| 1. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Pure Selection. The Ethics of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Choosing Children without Abortion
- 1999
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Preimplantation ge¬netic diagnosis (PGD) is taken to mark the starting-point of a new phase in human reproduction, where the possibility of choosing children on genetic grounds without having to resort to ethi¬cally controversial procedures (such as abortion) will grad¬ually increase. Ethical and political issues actu¬alised by this develop¬ment are addressed. The discussion touches upon issues regarding the moral status of em¬bryos and gametes, the moral import of respecting individual auton¬omy and its implications for the requirement of informed consent in health-care, the connec¬tion between sickness, dis¬ability and the value of life, the moral status of possible future people, and the connection between choosing children and eugenic policies of the past. Practical policy issues are adressed on the basis of this, as well as an empirical case-study of the intro¬duction of PGD in Sweden. The book ends up in a set of recommendations regarding the management of re¬search on, introduction and routine use of procedures for pure se¬lection, both within health care and from the point of view of society as a whole. It is argued that research on such procedures should be allowed and supported by society. However, tight restrictions regarding the clinical introduction of new procedures in this area is highly desirable. A rough model for implementing such re¬strictions is also pre¬sented. It is further asserted that, although reasons of economy and safety should limit the access to pure se¬lection, society should not apply any explicit restrictions based on ideasregarding how different traits affect a person’s quality of life. It is stressed that, in order to to avoid a re¬sur¬rection of eugenic policies of the past, the development in this field un¬der¬lines the need for continued and strengthen public support to the sick, dis¬abled and mentally retarded.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Genetic Treatment and Preselection. Ethical Similarities and Differences
- 1999
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Ingår i: Nordgren, A (ed.), Gene Therapy and Ethics, Studies in Bioethics and Research Ethics No. 4, Uppsala 1999: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. - Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. - 915544640X ; , s. 159-173
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Medical genetic interventions can be performed in two ways. First, genetic defects may be repaired (gene therapy). Secondly, a possible future individual (an embryo or a possible combination of gametes) may be preselected because of its favourable genetic make-up (by using genetic diagnostic methods and procedures from reproductive medicine so called Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis). The first kind of intervention means that someone gets medical treatment in the normal sense, however, the second kind does not. Rather, in that case, the potential patient is exchanged for another individual who is in no need of treatment. The paper explores to what extent arguments for and against these kinds of genetic intervention apply equally to all of them. For example, may the benefits that can be achieved through gene therapy be equally well achieved through genetic preselection? Are fears of a resurrection of eugenic practices through gene technology more warranted regarding therapeutic interventions than regarding preselective ones (or vice versa)? Since genetic preselection is an intervention at the germ-line level and is presently clinically applied: How is it possible to motivate that clinical application of germ-line gene therapy is not similarily permitted?
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| 6. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Informed Consent and Quality of Available Information
- 1998
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Ingår i: Fourth World Congress of the International Association of Bioethics, Tokyo, November 4-7, 1998.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Standard versions of the requirement of informed consent state that patients who are offered to enter a clinical trial of a medical procedure should be informed about risks and possible benefits of this procedure (compared to available alternatives) in order to facilitate a rational decision whether or not to participate. However, in many real cases where new medical procedures are to be clinically tested for the first time the information available for such communication to prospective patients is very scarce, vague and/or uncertain. This phenomenon is illustrated by the clinical introduction of new procedures in reproductive medicine, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Regarding such procedures, it has ben argued that, in such cases, the quality of the available information may be too low for the obtaining of informed consent to be possible, even if it is successfully communicated. Others, instead, holds that informed consent may always be obtained regardless of the quality of the available information. Unfortunately, the standard litterature on informed consent give no clue as to which of these interpretations is correct. This issue is explored by connecting the concept of informed consent to ethical ideas of respect for autonomy and ideas of rational decision making. It is argued, first, that low quality of available information regarding the risks and possible benefits of a medical procedure may indeed make the obtaining of informed consent from patients to undergo this procedure impossible even in theory. However, it is also argued that whether or not this is the case must be relativized to the actual needs and desires of individual patients. Thus, regarding one and the same procedure, informed consent may be impossible to obtain from some patients due to the low quality of the available information regarding this procedure, but still be possible to obtain from other patients.
