| 1. |
- Amlinger, Hanna
(författare)
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Reduction of Audible Noise of a Traction Motor at PWM Operation
- 2018
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A dominating source for the radiated acoustic noise from a train at low speeds is the traction motor. This noise originates from electromagnetic forces acting on the structure resulting in vibrations on the surface and thus radiated noise. It is often perceived as annoying due to its tonal nature. To achieve a desirable acoustic behavior, and also to meet legal requirements, it is of great importance to thoroughly understand the generation of noise of electromagnetic origin in the motor and also to be able to control it to a low level.In this work, experimental tests have been performed on a traction motor operated from pulse width modulated (PWM) converter. A PWM converter outputs a quasi-sinusoidal voltage created from switched voltage pulses of different widths. The resulting main vibrations at PWM operation and their causes have been analyzed. It is concluded that an appropriate selection of the PWM switching frequency, that is the rate at which the voltage is switched, is a powerful tool to influence the noise of electromagnetic origin. Changing the switching frequency shifts the frequencies of the exciting electromagnetic forces. Further experimental investigations show that the trend is that the resulting sound power level decreases with increasing switching frequency and eventually the sound power level reaches an almost constant level. The underlying physical phenomena for the reduced sound power level is different for different frequency ranges. It is proposed that the traction motor, similar to a thin walled cylindrical structure, shows a constant vibration over force response above a certain frequency. This is investigated using numerical simulations of simplified models. Above this certain frequency, where the area of high modal density is dominating, the noise reducing effect of further increasing the switching frequency is limited.
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| 2. |
- Bhatti, Ayjwat Awais, 1983-
(författare)
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Computational weld mechanics : Towards simplified and cost effective FE simulations
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is the demand of the world’s ever increasing energy crisis to reduce fuel consumption wherever possible. One way of meeting this demand is by reducing the weight of a structure by replacing thick plates of low strength steel with thin plates of high strength steel in the structure. Fusion welding process is extensively used in the manufacturing industry, however, despite many advantages different problems such as weld defects, residual stresses and permanent distortions are associated with this process.Finite element (FE) method has proved itself as an alternative and acceptable tool for prediction of welding residual stresses and distortions. However, the highly nonlinear and transient nature of the welding process makes the FE simulation computationally intensive and complex. Thus, simplified and efficient welding simulations are required so that they can be applied to industrial scale problems.In this research work an alternative FE simulation approach for the assessment of welding residual stresses, called rapid dumping is developed. This approach proved to be efficient and predicted the residual stress with acceptable accuracy for different small scale welded joints. This approach was further implemented on a large scale welded structures along with other available approaches. It was found that the computational time involved in the welding simulations for large structures using rapid dumping approach can be reduced but at the cost of accuracy of the results.Furthermore, influence of thermo-mechanical material properties of different steel grades (S355-S960) on welding residual stresses and angular distortion in T-fillet joints is investigated. It is observed that for assessment of residual stresses, except yield stress, all of the thermo-mechanical properties can be considered as constant. For the prediction of angular distortions with acceptable accuracy, heat capacity, yield stress and thermal expansion should be employed as temperature dependent in the welding simulations.Finally, the influence of two different LTT (Low Transformation Temperature) weld filler material on residual stress state and fatigue strength was investigated. It was observed that a reduction in tensile residual stresses at the weld toe of the joint was observed. Furthermore, at higher R-ratio no significant increase in the fatigue strength was observed . However, at low R-ratio significant increase in fatigue strength was observed.
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| 3. |
- Blanco, Blas, 1990-
(författare)
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Railway track dynamic modelling
- 2017
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The railway vehicles are an increasing mean of transportation due to, its reduced impact on environment and high level of comfort provided. These reasons have contributed to settle a positive perception of railway traffic into the European society. In this upward context, the railway industrial sector tackles some important challenges; maintaining low operational costs and controlling the nuisance by-products of trains operation, the most important being railway noise. Track dynamic plays a main role for both issues, since a significant part of the operational costs are associated with the track maintenance tasks and, the noise generated by the track can be dominant in many operational situations. This explains why prediction tools are highly valued by railway companies. The work presented in this licentiate thesis proposes methodologies for accurate and efficient modelling of railway track dynamics. Two core axes have led the development of this task, on one hand, the rail modelling and, on the other hand, the characterisation of the finite length nature of track supports. Firstly, concerning the rail modelling technique, it has evolved under two major premises. On one hand, regarding the frequency domain, it should describe high frequency behaviour of the rail. In order to accomplish with this first premise, a model based on Timoshenko beam theory is used, which can accurately account for the vertical rail behaviour up to 2500 Hz. On the other hand, with respect to the time domain, the response should be smooth and free of discontinuities. This last condition is fulfilled by implementation of the Timoshenko local deformation. Secondly, a model of support that considers its finite length nature is sought. For this purpose, a Timoshenko element over elastic foundation is formulated. Thus, the common model of support, which is based on a concentrated connection, is substituted by a distributed model of support. In this way, several enhancements are achieved; the temporal contact force response is smoothed and a more realistic shape is obtained, the amplitude of the displacement due to the parametric excitation is reduced and the magnitude associated to the ‘pin-pin’ frequency is not overestimated.
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| 4. |
- Botling, Fredrik
(författare)
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Modelling and simulation of electromagnetic audible noise generated by traction motors
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An annoying tonal noise is produced by modern electrical trains duringacceleration and deceleration. This noise is caused by electromagneticforces generating structural vibrations, especially from the traction motors.The electromagnetic noise is dominant at low train speeds and affectsboth the passengers on the train and on platforms, as well as peopleliving near the track. The focus on this issue has increased the last years,both regarding legislation, contractual requirements and also because ofexpectations from citizens and travelers. To be able to design low noiseelectric drive systems, a thorough understanding of the cause and thepossibility to predict the electromagnetic noise is needed. This thesisdescribes the modelling and simulation of an complete multi-physicsreal-time environment for prediction and analysis of the electromagneticnoise. The simulation results are validated against measurements of thestructural vibration and acoustic response of a real traction motor fed bya power converter running in the entire operational range.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Davari, Mohammad Mehdi
(författare)
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Exploiting over-actuation to reduce tyre energy losses in vehicle manoeuvres
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to environmental and economic challenges road vehicles need bettersolutions to reduce energy consumption. Improvement in tyre rolling e-ciency is one of the key enablers for lower energy consumption. The shifttowards electrication and intelligent driving creates new opportunities todevelop energy-ecient vehicles. For instant over-actuated vehicles whichenables dierent objectives such as safety, performance and energy e-ciency to be fullled during a manoeuvre. The objective of this thesis is todevelop a simulation environment to simulate the energy dissipated fromthe tyre in order to investigate the potential to controlling dierent chassisparameters to reduce rolling losses during driving.The rst part of the thesis is dedicated to develop a high-delity semi-physical non-linear tyre model called the Extended Brush Tyre Model(EBM) to be used for energy studies in vehicle dynamics simulations andlater answer whether it is reasonable to believe that there is any potentialto reduce the rolling loss, and thereby energy consumption, using over-actuation.In the second part of the thesis the benets of over-actuation are invest-igated to enable rolling loss reduction. A control strategy using camber-sideslip control (CSC) is proposed. The allocation problem is solved in the formof an optimisation problem using Dynamics Programming (DP) and ModelPredictive Control (MPC). Exploiting the function for a chosen vehicle ina simulation environment shows a signicant improvement of about 60% inrolling loss reduction while maintaining path tracking. Also by using thisfunction the tyre forces can be distributed more evenly while maintainingthe global force, which results in an increase in the available tyre forcesthat is especially benecial when driving at the limit. It is revealed thatoptimising the vehicle manoeuvre from an energy perspective is sometimesin con ict with the safety demand, thus the energy and safety criteria needto be considered simultaneously during optimisation.Finally, experimental studies using an over-actuated concept vehicleconrmed that the CSC function can reduce overall energy consumptionduring low velocity manoeuvres up to about 13%. By increasing the speed,the saving potential decreases but the contribution is nonetheless of signi-cance. The developed simulation environment, including the EBM, willenable future studies of dierent solutions using over-actuation to reducerolling losses in dierent types of vehicles and driving tasks.
