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1.	Blomkvist, Anna-Christina, et al. (författare) Computer use in cold environments 2000 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 31:3, s. 239-245 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study addresses computer work in cold environments with the two-fold aim to explore conditions for such work, and to add knowledge about the use of fingers at data entry in the cold. Five workplaces were visited and work contents and use of computers are briefly described. Effects of work in the cold were in line with those mentioned in the literature, and manual lifting of heavy goods the most impairing activity. Subjects contended with strenuous working postures--holding the computers in their hands or arms--and with cold fingers. Individual fingering for data input was noted. Forefinger or a pen were used, and a pen is recommendable for input, either as a touch pen or, simply to press the keys. A supportive rack could be recommended for portable workstations.
2.	Gard, Gunvor, et al. (författare) Towards a learning organization: the introduction of a client-centered team-based organization in administrative surveying work. 2003 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 34:2, s. 97-105 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Within administrative surveying work in Sweden, a transition to a client-centered team-based organization was made during 1998. The aim of this study was to describe the employees’ perceptions and expectations of job and organizational practices when working as a generalist in a client-centered team-based organization; job and organizational practices and well-being and effectiveness measures were examined when introducing a team-based organization. Interventions such as courses in how to cope with the role of a generalist, how to increase service to clients, education in technology, law and economics, as well as computer information support, were ongoing at the time of the study. The Team Work Profile and QPS Nordic questionnaires were used. All the surveyors in five regions in Sweden participated, in total 640 surveyors. The transition to a client-centered team-based organization was expected to improve job control and job content but at the same time lead to impairments in job climate and group cohesion. Distress was associated with negative future expectations of the organization. High job control and group cohesion were the central contributors towards growth in personal competence and social effectiveness of teamwork. Both internal and external client-related activities of team and organization were in focus during the transition.
3.	Abrahamsson, Lena (författare) Production economics analysis of investment initiated to improve working environment 2000 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 31:4, s. 1-7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This article describes the results of an evaluation of a new work place for ladle preparation at Swedish Steel in Luleå, Sweden. The company initiated a development project related to ladle service work, in order to come to grips with the difficult working environment and problems associated with absenteeism due to illness and occupational injuries. The evaluation was performed for the first three years after implementation of the project and it shows that the new work place considerably improved working conditions and increased both the quality and efficiency of production. The purpose of this article is also to discuss some methodological problems. The follow-up of the various changes in working environment and personnel statistics was fairly simple to carry out. But in terms of production effects, the company's in-house production follow-up system proved to be too unspecified and oversimplified. It was also difficult to decide which changes should count as effects of the new work place and to value these in monetary terms. The profitability calculation shows that an investment initiated to improve the working environment can yield good profitability.
4.	Abrahamsson, Lena (författare) Restoring the order : gender segregation as an obstacle to organisational development 2002 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 33:6, s. 549-557 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper raises questions about the links between gender and organisational changes. The empirical base for the discussion is a qualitative study of the effects of organisational changes in the pulp and paper industry, the electronics industry, the food industry and the laundry industry in Sweden during the mid-1990s. At the studied companies, restoration responses in the work organisations brought the organisation back into its original form and function. The study shows that gender exerts an influence both on the existing work organisation and in the organisational change. The modern organisation, with its focus on integration and decentralisation, challenges the gender order, which is a strong system, built on segregation and hierarchy. The conclusion from the study is that gender segregating and stereotypic gender-coding of workplaces and work tasks were strong restoring mechanisms and obstacles to strategic organisational changes.
5.	Bernmark, E, et al. (författare) A triaxial accelerometer for measuring arm movements 2002 Ingår i: Applied ergonomics. - 0003-6870. ; 33:6, s. 541-547 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
6.	Dekker, Sidney (författare) Failure to adapt or adaptations that fail : Contrasting models on procedures and safety 2003 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 34:3, s. 233-238 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper introduces two models on procedures and safety and assesses the practical consequences these have for organizations trying to make progress on safety through procedures. The application of procedures is contrasted as rote rule following versus substantive cognitive activity. It reveals a fundamental double bind: operators can fail to adapt procedures when adapting proved necessary, or attempt procedural adaptations that may fail. Rather than simply increasing pressure to comply, organizations should invest in their understanding of the gap between procedures and practice, and help develop operators' skill at adapting. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
7.	Eklund, Jörgen (författare) Development work for quality and ergonomics 2000 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 31:6, s. 641-648 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Employee participation in the development and improvement of their own work activities and daily production tasks has been strongly emphasised by the quality movement. From this point of view, the quality perspective, and in particular development work, are supportive of improved working conditions and ergonomics. This paper proposes a classification of development work in relation to participative problem solving. Further, the introduction of development work was found from a theoretical point of view to be consistent with improvement in the characteristics that represent good and rewarding work. Several empirical studies in the field confirm that improvements in work and company performance take place as a result. There is also criticism of development work, which largely focuses on the difficulties of integrating such concepts into organisational structures and of making developments long-lasting. In addition, stress, intensification of work and increased pressure are also mentioned as possible harmful outcomes. It is concluded that the development work concept is an important innovation with great potential, but the organisational models and applications need to be further developed for the future.