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| 7. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Ethical Aspects of Risk Decisions
- 1999
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Ingår i: Novakova (ed.), Amalgam and Health - New Perspectives on Risks. - Stockholm : Forskningsrådsnämnden. ; , s. 160-164
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Nordenfelt, Lennart, 1945-
(författare)
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Quality of Life, Health and Happiness
- 1993
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- The basic work for this book was carried out during the spring of 1989 in Edinburgh, where I had been granted a research position at The Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities. I should like to express here my indebtedness to the Institute for the opportunity thus afforded me. I should also like to say how very grateful I am for the stimulating conversations I had there with Professor Timothy Sprigge and Dr. Elizabeth Telfer. Dr. Telfers’s own treatise Happiness (1980) has been a major influence on my view of the questions involved.The basic view of health and illness presented in this book is more fully set out in my On the Nature of Health (1987).As in the case of my previous larger projects, I have received a great amount of support and may wise comments from Professor Ingmar Pörn, Helsinki. Three Danish experts – Anton Aggernaes, Erik Ostenfeld and Peter Sandøe – have made valuable comments. Professor Heng ten Have, Nijmegen, has improved my reading of the philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. I should also like to thank my colleagues at the Department of Health and Society, University of Linköping, for helping me to avoid a number of the pitfalls that can so easily stumble into when it comes to a treatise like this. Especially I should like to mentioned Per-Erik Liss, Ingemar Nordin and Bo Petersson, all three of whom have read and commented on the entire manuscript.A Swedish version of this book, Livskvalitet och hälsa, came out in 1991. I have been made quite a number of corrections and additions, one type of addition being replies to critical points made in reviews of the Swedish version.I should like to thank Malcolm Forbes for valuable help putting my English into publishable condition.Linköping, May 1993Lennart Noredenfelt
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Malmgren, Helge, 1945
(författare)
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Epilepsy, economics and ethics
- 1998
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Ingår i: Epilepsia 39, Suppl. 2 (1998), p. 63. - 0013-9580. ; 39:Suppl. 2
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this lecture I consider some ethical aspects of economic analyses of health and disease. The focus is on the relations between on the one hand health economics, on the other hand utilitarian ethics; i.e. the thesis that maximising the sum total of good in society is the morally right thing to strive for. Epilepsy surgery is chosen as the main example in order to show that an abstract ethical discussion may have concrete implications for epilepsy outcome resarch. As an introduction, a few elementary facts and distinctions concerning health-economic analyses are recapitulated. After that, you are introduced to a certain discussion in the recent philosophical literature, and a thesis about the proper limits of utilitarianism as a decision tool in the allocation of medical resources will be presented. This thesis is then applied to the field of epilepsy surgery.
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| 14. |
- Malmgren, Helge, 1945
(författare)
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Quantifying Quality of Life
- 1997
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Ingår i: Philosophical Communications, Web Series. - 1652-0459. ; :3
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- • The concept of quality of life (QoL) which is most relevant to medical and medico-political decisions is QoL as goodness of life, e.g., the value of a life for the person who lives it. • Mainly because of the interdependence of values, components of an individual human life cannot be ordered in such a way as to permit a complete and context-free ordinal scale. However, local orderings (given a set of fixed conditions) can often be found. • Similarly, although local ratio scaling of the desirability of life components using direct ratio estimation seems to be possible, the scales cannot be made complete. • Ratio scale values assigned by an individual to the goodness of life components by estimation need not always be even locally additive, since there may not exist any principle of composition. • By statistical means, representations of (something like) the value of life components have been derived, which are locally near-additive and which may be useful on a population basis (the QUALY methodology). They are however not useful on an individual basis, nor outside the proven domain of additivity. • The question whether the numbers representing the values of different lives can be added is wrongly put. There is no such thing as a composition of a supra-life from individual lives. The real question is whether the numbers should be added - whether the sum is the morally decisive arithmetical quantity to be calculated here. To this, utilitarianism answers Yes, while egalitarianism answers No. • The measurement part of QUALY methodology must be kept conceptually apart from utilitarian ethics.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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ntroduktion av PGD i Sverige i etisk belysning
- 1997
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Ingår i: 1st Swedish National Workshop on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset, Göteborg 1997..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Olsson, Ulf
(författare)
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DRÖMMEN OM DEN HÄLSOSAMMA MEDBORGAREN.