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| 7. |
- Dirks, Babette, 1976-
(författare)
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Simulation and Measurement of Wheel on Rail Fatigue and Wear
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The life of railway wheels and rails has been decreasing in recent years. This is mainly caused by more traffic and running at higher vehicle speed. A higher speed usually generates higher forces, unless compensated by improved track and vehicle designs, in the wheel-rail contact, resulting in more wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage to the wheels and rails. As recently as 15 years ago, RCF was not recognised as a serious problem. Nowadays it is a serious problem in many countries and ''artificial wear'' is being used to control the growth of cracks by preventive re-profiling and grinding of, respectively, the wheels and rails. This can be used because a competition exists between wear and surface initiated RCF: At a high wear rate, RCF does not have the opportunity to develop further. Initiated cracks are in this case worn off and will not be able to propagate deep beneath the surface of the rail or wheel.When wheel-rail damage in terms of wear and RCF can be predicted, measures can be taken to decrease it. For example, the combination of wheel and rail profiles, or the combination of vehicle and track, can be optimised to control the damage. Not only can this lead to lower maintenance costs, but also to a safer system since high potential risks can be detected in advance.This thesis describes the development of a wheel-rail life prediction tool with regard to both wear and surface-initiated RCF. The main goal of this PhD work was to develop such a tool where vehicle-track dynamics simulations are implemented. This way, many different wheel-rail contact conditions which a wheel or a rail will encounter in reality can be taken into account.The wear prediction part of the tool had already been successfully developed by others to be used in combination with multibody simulations. The crack prediction part, however, was more difficult to be used in combination with multibody simulations since crack propagation models are time-consuming. Therefore, more concessions had to be made in the crack propagation part of the tool, since time-consuming detailed modelling of the crack, for example in Finite Elements models, was not an option. The use of simple and fast, but less accurate, crack propagation models is the first step in the development of a wheel-rail life prediction model.Another goal of this work was to verify the wheel-rail prediction tool against measurements of profile and crack development. For this purpose, the wheel profiles of trains running on the Stockholm commuter network have been measured together with the crack development on these wheels. Three train units were selected and their wheels have been measured over a period of more than a year. The maximum running distance for these wheels was 230,000 km.A chosen fatigue model was calibrated against crack and wear measurements of rails to determine two unknown parameters. The verification of the prediction tool against the wheel measurements, however, showed that one of the calibrated parameters was not valid to predict RCF on wheels. It could be concluded that wheels experience relatively less RCF damage than rails. Once the two parameters were calibrated against the wheel measurements, the prediction tool showed promising results for predicting both wear and RCF and their trade-off. The predicted position of the damage on the tread of the wheel also agreed well with the position found in the measurements.
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| 8. |
- Futrzynski, Romain, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Dymode : A parallel dynamic mode decomposition software
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dymode is a parallel program that computes dynamic mode decompositions. The code is written in C++ and relies on a number of libraries. Several parameters can be specified in order to control the computational aspects of the program as well as the input and output of the decomposition, particularly how the modes are sorted. Finally, dymode is almost entirely parallel and is therefore particularly suitable for computing the dynamic mode decomposition of large datasets.The dymode package also includes dymodem, a Matlab implementation of the code which accepts the same arguments as dymode, when they are relevant, and produces the same output. It can be useful to use dymodem when dealing with smaller datasets, or to validate the output from dymode.
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| 9. |
- Färm, Anna, 1984-
(författare)
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Absorption of Sound : On the effects of field interaction on absorber performance
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Environmental noise has for decades been a well known problem, especially in urban areas. As noise requirements for vehicles are sharpened, noise reducing concepts are needed in early design stages requiring accurate simulations to support the design. Specifically for optimization of noise treatments, the absorber performance must be simulated correctly.So called noise encapsulations are placed below the powertrain on heavy vehicles to enclose the engine and reduce noise radiation. The attenuation of the absorbers on these shields must be represented correctly in simulations, even in environments with complex sound field, cooling flow and high temperature variations which may affect the absorber performance. This thesis studies the performance variation due to different absorber representations and due to these factors and how to include this in simulations.It is shown that the material representation significantly affects the attenuation performance in the simulations. Assuming locally reacting absorbers neglects the full interaction between the sound field and the material, which was shown to affect the noise reduction considerably. A measurement method to determine the angular dependent surface impedance was evaluated. It was shown sensitive to small samples and a method to improve accuracy was suggested. Including the angular dependence, either by full resolution or an angular dependent impedance, the field-absorber interaction is included in the simulations and more accurate results are obtained. The influence of flow and temperature fields on the absorber performance was also investigated. A method to include these effects was developed and the attenuation performance shown significant, especially for materials with bulk reaction.In conclusion, thorough knowledge of the material behavior and the field in the applications is required to choose appropriate material representation to enable reliable simulation results.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Hammar, Johan, 1979-
(författare)
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A Wave Expansion Method for Aeroacoustic Propagation
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although it is possible to directly solve an entire flow-acoustics problem in one computation, this approach remains prohibitively large in terms of the computational resource required for most practical applications. Aeroacoustic problems are therefore usually split into two parts; one consisting of the source computation and one of the source propagation. Although both these parts entail great challenges on the computational method, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, it is still better than the direct solution alternative. The source usually consists of highly turbulent flows, which for most cases will need to be, at least partly, resolved. Then, acoustic waves generated by these sources often have to be propagated for long distances compared to the wavelength and might be subjected to scattering by solid objects or convective effects by the flow. Numerical methods used solve these problems therefore have to possess low dispersion and dissipation error qualities for the solution to be accurate and resource efficient.The wave expansion method (WEM) is an efficient discretization technique, which is used for wave propagation problems. The method uses fundamental solutions to the wave operator in the discretization procedure and will thus produce accurate results at two to three points per wavelength. This thesis presents a method that uses the WEM in an aeroacoustic context. Addressing the propagation of acoustic waves and transfer of sources from flow to acoustic simulations. The proposed computational procedure is applied to a co-rotating vortex pair and a cylinder in cross-flow. Overall, the computed results agree well with analytical solutions.Although the WEM is efficient in terms of the spatial discretization, the procedure requires that a Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse is evaluated at each unique node-neighbour stencil in the grid. This evaluation significantly slows the procedure. In this thesis, a method with a regular grid is explored to speed-up this process.
