP or the subsequent effects represent a possible therapeutic target whose blockage can lead to a prolonged survival of beta cells.
|
|
| 57. |
|
|
| 58. |
- Panahi, Aida Vahdat Shariat, et al.
(författare)
-
Lipid membranes accelerate amyloid formation in the mouse model of AA amyloidosis
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Amyloid. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-6129 .- 1744-2818. ; 26:1, s. 34-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction:AA amyloidosis develops as a result of prolonged inflammation and is characterized by deposits of N-terminal proteolytic fragments of the acute phase reactant serum amyloid A (SAA). Macrophages are usually found adjacent to amyloid, suggesting their involvement in the formation and/or degradation of the amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that lipid membranes accelerate the fibrillation of different amyloid proteins.Methods:Using an experimental mouse model of AA amyloidosis, we compared the amyloidogenic effect of liposomes and/or amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF). Inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injection of silver nitrate followed by intravenous injection of liposomes and/or AEF to accelerate amyloid formation.Results:We showed that liposomes accelerate amyloid formation in inflamed mice, but the amyloidogenic effect of liposomes was weaker compared with AEF. Regardless of the induction method, amyloid deposits were mainly found in the marginal zones of the spleen and coincided with the depletion of marginal zone macrophages, while red pulp macrophages and metallophilic marginal zone macrophages proved insensitive to amyloid deposition.Conclusions:We conclude that increased intracellular lipid content facilitates AA amyloid fibril formation and show that the mouse model of AA amyloidosis is a suitable system for further mechanistic studies.
|
|
| 59. |
- Paulsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
High Plasma Levels of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Young with New-Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- 2014
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 9:3, s. 0093053-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims/Hypothesis: Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a beta cell hormone secreted together with insulin upon glucose stimulation. IAPP participates in normal glucose regulation, but IAPP is also known for its ability to misfold and form islet amyloid. Amyloid fibrils form through smaller cell toxic intermediates and deposited amyloid disrupts normal islet architecture. Even though IAPP and amyloid formation are much discussed in type 2 diabetes, our aim was to study the significance of IAPP in type 1 diabetes. Results: Plasma IAPP levels in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (n = 224) were analysed and concentrations exceeding 100 pmol/L (127.2 - 888.7 pmol/L) were found in 11% (25/224). The IAPP increase did not correlate with C-peptide levels. Conclusions/Interpretation: Plasma levels of IAPP and insulin deviate in a subpopulation of young with newly-diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The determined elevated levels of IAPP might increase the risk for IAPP misfolding and formation of cell toxic amyloid in beta cells. This finding add IAPP-aggregation to the list over putative pathological factors causing type 1 diabetes.
|
|
| 60. |
- Rönnback, Annica, et al.
(författare)
-
Amyloid neuropathology in the single Arctic APP transgenic model affects interconnected brain regions
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Neurobiology of Aging. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-4580 .- 1558-1497. ; 33:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic APP mutation (E693G) within the amyloid beta (A beta) domain of amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to dementia with clinical features similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is believed to be mediated via increased formation of protofibrils. We have generated a transgenic mouse model, TgAPParc, with neuron-specific expression of human amyloid precursor protein with the Arctic mutation (hAPParc), showing mild amyloid pathology with a relatively late onset. Here we performed a detailed analysis of the spatiotemporal progression of neuropathology in homozygous TgAPParc, focusing on intracellular A beta and diffuse A beta aggregates rather than amyloid plaques. We show that the neuropathology in homozygous TgAPParc mice starts with intracellular A beta aggregates, which is followed by diffuse extracellular A beta deposits in subiculum that later expands to brain regions receiving neuronal projections from regions already affected. Together this suggests that the pathology in TgAPParc mice affects interconnected brain regions and may represent a valuable tool to study the spread and progression of neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease.
|
|
| 61. |
- Sauma, Lilian, et al.