- 1999
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Folkuppfostran och hälsoupplysning har en lång tradiion i det svenska samhället. Myndigheterna har sedan mitten av 1700-talet intresserat sig för i vilken utsträckning som den svenska befolkningen har levt ett sa hälsosamt liv som möjligt, till gagn för de samhällsprojekt som formulerats under olika tider. Intresset har varit särskilt starkt under de perioder då samhället anses ha varit i kris. Här diskuteras de drömmar om den upplysta och hälsosamma medborgaren som har följt folkhemmets framväxt, utveckling och omstrukturering. Boken börjar i 1930-talets oro att det låga födelsetalet skulle hota landets framtida utveckling. Den slutar i 1990-talets diskussioner om I enskildes rätt att fa del av samhällets krympande sjukvårdsresurser.Det material som analyseras är statliga utredningar som legat till grund for hälso- och sjukvårdens framväxt och övergripande inriktning. Ett genomgående tema är välfärdsstatens manipulerande och frigörande mekanismer. En central fråga är om nutidens framställning av de som röker kan sägas fylla samma funktion som föreställningarna om rasbiologiskt undermåliga individer gjorde i 1930-talets framtidsvisioner.
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| 22. |
- Malmgren, Helge, 1945
(författare)
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Etik och ekonomi i sjukvårds- och miljödebatten : Ethics and economy in the health care and environmental debates
- 1998
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Ingår i: Humanistdagarna vid Göteborgs Universitet, 10/10 1998.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- • Etik, ekonomi, sjukvård, miljö – ett stort ämne... • Kanske finns det en skärningspunkt? • Ekonomiskt värde gentemot andra värden: liv, hälsa, livskvalitet, estetiska naturvärden, biologisk mångfald etc. • Exempel: sjuka ögon, och en kontroversiell väg • Är nu detta frågor för filosofer snarare än för miljö- och sjukvårdsekonomer? • Värdefrågor innebär begreppsliga och etiska problem som definitivt hör hemma i filosofin - även om de involverar ekonomiskt värde! • Ekonomi och etik vid Filosofiska Institutionen/GU • Vad är miljöetik? • Vad miljöetiken säga om samspelet mellan ekonomiska och andra värderingar i miljöfrågor? • Vilka värdebegrepp är (borde vara) relevanta för ekonomer? • (Idén om den fria marknaden; dess tillämpningar i sjukvård och miljöpolitik. Onekligen intressant, men tyvärr har vi inte tid i dag...) • Begreppet tillväxt och dess relevans i (miljö)politik
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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Should I Stop Smoking?
- 1999
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Ingår i: Quotidian Ethics, University of Capetown, August 11-12, 1999.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 25. |
- Malmgren, Helge, 1945
(författare)
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Perceptual expectations and the learning of temporal sequences.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Philosophical Communications, Red Series. - 0347-5794. ; :35
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper starts with an overview of some central unsolved problems of intentionality. Partly basing my argument on an analysis of how the heard temporal Gestalt develops during the listenting to a musical phrase, I then present my model of mental simulation and associative learning through "natural resonance" in considerable detail.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Lantz, Göran, 1941-
(författare)
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Ett brännande problem
- 1998
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Ingår i: Nedsatt beslutsförmåga. - Stockholm : Ersta Vårdetiska institut. - 9163070189 ; , s. 5-7
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Lantz, Göran, 1941-
(författare)
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Självbestämmande och nedsatt beslutsförmåga
- 1998
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Ingår i: Nedsatt beslutsförmåga. - Stockholm : Ersta vårdetiska institut. - 9163070189 ; , s. 33-55
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Silfverberg, Gunilla, 1946-
(författare)
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Aristoteles i hemtjänsten
- 1998
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Ingår i: Vårdadministratören : ledarskap, vård, utveckling. - 1101-7171. ; :4, s. 2-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Åström, Gunilla, 1947-
(författare)
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The meaning of caring as narrated, lived, moral experience
- 1995