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| 12. |
- Hossein Nia, Saeed, 1983-
(författare)
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On Heavy-Haul Wheel Damages using Vehicle Dynamics Simulation
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Maintenance cost is one of the important issues in railway heavy-haul operations. In most of the cases, these costs are majorly referring to reprofiling and changing the wheels of the locomotives and the wagons. The main reason of the wheel damages is usually severe wear and/or surface initiated rolling contact fatigue (RCF).This work tries to enhance and improve the knowledge of the wheel wear and RCF prediction models using dynamic simulations. While most of the contents of this study can be generalised to other operational networks, this study is focused on the locomotives and wagons of the Swedish iron-ore company LKAB. The trains are operating on the approximately 500 km long IORE line from Luleå to Narvik in the north of Sweden and Norway respectively.Firstly, a literature survey of dynamic modelling of the wagons with various three-piece bogie types is presented. Then, with concentrating on the standard three-piece bogies, parameter studies are carried out to find out what the most important reasons of wheel damages are. Moreover, the long-term stability of wheel profiles of the IORE wagons is analysed. This is done by visualising the wear and RCF evolution on the wheel profiles over 150,000km of simulated running distance.Most of the calculations for the wagons are repeated for the locomotives. However, traction and braking are also considered in the simulation model and their effects on wheel damages are briefly studied. To improve the accuracy of the wheel damage analysis, a newly developed algorithm called FaStrip is used to solve the tangential contact problem instead of FASTSIM. The damage prediction model developed in the thesis is used to study the effects of increasing axle load, correcting the track gauge, limiting the electro-dynamic braking and using a harder wheel material on the wheel life. Furthermore, a new method is developed to predict the running distance between two consecutive reprofilings due to severe surface initiated fatigue. The method is based on shakedown analysis and laboratory tests.Most of the research works in wear calculation are limited to two approaches known as wear number and Archard methods. The correlation between these two methods is studied. The possibility of using the relation between the two methods for the wear calculation process is investigated mainly to reduce the calculation time for wheel profile optimisation models.
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| 13. |
- Hynninen, Antti
(författare)
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Acoustic In-duct Characterization of Fluid Machines with Applications to Medium Speed IC-engines
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The unwanted sound, noise, can lead to health problems, e.g. hearing loss and stress-related problems. A pre-knowledge of noise generation by machines is of great importance due to the ever-shorter product development cycles and stricter noise legislation. The noise from a machine radiates to the environment indirectly via the foundation structure and directly via the surrounding fluid. A fluid machine converts the energy from the fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa. Examples of the fluid machines are internal combustion engines (IC-engines), pumps, compressors, and fans. Predicting and controlling noise from a fluid machine requires a model of the noise sources themselves, i.e. acoustic source data. In the duct systems connected to the fluid machines, the acoustic source interacts strongly with the system boundaries, and the source characteristics must be described using in-duct methods.Above a certain frequency, i.e. first non-plane wave mode cut-on frequency, the sound pressure varies over the duct cross-section and non-plane waves are introduced. For a number of applications, the plane wave range dominates and the non-plane waves can be neglected. But for machines connected to large ducts, the non-plane wave range is also important. In the plane wave range, one-dimensional process simulation software can be used to predict, e.g. for IC-engines, the acoustic in-duct source characteristics. The high frequency phenomena with non-plane waves are so complicated, however, that it is practically impossible to simulate them accurately. Thus, in order to develop methods to estimate the sound produced, experimental studies are also essential.This thesis investigates the acoustic in-duct source characterization of fluid machines with applications to exhaust noise from medium speed IC-engines. This corresponds to large engines used for power plants or on ships, for which the non-plane wave range also becomes important. The plane wave source characterization methods are extended into the higher frequency range with non-plane waves. In addition, methods to determine non-plane wave range damping for typical elements in exhaust systems, e.g. after-treatment devices, are discussed.
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| 14. |
- Jerpdal, Lars, 1978-
(författare)
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Processing of self-reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites for automotive applications
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The vehicles of the future must have less negative environmental impact during their use phase than the vehicles of today in order to avoid major climate change on earth. Consequently electric vehicles are currently under development with the purpose of reducing CO2 emissions when the vehicle isdriven. There are also efforts put in to reducing the weight of vehicles in order to reduce the demand for energy to drive them. One important aspect of weight reduction is that new materials and technologies are developed. Plastic materials have low a density and can therefore be used to reduce the weight of vehicle components and with composite materials there is further potential for weight reduction. Self-reinforced thermoplastic composite materials are materials in which both reinforcement and matrix are thermoplastic materials and thanks to their low density and relatively good mechanical properties, these materials may be used for weight reduction of vehicle components. The aim of this thesis is to study selected process parameters for component manufacturing with self-reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) (SrPET) in order to increase knowledge and thereby advance the field of self-reinforced PET composites. This thesis shows that stretching the material in the manufacturing process increases the mechanical performance of the material due to increased orientation of the amorphous phase in the PET reinforcement. However, stretching introduces stresses in the material that give rise to negative shape distortions in the formed component. The degree of stretching during forming must therefore be controlled in order to achieve a robust serial production. The concept of a SrPET component over-moulded for integration of stiffeners and attachments has been evaluated in a life-cycle-assessment. This evaluation shows that the component weight can be reduced compared to technology currently in use and thereby contribute to increased sustainability of transport.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Khurshid, Mansoor, 1986-
(författare)
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Static and fatigue analyses of welded steel structures : some aspects towards lightweight design
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objectives of this thesis comprise of overcoming the challenges in designing lightweight welded structures such as material selection, choice of fatigue design methods, and increased performance by using improvement techniques. Material selection of welded joints is dependent on the filler and base material strengths. Partially and fully penetrated cruciform and butt welded joints were designed in under-matching, matching, and over-matching filler materials. Base material steel grades were S600MC, S700MC, and S960. Current design rules are developed for welds in steel up to yield strength of 700MPa. Therefore, design rules in Eurocode3, AWS d1.1, and BSK 07 were verified and recommendations for developing design rules for designing welded joints in S960 were concluded. Numerical methodology for estimating static strength of welded joints by simulating heat affected zone was also developed.Another objective of the thesis work was to overcome the challenges in selection of fatigue design methods. The available design curves in standards are developed for uniaxial stress states, however, in real life the welds in mechanical structures are subjected to complex multiaxial stress states. Furthermore; weld toe failures are frequently investigated, weld root failures are seldom investigated. Therefore, in this work the multiaxial fatigue strength of welded joints failing at the weld root was assessed using experiments and various nominal and local stress based approaches. Butt welded joints with different weld seam inclinations with respect to applied uniaxial loading were designed to assess the root fatigue strength in higher multiaxial stress ratio regime. The fatigue strength of multi-pass tube-to-plate welded joints subjected to internal pressure only and combined internal pressure and torsion in and 90° out of phase loading was also investigated. Test data generated in this thesis was evaluated together with the test data collected from literature.Last objective of the thesis included investigation of the increased performance in fatigue strength by post weld treatment methods such as HFMI. The behavior of residual stresses induced due to HFMI treatment during fatigue loading is studied. Numerical residual stress estimations and residual stress relaxation models are developed and the effect of various HFMI treatment process parameters and steel grade on the induced residual stress state is investigated. Specimens studied were non load carrying longitudinal attachments and simple plates. Residual stresses in both test specimens were measured using X-ray diffraction technique.