(författare)
-
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma activity is low in mature primary human visceral adipocytes
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 50:1, s. 195-201
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The amount of visceral fat mass strongly relates to insulin resistance in humans. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) is abundant in adipocytes and regulates genes of importance for insulin sensitivity. Our objective was to study PPARG activity in human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes and to compare this with the most common model for human disease, the mouse.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We transfected primary human adipocytes with a plasmid encoding firefly luciferase controlled by PPARG response element (PPRE) from the acyl-CoA-oxidase gene and measured PPRE activity by emission of light. RESULTS: We found that PPRE activity was 6.6-fold higher (median) in adipocytes from subcutaneous than from omental fat from the same subjects (n = 23). The activity was also 6.2-fold higher in subcutaneous than in intra-abdominal fat cells when we used a PPARG ligand-binding domain-GAL4 fusion protein as reporter, demonstrating that the difference in PPRE activity was due to different levels of activity of the PPARG receptor in the two fat depots. Stimulation with 5 micromol/l rosiglitazone did not induce a PPRE activity in visceral adipocytes that was as high as basal levels in subcutaneous adipocytes. Interestingly, in mice of two different strains the PPRE activity was similar in visceral and subcutaneous fat cells.CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We found considerably lower PPARG activity in visceral than in subcutaneous primary human adipocytes. Further studies of the molecular mechanisms behind this difference could lead to development of drugs that target the adverse effects of visceral obesity.
|
|
| 62. |
|
|
| 63. |
|
|
| 64. |
- Sjölander, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
-
Islet amyloid polypeptide triggers limited complement activation and binds complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein, which enhances fibril formation.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 1083-351X .- 0021-9258. ; 287:14, s. 10824-10833
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is synthesized in pancreatic β-cells and co-secreted with insulin. Aggregation and formation of IAPP-amyloid plays a critical role in β-cell death in type 2 diabetic patients. Since Aβ-fibrils in Alzheimer's disease activate the complement system, we have here investigated specific interactions between IAPP and complement factors. IAPP fibrils triggered limited activation of complement in vitro, involving both the classical and the alternative pathways. Direct binding assays confirmed that IAPP fibrils interact with globular head domains of complement initiator C1q. Furthermore, IAPP also bound complement inhibitors factor H and C4b-binding protein (C4BP). Recombinant C4BP mutants were used to show that complement control protein (CCP) domains 8 and 2 of the α-chain were responsible for the strong, hydrophobic binding of C4BP to IAPP. Immunostaining of pancreatic sections from type 2 diabetic patients revealed the presence of complement factors in the islets and varying degree of co-localization between IAPP fibrils and C1q, C3d as well as C4BP and FH but not membrane attack complex. Furthermore, C4BP enhanced formation of IAPP fibrils in vitro. We conclude that C4BP binds to IAPP thereby limiting complement activation and may be enhancing formation of IAPP fibrils from cytotoxic oligomers.
|
|
| 65. |
- Sponarová, Jana, et al.
(författare)
-
AA-amyloidosis can be transferred by peripheral blood monocytes
- 2008
-
Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 3:10, s. e3308-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spongiform encephalopathies have been reported to be transmitted by blood transfusion even prior to the clinical onset. Experimental AA-amyloidosis shows similarities with prion disease and amyloid-containing organ-extracts can prime a recipient for the disease. In this systemic form of amyloidosis N-terminal fragments of the acute-phase reactant apolipoprotein serum amyloid A are the main amyloid protein. Initial amyloid deposits appear in the perifollicular region of the spleen, followed by deposits in the liver. We used the established murine model and induced AA-amyloidosis in NMRI mice by intravenous injections of purified amyloid fibrils ('amyloid enhancing factor') combined with inflammatory challenge (silver nitrate subcutaneously). Blood plasma and peripheral blood monocytes were isolated, sonicated and re-injected into new recipients followed by an inflammatory challenge during a three week period. When the animals were sacrificed presence of amyloid was analyzed in spleen sections after Congo red staining. Our result shows that some of the peripheral blood monocytes, isolated from animals with detectable amyloid, contained amyloid-seed that primed for AA-amyloid. The seeding material seems to have been phagocytosed by the cells since the AA-precursor (SAA1) was found not be expressed by the monocytes. Plasma recovered from mice with AA amyloidosis lacked seeding capacity. Amyloid enhancing activity can reside in monocytes recovered from mice with AA-amyloidosis and in a prion-like way trigger amyloid formation in conjunction with an inflammatory disorder. Human AA-amyloidosis resembles the murine form and every individual is expected to be exposed to conditions that initiate production of the acute-phase reactant. The monocyte-transfer mechanism should be eligible for the human disease and we point out blood transfusion as a putative route for transfer of amyloidosis.
|
|
| 66. |
- Sponarova, Jana, et al.