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this research was to understand the meaning of caring as narrated, lived, moral experience. Forty-five good nurses experienced in the care of patients in surgical, medical and geriatric wards were interviewed. They described their experience of; caring, caring abilities, the worthwhile of caring, the strength related to caring and narrated situations (n=88) in which they had experienced that their caring had made a difference to the patient. Surgical nurses described care and cure as an integrated whole, medical nurses described care as integrated with the patients' social context and geriatric nurses described care as enhancing the autonomy of patients (I). The nurses' narrated, lived, experiences of caring situations revealed ways of intervening and interacting with the patient including caring actions (II).Eighteen good nurses experienced in the care of cancer patients were also interviewed. Their narrated, lived experiences of morally difficult care situations i.e. situations where it had been hard to know what was the right and good thing to do for the patient (n=60), revealed that relationships with their co-workers were very important for their possibility to act according to their moral reasoning and feelings(III). The situations for the nurses were either disclosed as overwhelming or possible to grasp. When narrating about these situations the nurses used different terms about themselves and their co-workers (One, They, I and We). The nurses viewed the patients either as a task to be accomplished or as a valuable unique person. In the latter situations ethical demands were interpreted, judged and acted upon (IV). Interpretations of these nurses' skills in managing morally difficult care situations disclosed two levels; one group of nurses who described positive paradigm cases, liberating maxims and disclosed open minds, while the other group described negative paradigm cases, restrictive maxims and revealed closed minds. The latter nurses were mostly the nurses who disclosed in Paper III that they used the term "one" about themselves and "they" about their co-workers (V).en patients recently cared for at surgical and medical wards were interviewed(IV). They narrated lived experiences of receiving/not receiving the help they needed or wanted when suffering from pain and anxiety/fear. The patients revealed that the most important thing for them to feel cared for in these situations was to be listened to, taken seriously and trusted, if they were not treated in this way the patients revealed that they felt they were in the hands of somebody who was uncaring.The findings are interpreted within the framework of Paul Tillich's philosophy concerning love, power, justice and courage, thereby showing the tension between these phenomena in the narrated, lived, moral experience. Light is also thrown on the dynamics of openness, vulnerability, fallibility, forgiveness, affirmation as well as powerlessness, meaninglessness, insufficiency, dissociation and exclusion. Reflections are made concerning practical wisdom.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Åkerlund, Britt Mari, 1943-
(författare)
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Dementia care in an ethical perspective : an exploratory study of caregivers' experiences of ethical conflicts when feeding severely demented patients
- 1990
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was to explore how caregivers caring for severely demented patients experience ethical conflict situations. Feeding patients in a late state of dementia was chosen as focus. Special attention was paid to analyses of the caregivers' experiences with regard to their feelings, use of force, interpretations of the patients' behaviour and their ethical reasoning.The study was carried out in five separate parts, presented as five papers. A phenomenological - hermeneutic approach was consistent. Personal interviews, a projective defence mechanism test, the Meta Contrast Technique and an analysis of patient/caregiver behaviour as shown in video taped feeding sessions were the methods used.Study participants were forty-one caregivers in psychogeriatric care, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and nurses' assistants.The result indicated that, when facing ethical decisions the caregivers were caught in a double bind conflict due to the contradicting ethical demands "Keep the patient alive!" and "Don't cause the patient suffering!". The difficulty to interpret what the patients experienced and the impossibility to know for sure what actions would be right or wrong were sources of anxiety. They defined force feeding individually, yet a pattern was found. Some caregivers defined force feeding according to the amount of persuasiveness or violence they had to perform. Some regarded force feeding from a patient wish perspective. A majority combined the two dimensions.The caregivers' ethical reasoning showed that their decision making was to be regarded as a process grounded on ethical rules. Interdependence in the relation caregiver/patient made them develop their reasoning in a direction of existential reasoning.