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| 17. |
- Köll, Joonas, 1978-
(författare)
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Modeling of rigid foams
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The morphology and elastic properties of foams are investigated using models accounting for the cellular structure. Different modeling approaches are evaluated and compared to the cellular structures of real foams. The aim is to find an approach that produces realistic models that can be adjusted to match morphology measures taken form real foams. The elastic properties are computed using finite element analysis and the results are compared with both experimental results from mechanical testing and existing analytical models. A generalization of the existing analytical models is suggested for better agreement with the modeling results.In Paper A Voronoi and equilibrium foam models are generated and investigated. The Voronoi models are found to have a high content of short edges and small faces while conversion into equilibrium foams eliminates such small geometrical features. It is also seen that different seed point distribution algorithms generally result in different model topologies.In Paper B the relations between the sphere packing fraction and the resulting degree of volumetric polydispersity are studied as well as the relations between polydispersity and a number of morphology parameters. Both Voronoi and equilibrium foams are investigated and compared with data from real foams. Such comparisons indicate that the used method is somewhat limited in terms of polydispersity but provides a controlled way of varying the foam morphology.In Paper C equilibrium models are used to study the inuence of polydispersity, relative density and distribution of solid on the elastic properties of foams. It is found that the elastic moduli are very weakly coupled to the polydispersity while the inuence from the relative density and distribution of solid is considerably stronger. Existing analytical models from the literature are fitted to the results and generalizations are suggested for better agreement over the investigated range of relative density and distribution of solid.In Paper D equilibrium foam models with prescribed polydispersity are generated, analyzed and compared to real foams. The polydispersity of real foams is measured in micro-CT images and the results are applied to the models. The elastic properties are computed and the results are compared with experimental results and previous models with significantly lower polydispersity. No clear relation is found between the elastic properties and the polydispersity of equilibrium foams.
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| 18. |
- Liu, Zhendong, 1983-
(författare)
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Measures to Enhance the Dynamic Performance of Railway Catenaries
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The pantograph-catenary system is used in railways to transfer electric power from infrastructure to trainset. As the pantograph slides against the catenary, the contact between the two surfaces is not stable due to stiffness variation, propagating wave and other environmental perturbation, especially at high speeds or in multi-pantograph operation. Heavy oscillation can result in poor power-transmission quality, electromagnetic interference, severe wear or even structural damage. So the pantograph-catenary dynamics has become one of the key issues which limits the operational speed and determines the maintenance cost. There are many types of catenary systems in Sweden, which are relatively soft and sensitive compared with the systems in other countries. They work well at low operational speed and have strict limitations to multi-pantograph operation. It is possible to achieve an operational speed of 350 km/h on newly-built high-speed lines, but there is still a large demand for higher operational speed and more capacity on the existing lines. Many researchers and engineers have made progress to improve its dynamic performance. From the research aspect, many numerical models have been built up to demonstrate the dynamics of the pantograph-catenary system and to unveil the key influencing factors. There have been many applications developed in recent years. Regarding the catenary, high-tensile loads on the catenary and low-stiffness-variation designs are widely used to improve the dynamic performance. Regarding the pantograph, aerodynamic-friendly designs and active-control technique contribute to the development of high-speed pantograph. But all these methods need not only large investment but long out-of-service. Considering the large scale and heavy service duty of the existing lines, it becomes almost impossible to completely upgrade the existing pantograph-catenary systems. So it is necessary to find practical and efficient methods to exploit the potentials of the existing systems to enhance their dynamic performances. This thesis investigates the dynamic behaviour of the Swedish pantograph-catenary systems and proposes methods for better usage. A numerical study on multi-pantograph operation is performed and the relationships between dynamic performance and some key parameters is established. By studying the multi-pantograph operation at short spacing distance, a method to use the leading pantograph as auxiliary pantograph is proposed to increase the operational speed on the soft catenary system. To ensure operational safety in abnormal conditions, numerical studies on pantograph raising/lowering processes and in catenary overlap sections are performed. By studying the influence of the lumped-mass on the dynamic performance, it shows that it is even possible to implement some artificial tuned-masses on the catenary for dynamic optimization.
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| 19. |
- Liu, Zhendong, 1983-
(författare)
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Numerical study on multi-pantograph railway operation at high speed
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multi-pantograph operation allows several short electric multiple unit (EMU) trainsets to be coupled or decoupled to adapt to daily or seasonal passenger-flow variation. Although this is a convenient and efficient way to operate rolling stock and use railway infrastructure, pantographs significantly influence each other and even significantly change the dynamic behaviour of the system compared to single-pantograph operation in the same condition. The multi-pantograph system is more sensitive and vulnerable than the single-pantograph system, especially at high operational speeds or with pantographs spaced at short distances. Heavy oscillation in the system can result in low quality of current collection, electromagnetic interference, severe wear on the contact surfaces or even structural damage. The mechanical interaction between the pantograph and the catenary is one of the key issues which limits the maximum operational speed and decides the maintenance cost. Many researchers have paid a lot of attention to the single-pantograph operation and have made great progress on system modelling, optimizing, parameter studies and active control. However, how the pantographs in a train configuration affect each other in multi-pantograph operation and which factors limit the number of pantographs is not fully investigated. Nowadays, to avoid risking operational safety, there are strict regulations to limit the maximum operational speed, the maximum number of pantographs in use, and the minimum spacing distance between pantographs. With the trend of high-speed railways, there are huge demands on increasing operational speed and shortening spacing distance between pantographs. Furthermore, it is desirable to explore more practical and budget-saving methods to achieve higher speed on existing lines without significant technical modification. In addition to a literature survey of the dynamics of pantograph-catenary systems, this thesis carries out a numerical study on multi-pantograph operation based on a three-dimensional pantograph-catenary finite element (FE) model. In this study, the relationship between dynamic performance and other parameters, i.e. the number of pantographs in use, running speed and the position of the pantographs, are investigated. The results show that the spacing distance between pantographs is the most critical factor and the trailing pantograph does not always suffer from deterioration of the dynamic performance. By discussing the two-pantograph operation at short spacing distances, it is found that a properly excited catenary caused by the leading pantograph and the wave interference between pantographs can contribute to an improvement on the trailing pantograph performance. To avoid the additional wear caused by poor dynamic performance on the leading pantograph and achieve further improvement at high speeds, it is suggested to use the leading pantograph as an auxiliary pantograph, which does not conduct any electric current and optimize the uplift force on the leading pantograph. After a brief discussion on some system parameter deviations, it is shown that a 30% of speed increase should be possible to achieve while still sustaining a good dynamic performance without large modifications on the existing catenary system.