(författare)
-
Efficient Amyloid A Clearance in the Absence of Immunoglobulins and Complement Factors
- 2013
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Pathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9440 .- 1525-2191. ; 182:4, s. 1297-1307
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amyloid A amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease characterized by deposition of extracellular aggregates derived from the acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A protein. If untreated, amyloid A amyloidosis leads to irreversible damage of various organs, including the kidneys, liver, and heart. Amyloid A deposits regress upon reduction of serum amyloid A concentration, indicating that the amyloid can be efficiently cleared by natural mechanisms. Clearance was proposed to be mediated by humoral immune responses to amyloid. Here, we report that amyloid clearance in mice Lacking complement factors 3 and 4 (C3C4(-/-)) was equally efficient as in wild-type mice (C57BL/6), and was only slightly delayed in agammaglobulinemic mice (J(H-/-)). Hence, antibodies or complement factors are not necessary for natural amyloid clearance, implying the existence of alternative physiological pathways for amyloid removal.
|
|
| 67. |
- Strage, Emma, et al.
(författare)
-
Insulin release from isolated cat islets of Langerhans
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Domestic Animal Endocrinology. - : Elsevier. - 0739-7240 .- 1879-0054. ; 87
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Feline diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease with increasing prevalence. It shows similarities with human type 2 diabetes and is characterized by insulin resistance and deficient insulin secretion. Moreover, cats and humans belong to the very few species that form amyloid depositions in the pancreatic islets. However, little is known about cat islet function and no studies have addressed insulin secretion from isolated islets ex vivo. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for isolation of islets of Langerhans from pancreata of cats euthanized due to disease, and to evaluate insulin secretion responses to various physiological and pharmacological stimuli. Collagenase digestion of pancreatic tissue from 13 non-diabetic cats and two cats with diabetic ketoacidosis yielded individual islets surrounded by a layer of exocrine tissue that was reduced after two days in culture. Histological examination showed islet amyloid in pancreatic biopsies from most non-diabetic and in one diabetic cat. Islets from non-diabetic cats cultured at 5.5 mM glucose responded with increased insulin secretion to 16.7 mM glucose, 30 mM K+ and 20 µM of the sulfonylurea glipizide (2-3 times basal secretion at 3 mM glucose). The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (100 nM) had no effect under basal conditions but potentiated glucose-triggered insulin release. Only one of nine islet batches from diabetic cats released detectable amounts of insulin, which was enhanced by exendin-4. Culture of islets from non-diabetic cats at 25 mM glucose impaired secretion both in response to glucose and K+ depolarization. In conclusion, we describe a procedure for isolation of islets from cat pancreas biopsies and demonstrate that isolated cat islets secrete insulin in response to glucose and antidiabetic drugs. The study provides a basis for future ex vivo studies of islet function relevant to the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of feline diabetes.
|
|
| 68. |
|
|
| 69. |
|
|
| 70. |
- Van Hulle, Freya, et al.
(författare)
-
Formation of amyloid in encapsulated human pancreatic and human stem cell-generated beta cell implants
- 2021
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Transplantation. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1600-6135 .- 1600-6143. ; 21:6, s. 2090-2099
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detection of amyloid in intraportal islet implants of type 1 diabetes patients has been proposed as cause in their functional decline. The present study uses cultured adult human islets devoid of amyloid to examine conditions of its formation. After intraportal injection in patients, amyloid deposits <15 µm diameter were identified in 5%–12% of beta cell containing aggregates, 3–76 months posttransplant. Such deposits also formed in glucose-controlling islet implants in the kidney of diabetic mice but not in failing implants. Alginate-encapsulated islets formed amyloid during culture when functional, and in all intraperitoneal implants that corrected diabetes in mice, exhibiting larger sizes than in functioning nonencapsulated implants. After intraperitoneal injection in a patient, retrieved single capsules presented amyloid near living beta cells, whereas no amyloid occurred in clustered capsules with dead cells. Amyloid was also demonstrated in functional human stem cell-generated beta cell implants in subcutaneous devices of mice. Deposits up to 35 µm diameter were localized in beta cell-enriched regions and related to an elevated IAPP over insulin ratio in the newly generated beta cells. Amyloid in device-encapsulated human stem cell-generated beta cell implants marks the formation of a functional beta cell mass but also an imbalance between its activated state and its microenvironment.
|
|
| 71. |
|
|
| 72. |
|
|