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| 42. |
- Malmgren, Helge, 1945
(författare)
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Asteno-emotionellt syndrom, kognitiv dysfunktion : Astheno-emotional syndrome and cognitive dysfunction after whiplash injuries
- 1999
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Ingår i: Konferens och utbildningsdag om whiplash-skador, Göteborg 19/10 1999.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Typiska manifestationer av lindriga till måttliga asteno-emotionella syndrom (AE-syndrom, AED): • Koncentrationssvårigheter (ssk. svårighet att upprätthålla koncentration över tid) • Psykisk uttröttbarhet • Sekundära minnestörningar (påverkan såväl på korttidsminnet som på lagring till och framtagning från långtidsminnet) • Emotionell labilitet • Irritabilitet • Överkänslighet för sensoriska stimuli Tänkbara orsaker till AED vid whiplash-trauma: • Vid uppenbar hjärnskada kan ett tydligt AED framträda relativt tidigt. • Ett lindrigt AED baserat på en centralnervös funktionsrubbning kan möjligen uppstå primärt, även om amnesi för episoden inte föreligger. Observera att ett lindrigt AE-syndrom i denna fas kan maskeras av andra, mer påtagliga symtom. • Ett patologiskt signalflöde från den skadade nackregionen (vare sig det når medvetandet eller ej) kan sannolikt innebära en överbelastning av högre centra i CNS, och därför ge ett lindrigt sekundärt AED utan primär dysfunktion i CNS. • Kroniska, upplevda symtom av skadan (smärta, yrsel etc) kan på längre sikt också ge en sådan överbelastning , vilket leder till ett lindrigt AED. Tänkbara följder av AED vid whiplash: AED kan i sig ge psykogena komplikationer, svåra eller omöjliga att skilja från reaktioner av typ PTSD och från sekundära reaktioner på övriga kroniska symtom av skadan. Vanliga psykogena komplikationer: • Ängslan och ångest • Spänning • Huvudvärk • Vegetativa symptom • Depressivitet Av dessa reaktioner är den sekundära depressionen vid utdragna besvär särskilt viktig att beakta, liksom givetvis möjligheten till många onda cirklar med övrig symtomatologi vid whiplashskador (AED --> ökad smärtreaktivitet --> värre AED). Förslag till revision av vårdprogram: • Anamnes beträffande AED bör alltid tas tidigt i förloppet • Neuropsykologisk utredning kan vara indicerad tidigt, även om tydliga kognitiva symtom inte spontant rapporterats • Patientinformationen bör tidigt innefatta en diskussion av symptom, prognos och lämpliga åtgärder vid lindriga astenoemotionella syndrom • Försiktighet med återgång till fullt arbete innan AED har uteslutits.
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| 43. |
- Jónssson, Jón Jóhannes
(författare)
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Genterapi vid MPS och cystisk fibros
- 1996
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Ingår i: Genterapi på människa. - Köpenhamn : Nordisk ministerråd. - 9291208442
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 44. |
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Categorisation and Interpretation. Indological and comparative studies from an international Indological meeting at the Department of Comparative Philology, Göteborg University (= Meijerbergs arkiv för svensk ordforskning 24)
- 1999
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several of the articles contained in the volume show how logical categorisation and linguistic scholarship as found in ancient India explain the specificity of Indian culture and its contribution to world culture in a way that has not always been suffiently heeded in the West. Some articles show how linguistic, philosophical and textual studies in the Indo-Iranian field can be brought into a wider comparative context and how the study of Indo-European comparative linguistics can be connected with a general understanding of linguistic categories. Conceptual categories of ancient India are studied by Asko Parpola, Klaus Oetke and Johannes Bronkhorst. Bertil Tikkanen writes about the category of subject in Indian and Western linguistics. Folke Josephson and Gerd Carling discuss some case categories of Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages. W.L. Smith treats of variants of a literary tex. Kenneth Zysk writes about the role of mythology in the process of brahmanization of Indian medicine. Judith Josephson is concerned with the technique of interpretation of the Pahlavi translators. Claes Wennerberg studies a Finnish word of possible Indian origin. The volume is a tribute to Gösta Liebert, professor emeritus of Comparative Linguistics and Sanskrit at Göteborg University who unfortunately passed away at the moment when the book was about to go to the press.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Malmgren, Helge, 1945
(författare)
-
Moving towards the Other. The relevance of Hermann Rorschach’s method for the philosophy of perception
- 1998
-
Ingår i: Toward a Science of Consciousness. Tucson, AZ, April 27-May 2, 1998.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent careful research on mental development in the child (Meltzoff & Moore 1995) has shown beyond much doubt that the capacity to perceive and imitate the actions of others is innate. It has been suggested that this capacity to imitate involves an “amodal” perception in which visual information about another organism is immediately transformed into a motor schema in the perceiving subject. Hence one might talk about a mechanism of immediate motor identification. In this paper I point to a number of antecedents of this idea and to some of its psychological and philosophical implications. One important early application of the idea of an immediate motor identification is found in the works of Hermann Rorschach (Rorschach 1921), who describes a category of inkblot interpretations based on “kinesthetic imagery”. These interpretations are variously labelled “kinesthetic responses” or “movement responses” (although they need not involve movement). Abstracting from the associationist psychology in terms of which Rorschach uses to express his ideas, it is clear that he was conceiving these