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| 20. |
- Lokatt, Mikaela
(författare)
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On Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Modeling for Aircraft Design
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The work presented in this thesis was performed with the aim of developing improved prediction methods for aerodynamic and aeroelastic analysis to be used in aircraft design. The first part of the thesis concerns the development of a viscous-inviscid interaction model for steady aerodynamic predictions. Since an inviscid, potential flow, model already is available, the main focus is on the development of a viscous model consisting of a three-dimensional integral boundary layer model. The performance of the viscous-inviscid interaction model is evaluated and it is found that the accuracy of the predictions as well as the computational cost appear to be acceptable for the intended application. The presented work also includes an experimental study aimed at analyzing steady and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of a laminar flow wing model. An enhanced understanding of these characteristics is presumed to be useful for the development of improved aerodynamic prediction models. A combination of nearly linear as well as clearly nonlinear aerodynamic variations are observed in the steady as well as in the unsteady experimental results and it is discussed how these may relate to boundary layer properties as well as to aeroelastic stability characteristics. Aeroelastic considerations are receiving additional attention in the thesis, as a method for prediction of how flutter characteristics are affected by modeling uncertainties is part of the presented material. The analysis method provides an efficient alternative for obtaining increased information about, as well as enhanced understanding of, aeroelastic stability characteristics.
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| 21. |
- Lundberg, Eva, 1964-
(författare)
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Micro-Structure Modelling of Acoustics of Open Porous Material
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transportation is a large and growing part of the world’s energy consumption. This drives a need for reduced weight of rail vehicles, just as it does for road vehicles. In spite of weight reductions, the vehicle still has to provide the same level of acoustic comfort for the passengers. Porous materials, with more than 90% air, are often included in multi-layer vehicle panels, contributing to acoustic performance without adding much weight. Here the acoustic performance of open cell porous materials, with focus on flow resistivity, is evaluated based on simplified micro-structure models to investigate the effect of anisotropy on the performance In order to evaluate how the redistribution of material affects the flow resistivity, the porosity of the material is kept constant. Two micro-geometries are analysed and compared: the hexahedral model and the tetrakaidecahedron (Kelvin cell). For flow resistivity calculations the solid frame is assumed to be rigid. The models are elongated in one direction to study the influence of micro-structural anisotropy on the macro level flow resistivity. To keep porosity constant, two different approaches are investigated. The first approach is to let strut thickness be uniform and adjust the volume of the cell to a constant ratio compared to the isotropic case. The second approach is to let the strut volume, and cell volume, be constant. For an anisotropic hexahedral cell with uniform strut thickness, the flow resistivity increases substantially with increasing height to width ratio for the hexahedral model, while the flow resistivity for the tetrakaidecahedron model with uniform strut thickness decreases with increasing height to width ratio. For both geometries and constant strut volume, the average flow resistivity is close to the same constant value. For uniform strut thickness the relative volume of anisotropic to isotropic volume is very important.
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| 22. |
- Mårtensson, Per, 1976-
(författare)
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Framework for cost and weight efficient conceptual design of automotive composite body structures
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The automotive industry is facing a great challenge - reducing the weight of their vehicles. Carbon fibre composites are regarded by many as the only real option as traditional engineering materials are now running out of potential for further weight reduction. In this doctoral thesis a framework is presented which will provide guidelines for the conceptual phase of the development of an automotive composite body structure. The framework is initiated by defining ideal material diversity, as well as initial partition of the body structure based on process and material selection. Then, a further analysis of the structures is made in order to evaluate whether a more cost efficient solution can be found by further dividing the structure. Such a differential design approach is analysed in the third part of the work, studying both the financial and structural effects of such partitioning. In order to increase the understanding of the intimate relationship between design, material and manufacturing process, balancing manufacturing and structural optimization is addressed. Finally, drape simulation tools are used to assess the geometric complexity of composite structures in order to further quantify suitable split lines in cases of differential design approach.Different carbon fibre composite material systems and processes are compared and evaluated in the work. The results show that a high-performance material system with continuous fibres is both more cost and performance effective as compared to industrialised, discontinuous fibre composites. Further analysis shows the importance of balancing the design for manufacturing and the structural weight optimization of the structures in order to reach a cost and weight effective design. When restricting composite design freedom with manufacturing constraints, the great benefits of structural composites disappear and with this both weight and cost effectiveness.
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| 23. |
- Olausson, Katrin
(författare)
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On Evaluation and Modelling of Human Exposure to Vibration and Shock on Planing High-Speed Craft
- 2015
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- High speed in waves, necessary in for instance rescue or military operations, often result in severe loading on both the craft and the crew. To maximize the performance of the high-speed craft (HSC) system that the craft and crew constitute, balance between these loads is essential. There should be no overload or underuse of crew, craft or equipment. For small high-speed craft systems, man is often the weakest link. The human exposure to vibration and shock results in injuries and other adverse health effects, which increase the risks for non-safe operations and performance degradation of the crew and craft system. To achieve a system in balance, the human acceleration exposure must be considered early in ship design. It must also be considered in duty planning and in design and selection of vibration mitigation systems.The thesis presents a simulation-based method for prediction and evaluation of the acceleration exposure of the crew on small HSC. A numerical seat model, validated with experimental full-scale data, is used to determine the crew's acceleration exposure. The input to the model is the boat acceleration expressed in the time domain (simulated or measured), the total mass of the seated human, and seat specific parameters such as mass, spring stiffness and damping coefficients and the seat's longitudinal position in the craft. The model generates seat response time series that are evaluated using available methods for evaluation of whole-body vibration (ISO 2631-1 \& ISO 2631-5) and statistical methods for calculation of extreme values.The presented simulation scheme enables evaluation of human exposure to vibration and shock at an early stage in the design process. It can also be used as a tool in duty planning, requirements specification or for design of appropriate vibration mitigation systems. Further studies is proposed within three areas: investigation of the actual operational profiles of HSC, further development of seat models and investigation of the prevailing injuries and health problems among the crew of HSC.
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| 24. |
- Parra Martinez, Juan Pablo, 1985-
(författare)
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On multilayered system dynamics and waves in anisotropic poroelastic media
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The mechanical and acoustic anisotropy of media is a governing factor in the behaviour of multilayered systems including such media. The understanding of the mechanisms conditioning the dynamic behaviour of multilayered systems is of paramount importance. In particular, the intrinsic anisotropy of poroelastic media presents a potential for the optimal design of systems for multifunctional performances. Indeed, these multilayered systems are bound by stiffness, thermal and acoustic performance constraints in simultaneously. A plane wave method is presented to study the influence of material orientation in the dynamic behaviour of multilayered systems composed of anisotropic poroelastic media. The method is applied to a system composed of an anisotropic open-celled melamine foam core in between two metal sheets. This particular multilayered configuration allows to shed light on phenomena intrinsic to layers composed of anisotropic poroelastic materials, such as the frequency shift of the fundamental resonance of the panel, or the compression-shear coupling effects taking place in the poroelastic core layers. The latter phenomena is of particular importance, as it is evidenced on the unconventional polarisation of waves in anisotropic poroelastic media. Finally, the method is adapted to the optimisation of multilayered systems for acoustic performance. the design variables are consequently the core material orientations with respect to the global coordinate system. The solutions to the optimisation problem are analysed in terms of dynamic behaviour, thus allowing to correlate acoustic performance of the overall structure, and the response of each individual layer.
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| 25. |
- Parra Martinez, Juan Pablo, 1985-
(författare)
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On the ECO2 multifunctional design paradigm and tools for acoustic tailoring
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nowadays vehicle design paradigm influences not only the effectiveness of the different means of transport, but also the environment and economy in a critical way. The assessment of the consequences that design choices have on society at large are necessary to understand the limits of the methods and techniques currently employed. One of the mechanisms set in motion is the planned obsolescence of products and services. This has affected vehicle design paradigm in such a way that the variety in the market has shadowed the primary function of vehicle systems: the transport of persons and goods. Amongst the consequences of the expansion of such market is the exponential rise on combustion emissions to the atmosphere, which has become a great hindrance for humans health and survival of ecosystems. The development of evaluation tools for such consequences and their piloting mechanisms is needed so as to implement an ECO2 (Ecological and Economical) vehicle design paradigm. Moreover, the multifunctional design paradigm that drives aeronautical and vehicle engineering is an ever-growing demand of smart materials and structures, able to fulfil multiple requirements in an effective way. The understanding of certain phenomena intrinsic to the introduction of novel materials has found certain limits due to the complexity of the models needed. This work presents as a first step an assessment of the causes and consequences of the vehicle exponential market growth based on the analysis of the planned obsolescence within. Furthermore, a method for the acoustic response analysis of multilayered structures including anisotropic poroelastic materials is introduced. The methodology consists in a plane wave approach as a base for introducing the complex mechanic and acoustic equations governing anisotropic homogeneous media, e.g. open-celled foams, into an alternative mathematical tool manipulating physical wave amplitudes propagation within the studied media. In addition, this method is coupled to a power partitioning and energetic assessment tool so as to understand the phenomena present in complex multilayered designs.
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| 26. |
- Pignier, Nicolas, 1988-
(författare)
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Predicting the sound field from aeroacoustic sources on moving vehicles : Towards an improved urban environment
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a society where environmental noise is becoming a major health and economical concern, sound emissions are an increasingly critical design factor for vehicle manufacturers. With about a quarter of the European population living close to roads with heavy traffic, traffic noise in urban landscapes has to be addressed first. The current introduction of electric vehicles on the market and the need for sound systems to alert their presence is causing a shift in mentalities requiring engineering methods that will have to treat noise management problems from a broader perspective. That in which noise emissions need not only be considered as a by-product of the design but as an integrated part of it. Developing more sustainable ground transportation will require a better understanding of the sound field emitted in various realistic operating conditions, beyond the current requirements set by the standard pass-by test, which is performed in a free-field. A key aspect to improve this understanding is the development of efficient numerical tools to predict the generation and propagation of sound from moving vehicles.In the present thesis, a methodology is proposed aimed at evaluating the pass-by sound field generated by vehicle acoustic sources in a simplified urban environment, with a focus on flow sound sources. Although it can be argued that the aerodynamic noise is still a minor component of the total emitted noise in urban driving conditions, this share will certainly increase in the near future with the introduction of quiet electric engines and more noise-efficient tyres on the market.This work presents a complete modelling of the problem from sound generation to sound propagation and pass-by analysis in three steps. Firstly, computation of the flow around the geometry of interest; secondly, extraction of the sound sources generated by the flow, and thirdly, propagation of the sound generated by the moving sources to observers including reflections and scattering by nearby surfaces. In the first step, the flow is solved using compressible detached-eddy simulations. The identification of the sound sources in the second step is performed using direct numerical beamforming with linear programming deconvolution, with the phased array pressure data being extracted from the flow simulations. The outcome of this step is a set of uncorrelated monopole sources. Step three uses this set as input to a propagation method based on a point-to-point moving source Green's function and a modified Kirchhoff integral under the Kirchhoff approximation to compute reflections on built surfaces. The methodology is demonstrated on the example of the aeroacoustic noise generated by a NACA air inlet moving in a simplified urban setting. Using this methodology gives insights on the sound generating mechanisms, on the source characteristics and on the sound field generated by the sources when moving in a simplified urban environment.
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| 27. |
- Pignier, Nicolas, 1988-
(författare)
-
Sound propagation from sustainable ground vehicles : from aeroacoustic sources to urban noise
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transportation is the main source of environmental noise in Europe, with an estimated 125 million people affected by excessive noise levels from road traffic, causing a burden of noise related diseases and having a substantial economic impact on society. In order to reduce exposure to high levels of traffic noise, two approaches are the topic of extensive research: preventing sound from propagating from roads and railways using for example noise barriers, and reducing the sources of noise themselves. The second solution, which addresses directly the cause of the problem, requires improved design methods, with a more systematic resort to multi-functional design. Addressing cross-functions simultaneously reduces the number of design iterations and the high cost of prototyping.The work presented in this thesis aims at developing methods that can be used to design quieter vehicle concepts within a multi-functional approach, and is articulated around two main axis of research, aerodynamic sound generation and sound propagation.The first axis aims at performing an aeroacoustic analysis to predict aerodynamic sound sources. A hybrid method is used on the example of a type of submerged air inlet called a NACA duct, where the near-field flow is solved through detached eddy simulation (DES) and where the far-field acoustics is computed using the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings integral. Results for the flow for various operating conditions are presented and validated against experimental data from the literature, with very good agreement. Far-field acoustic results are shown, exhibiting levels and components that are strongly dependent on the operating conditions. This analysis gives a framework for future aeroacoustic analysis in the project, and sets the path for the development of air inlets with improved aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics.The second axis focuses on the propagation of sound from a given source, moving in an urban environment. An approximate boundary method is presented, which relies on the Kirchhoff approximation applied to the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation. Using this approximation speeds up the computational time compared to using a regular boundary element method. The resulting expression is extended to account for multiple scattering through consecutive updates of the surface pressures, and for moving sources through the introduction of a retarded time and of a Doppler shift. Validation tests for this method are presented, from simple scatterers to a more realistic configuration, showing good agreement with analytical, experimental and simulated work.