responses in terms of an immediate motor identification. Among philosophers, Maurice Merleau-Ponty (Merleau-Ponty 1945) also makes the observation that imitation involves a capacity for immediate motor identification. Indeed, his concept of body image is defined in terms of the capacity to translate motor schemata between different possible action perspectives. This capacity corresponds to the “amodal” perception postulated by recent theorists. It is well known that Merleau-Ponty stresses the point that our mastering of action schemata is primary to our knowledge of objective (“Cartesian”) space. Taken together, his arguments imply that our knowledge of other minds may be prior to our knowledge of objective space (cf. Malmgren 1976). In the developmental psychology of Heinz Werner (Werner 1961), it is emphasised that human beings – and especially children – tend to perceive not only living beings, but also inanimate objects, in terms of motor identifications. Trees are seen as literally standing or bending, etc. According to Werner (and the so-called “percept-genetic school” which builds upon his works) this tendency towards a generalised “physiognomic” perception remains operative at a subconscious level even in mature perception. Klaus Conrad describes (Conrad 1961) how such latent physiognomic perception surfaces abundantly in the prodromal stage of confusion (“clouded consciousness”). It is clear that the concept of immediate motor identification has important bearings for any systematic theory of perception. From an ecological point of view, such a mechanism would serve an important function in terms of the ability to quickly predict future positions of an aggressor, a prey or a potential mate (J.J. Gibson 1979). Looking instead at computational models of perception, many of these hypothesise a mechanism for immediate translations between an egocentric and an object-centered space (Kosslyn 1994). The findings about immediate motor identifications implies that there is also a general ability to make translations between these spaces and an other-centered – allocentric – space (or several such spaces), which like the egocentric one is perceptually prior to the apprehension of object-centered space.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Lynöe, Niels, 1948-
(författare)
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Theoretical and empirical aspects of the assessment and practice of alternative medicine
- 1991
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this dissertation is to elucidate the problem of assessing and providing alternative medical technologies. The purpose is divisible into three parts:To investigate the bases of assessment for the acceptance of an alternative medical technology; 2. To investigate the professional and ethical problems connected with the practice of alternative medical technologies and find out whether the views of laymen and physicians differ with regard to the provision of treatments which are not in accordance with science and proven experience; 3. To investigate the interest physicians have shown in alternative medicine and the motives for this interest.These investigations are based partly on a study of the literature on alternative medicine dealing with the effects of the following alternative medical technologies: manipulation therapy, acupuncture, reflexio (zone) therapy, homoeopathy and magnetic therapy, and partly on empirical research into the attitudes expressed by doctors and patients towards non-scientific treatments.The results of these studies show that the acceptance of empirical data cannot be separated from the scientific paradigm within which the investigation has been planned. The documentation of the effect of alternative medical technologies is often empirically insufficient and based, in many instances, on so-called ”personal experience”. The interest shown by accredited physicians in alternative medicine is often motivated by the fact that certain complaints brought to them by their patients cannot be rectified by academic medical methods. The study also shows that physicians have professional interests which the patient is not prepared to respect in the same way as the physician is prepared to respect the right of a patient to refuse to undergo life-saving medical treatment.The main conclusion is that alternative medicine is a heterogeneous field where the interest expressed can be interpreted as a crisis phenomenon and an indication of the need for the assessment of alternative medicine as well as academic medicine. Laymen perceive the ethical and professional problems connected with the practice of alternative medicine relatively differently when compared to physicians. The possibility of scientific co-operation between practitioners of alternative medicine and academic medicine is difficult due to the fact that alternative medicine and academic medicine relate to different scientific paradigms. Clinical co-operation in the case of individual patients, on the other hand, is likely to occur.
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- Persson, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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A fundamental problem of causation (with no solution)
- 1999
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Ingår i: Spinning Ideas: Electronic Essays Dedicated to Peter Gärdenfors on His Fiftieth Birthday.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Traditional views of causation are cause-effect views. Among other things, what is claimed is that when a causal report is true, a cause and an effect exist. Similarly with theories of causal beliefs, such as Gärdenfors's (1988) view that - by looking at the contraction with respect to the cause of the given epistemic state - we can apply the simple criterion that the occurrence of C raises the probability of the occurrence of E. The cause and the effect has been at centre in much theorising about causation and causal beliefs.
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| 50. |
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