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| 28. |
- Pignier, Nicolas, 1988-
(författare)
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The impact of traffic noise on economy and environment: a short literature study : Performed within the scope of the ECO2 project Noise propagation from sustainable ground vehicles
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report discusses the societal impacts of environmental and traffic noise, and the benefits that could be withdrawn from their reduction. Environmental noise pollution is considered as one of the main environmental problems in today’s society. Around 80 million European citizens are exposed to unhealthy noise level. These levels can affect health and well-being, which will be reflected on working and living conditions, consequently affecting the economy. To deal with this issue, always stricter regulations are being voted by states to set up action plans to prevent noise exposure and to reduce the noise at its source. The main source of environmental noise is transportation noise which is pulled up by always increasing needs for goods, energy, and personal transportation. Excluding airways traffic noise which affects only a small percentage of the population, reducing traffic noise comes down to either isolating roads or railways from living and working areas or achieving reductions of noise at its source - on ground vehicles. The position of the ECO2 project Noise propagation from sustainable vehicle concepts in a more global effort to reduce noise pollution is described. The impact of traffic noise on health and environment is discussed, as well as various aspects of the impact on the economy. Estimations of the costs of traffic noise are presented for different types of vehicles, as well as the influence on housing prices. Response from the state in terms of legislation is tackled . Finally, societal benefits of traffic noise reduction are discussed.
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| 29. |
- Qazizadeh, Alireza
(författare)
-
On Active Suspension in Rail Vehicles
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The topic of this PhD thesis is active suspension in rail vehicles whichis usually realized through sensors, controllers and actuation components.A well established example of an active suspension is the tiltingcontrol system used to tilt the carbody in curves to reduce centrifugalacceleration felt by passengers. Active suspension for rail vehicles is beingstudied since 1970s and in this PhD thesis it has been tried to expandon some aspects of this topic.This study extends the research field by both experimental and theoreticalstudies. In the first phase of the study which led to a licentiatedegree the focus was more on experimental work with active verticalsuspension (AVS). This was implemented by introducing actuators inthe secondary suspension of a Bombardier test train, Regina 250, in thevertical direction. The aim has been to improve vertical ride comfort bycontrolling bounce, pitch and roll motions.In the second phase after the licentiate, the studies have been moretheoretical and can be divided into two parts. The first part of the workhas been more focused on equipping two-axle rail vehicles with differentactive suspension solutions for improving the vehicle performanceregarding comfort and wheel-rail interaction. Three papers are writtenon active suspension for two-axle rail vehicles. Two of the papers discussthe use of H¥ control for wheelset guidance in curves to reducewheel-rail damage. The third paper shows that by use of active verticaland lateral suspension (AVS and ALS) in two-axle rail vehicles goodcomfort can be achieved as well. The paper then studies how the threeactive suspension systems (ALS, AVS, and ASW) interact once implementedtogether on a two-axle rail vehicle.The second part is a study on safety of active suspension systems.The study discusses a possible procedure to ensure that a designed activesuspension for a rail vehicle will be safe in all possible failure situations.
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| 30. |
- Razola, Mikael, 1984-
(författare)
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New Perspectives on Analysis and Design of High-Speed Craft with Respect to Slamming
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- High-speed craft are in high demand in the maritime industry, for example, in maintenance operations for offshore structures, for search and rescue, for patrolling operations, or as leisure craft to deliver speed and excitement. Design and operation of high-speed craft are often governed by the hydrodynamic phenomena of slamming, which occur when the craft impact the wave surface. Slamming loads affect the high-speed craft system; the crew, the structure and various sub-systems and limit the operation. To meet the ever-increasing demands on safety, economy and reduced environmental impact, there is a need to develop more efficient high-speed craft. This progression is however limited by the prevailing semi-empirical design methods for high-speed planing craft structures. These methods provide only a basic description of the involved physics, and their validity has been questioned.This thesis contributes to improving the conditions for designing efficient highspeed craft by focusing on two key topics: evaluation and development of the prevailing design methods for high-speed craft structures, and development towards structural design based on first principles modeling of the slamming process. In particular a methodological framework that enables detailed studies of the slamming phenomena using numerical simulations and experimental measurements is synthesized and evaluated. The methodological framework involves modeling of the wave environment, the craft hydromechanics and structural mechanics, and statistical characterization of the response processes. The framework forms the foundation for an extensive evaluation and development of the prevailing semi-empirical design methods for high-speed planing craft. Through the work presented in this thesis the framework is also shown to be a viable approach in the introduction of simulation-based design methods based on first principles modeling of the involved physics. Summarizing, the presented methods and results provide important steppingstones towards designing more efficient high-speed planing craft.
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| 31. |
- Rynell, Anders
(författare)
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An experimental and numerical study of an automotive cooling module
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Heavy vehicles are major emitters of noise. Especially at idle or low vehicle speeds a large portion of the noise emanates from the fan that forces the flow through the cooling module. The aim of this work is to investigate and reveal aerodynamic and acoustic installation effects linked to the cooling package. This introduces a multidisciplinary approach involving examination of the flow field, sound generation and sound propagation. The work includes two main parts: an experimental and a numerical part. The cooling module used throughout this work, named reduced cooling module, primarily includes a radiator, a shroud, a fan and a hydraulic engine to simplify the aeroacoustics analysis.The experimental part comprises measurements of the sound emanated from the cooling package. A new approach to the spectral decomposition method is developed yielding the fan sound power or spectrum to be formulated as a product of a source part and a system part scaling with the Strouhal number and the Helmholtz number. Also, a separate determination of the transmission loss of the radiator is performed. The impact of the radiator on the transmitted noise was found to be negligible.The numerical part incorporates comparisons from two aeroacoustics studies; a configuration where the fan is forced to operate at a fixed operation point and measured flow and turbulence statistics are available and the reduced cooling module. A hybrid turbulence modeling technique, IDDES, is adopted for the flow simulations. The sound propagation is calculated by the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy when assuming a free-field sound propagation and by a finite element solver in the frequency domain to capture the installation effects. The simulated SPL conforms to the measured SPL and the blade response to the turbulent inflow and to the tip resolution, respectively, produce noise which spectral shape distribution is modified in accordance with earlier experimental findings published. Furthermore, the influence of an upstream radiator in close contact with the fan on the flow and sound fields is investigated. Here, the simulated aeroacoustic characteristics were found to change similarly to the acoustic measurements with and without radiator.
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| 32. |
- Shahzamanian Sichani, Matin, 1986-
(författare)
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On Efficient Modelling of Wheel-Rail Contact in Vehicle Dynamics Simulation
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The wheel-rail contact is at the core of all research related to vehicletrackinteraction. This tiny interface governs the dynamic performanceof rail vehicles through the forces it transmits and, like any high stressconcentration zone, it is subjected to serious damage phenomena. Thus,a clear understanding of the rolling contact between wheel and rail is keyto realistic vehicle dynamics simulation and damage analysis.In a multi-body dynamics simulation, the demanding contact problemshould be evaluated at about every millisecond for several wheel-rail pairs.Hence, a rigorous treatment of the contact is highly time-consuming.Simplifying assumptions are therefore made to accelerate the simulationprocess. This gives rise to a trade-o between the accuracy and computationaleciency of the contact model in use.Conventionally, Hertz+FASTSIM is used for calculation of the contactforces thanks to its low computational cost. However, the elliptic patchand pressure distribution obtained by Hertz' theory is often not realisticin wheel-rail contact. Moreover, the use of parabolic traction bound inFASTSIM causes considerable error in the tangential stress estimation.This combination leads to inaccurate damage predictions.Fast non-elliptic contact models are proposed by others to tacklethis issue while avoiding the tedious numerical procedures. The studiesconducted in the present work show that the accuracy of these models iscase-dependent.To improve the accuracy of non-elliptic patch and pressure estimation,a new method is proposed. The method is implemented in an algorithmnamed ANALYN. Comparisons show improvements in patch and, particularly,pressure estimations using ANALYN.In addition, an alternative to the widely-used FASTSIM is developed, named FaStrip. Unlike FASTSIM, it employs an elliptic traction boundand is able to estimate the non-linear characteristic of tangential stressdistribution. Comparisons show more accurate estimation of tangentialstress and slip velocity distribution as well as creep forces with FaStrip.Ultimately, an ecient non-elliptic wheel-rail contact model consistingof ANALYN and FaStrip is proposed. The reasonable computationalcost of the model enables it to be used on-line in dynamics simulationand its accuracy can improve the damage predictions.
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| 33. |
- Wanner, Daniel, 1983-
(författare)
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Controlling over-actuated road vehicles during failure conditions
- 2015
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of electrification of chassis and driveline systems in road vehicles is to reduce the global emissions and their impact on the environment. The electrification of such systems in vehicles is enabling a whole new set of functionalities improving safety, handling and comfort for the user. This trend is leading to an increased number of elements in road vehicles such as additional sensors, actuators and software codes. As a result, the complexity of vehicle components and subsystems is rising and has to be handled during operation. Hence, the probability of potential faults that can lead to component or subsystem failures deteriorating the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles is becoming higher. Mechanical, electric, electronic or software faults can cause these failures independently or by mutually influencing each other, thereby leading to potentially critical traffic situations or even accidents. There is a need to analyse faults regarding their influence on the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles and to investigate their effect on the driver-vehicle interaction and to find new control strategies for fault handling.A structured method for the classification of faults regarding their influence on the longitudinal, lateral and yaw motion of a road vehicle is proposed. To evaluate this method, a broad failure mode and effect analysis was performed to identify and model relevant faults that have an effect on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. This fault classification method identifies the level of controllability, i.e. how easy or difficult it is for the driver and the vehicle control system to correct the disturbance on the vehicle behaviour caused by the fault.Fault-tolerant control strategies are suggested which can handle faults with a critical controllability level in order to maintain the directional stability of the vehicle. Based on the principle of control allocation, three fault-tolerant control strategies are proposed and have been evaluated in an electric vehicle with typical faults. It is shown that the control allocation strategies give a less critical trajectory deviation compared to an uncontrolled vehicle and a regular electronic stability control algorithm. An experimental validation confirmed the potential of this type of fault handling using one of the proposed control allocation strategies.Driver-vehicle interaction has been experimentally analysed during various failure conditions with typical faults of an electric driveline both at urban and motorway speeds. The driver reactions to the failure conditions were analysed and the extent to which the drivers could handle a fault were investigated. The drivers as such proved to be capable controllers by compensating for the occurring failures in time when they were prepared for the eventuality of a failure. Based on the experimental data, a failure-sensitive driver model has been developed and evaluated for different failure conditions. The suggested fault classification method was further verified with the conducted experimental studies.The interaction between drivers and a fault-tolerant control system with the occurrence of a fault that affects the vehicle dynamic stability was investigated further. The control allocation strategy has a positive influence on maintaining the intended path and the vehicle stability, and supports the driver by reducing the necessary corrective steering effort. This fault-tolerant control strategy has shown promising results and its potential for improving traffic safety.
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| 34. |
- Zhou, Lin, 1983-
(författare)
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Acoustic characterization of orifices and perforated liners with flow and high-level acoustic excitation
- 2015
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is motivated by the need for noise control in aircraft engine with orifices and perforated liner. The presence of high-level acoustic excitation, different flow situations either bias flow, grazing flow or any combination in the aircraft engine, makes the acoustic behavior complex due to the interaction between sound and flow over the lined wall. Both systematic acoustic prediction of aircraft engines and liner optimization necessitate progress in impedance measurement methods by including the effect of the complex flow situations. The aim of the present thesis is to experimentally study the change in acoustic properties of orifices and perforated liners under bias or grazing flow.In order to study the effect of different combinations of bias flow and high-level acoustic excitation, an in-duct orifice has been investigated with finely controlled acoustic excitation levels and bias flow speeds. This provides a detailed study of the transition from cases when high-level acoustic excitation causes flow reversal in the orifice to cases when the bias flow maintains the flow direction. Nonlinear impedance is measured and compared, and a scattering matrix and its eigenvalues are investigated to study the potentiality of acoustic energy dissipation or production. A harmonic method is proposed for modelling the impedance, especially the resistance, which captures the change in impedance results at low frequencies compared with experimental results.The presence of grazing flow can increase the resistance of acoustic liners and shift their resonator frequency. So-called impedance eduction technology has been widely studied during the past decades, but with a limited confidence due to the interaction of grazing flow and acoustic waves. A comparison has been performed with different test rigs and methods from the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Numerical work has been performed to investigate the effect of shear flow and viscosity. Our study indicates that the impedance eduction process should be consistent with that of the code of wave propagation computation, for example with the same assumption regarding shear flow and viscosity. A systematic analysis for measurement uncertainties is proposed in order to understand the essentials for data quality assessment and model validation. The idea of using different Mach numbers for wave dispersion and in the Ingard-Myers boundary condition has been tested regarding their effect on impedance eduction. In conclusion, a local Mach number based on friction velocity is introduced and validated using both our own experimental results and those of previous studies.
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| 35. |
- Österlöf, Rickard, 1983-
(författare)
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Modelling the viscoplastic properties of carbon black filled rubber : A finite strain material model suitable for Finite Element Analysis
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An increased environmental awareness, legal demands and the large part of total costs attributable to fuel cost are all incentives for the automotive industry to reduce fuel consumption. The optimal driveline to enable this reduction depends on the operational conditions and the available infrastructure. Moreover, special care is needed when developing the driveline isolators, since the demands on noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) are the same regardless of driveline. To this end, computer aided calculations can be used in order to evaluate a large number of configurations. However, these calculations are only, at best, as good as the material models employed. In the foreseeable future, rubber with reinforcing fillers will be used in vibration isolators in order to obtain the desired properties of these components. However, the stiffness and damping of rubber with reinforcing fillers are highly non-linear functions, and the available material models in commercial software and in the literature are often insufficient. Therefore, a finite strain viscoplastic material model is derived in the time domain and implemented as a user defined material model in Abaqus Explicit. The model captures the strain amplitude and frequency dependency of the storage and loss modulus for a carbon black filled natural rubber. The model is accurate over a wide range of shear strain amplitudes and frequencies, 0.2-50 % and 0.5-20 Hz, respectively, using only 5 material parameters. In addition, the model correctly captures the response from bimodal excitations. The implementation in Abaqus Explicit enables component characteristics to be evaluated early in the development phase, with material parameters derived from simple test specimens. The improved accuracy of simulations of these components can aid engineers develop more optimized solutions faster than with conventional methods.
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