8.	Gustafsson, Ewa, 1955, et al. (författare) The use of information technology among young adults--experience, attitudes and health beliefs 2003 Ingår i: Appl Ergon. - : Pergamon. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 34:6, s. 565-70 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study was to explore attitudes, coherence and health beliefs among young adults, related to their use and experience of information technology (IT). A qualitative approach was used and the data were collected through individual thematised interviews with 25 young IT users, aged 18-24. The interviews were analysed in line with the grounded theory method with a constructivist approach. The main findings were the young adults' experience of the two sides of being social, efficient and independent here and now. They described almost unlimited opportunities in connection with IT, but they also had misgivings, and perceived risks regarding IT use. Feelings of freedom and being efficient were countered by feelings of restrictions on living space and of intangibility. Knowledge concerning these attitudes, coherence and health beliefs can be considered when designing epidemiological and ergonomic studies aimed at risk identification.
9.	Kemmlert, Kristina, et al. (författare) Slips, trips and falls in different work groups : with reference to age and from a preventive perspective 2001 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 32:2, s. 149-153 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Inter-record linkage between two Swedish databases on population and injury was effected to provide information on occupational slip, trip and fall (STF) accidents. The text descriptions in more than 1600 accident reports from occupational groups with high incidence rates of STF accidents were categorised by gender and age and the factors contributing to the accidents studied. Both older male and female workers had higher rates of reported STF accidents than younger workers, but it was established that within any one occupation the workplace hazards were common to all. Both for men and for women, the initial approach to the prevention of STF accidents should be to improve orderliness in the workplace.
10.	Kjellberg, K, et al. (författare) An observation instrument for assessment of work technique in patient transfer tasks 2000 Ingår i: Applied ergonomics. - 0003-6870. ; 31:2, s. 139-150 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
11.	Rose, Linda, 1963-, et al. (författare) Endurance, pain and resumption in fully flexed postures 2001 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 32:5, s. 501-508 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this study effects of low loads in fully flexed postures were investigated. Thirteen men who were unused to the postures participated. Thirteen professional construction workers with long experience of suchlike postures were also studied. Pain reactions during and after loading were observed, as well as endurance time and the recovery process, here by studying the resumption time. Endurance and resumption times differed little from those given by models used for more common postures. Pain from the legs and not from the back limited the working ability in 86% of the endurance tests. Thirdly, the construction workers had significantly longer endurance time and shorter resumption time.
12.	Singer, G., et al. (författare) The ergonomics of flight management systems : Fixing holes in the cockpit certification net 2001 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 32:3, s. 247-254 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Recent air traffic control regulations mandate the installation of computer-based flight management systems in airliners across Europe. Integrating and certifying add-on cockpit systems is a long and costly process, which in its current form cannot meaningfully address ergonomics aspects. Two levels of problems occur: add-on systems carry many 'classic' HCI failures, which could easily be addressed with modified certification requirements. Further, adding new technology changes practice, creates new skill and knowledge demands and produces new forms of error, which are more difficult to assess in advance. However, one innovative certification approach for add-on cockpit systems, based on the use of a representative population of user pilots, was found to be promising. This method minimizes the subjective bias of individual pilots in addition to defining pass/fail criteria in an operational environment. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
13.	Solman, KN (författare) Analysis of interaction quality in human-machine systems : applications for forklifts 2002 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 33:2, s. 155-166 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the work presented here was to propose a methodology for analysis of interactions between humans and machines. The driver-truck system in a warehouse context was used as a case for empirical evaluation. The work consists of three empirical studies and one analysis of statistical data. In total 29 pallet truck drivers have been involved in the studies which were performed at two Swedish distribution companies. A framework is proposed, where effects on performance, safety, subjective experiences and physical and mental impact on the humans are used as indicators of the quality of interactions. The results show that the methodology proposed supports appropriate input for the evaluation of the interaction quality between humans and technology. One example of this is musculoskeletal loads and discomfort, which could be related to the task and the design of the steering arm. Another conclusion from this work is that many factors outside the warehouse truck affect the interaction in the human-truck system. for example the design of loading ramps, This supports the importance of having a holistic ergonomics view when studying a human-machine system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
14.	Synwoldt, U., et al. (författare) Ergonomic initiatives for machine operators by the Swedish logging industry 2003 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 34:2, s. 149-156 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In 1994, the Swedish work Environment Authority (SWEA) considered to regulate the amount of working hours in a logging machine in order to force an increased use of job rotation. Occupational neck and shoulder disorders had been threatening machine operators' health ever since the late 1970s. Representatives of the logging industry argued that detailed regulations, would not solve the problem. SWEA agreed to shelve the matter for 2 years and industry promised to take necessary measures. In 1996. the Labour Inspectorate investigated the industry's ergonomic initiatives. They found that awareness, in combating health problems,, had increased. However, there was a gap between awareness and the ability to carry out improvements. In 1999. SWEA decided not to regulate working hours but strongly recommended the work teams, to use job rotation. A minor follow-up in the year 2000 found work teams with both high production and low, health risk. but also more specialised teams.
15.	Torén, Anna (författare) Muscle activity and range of motion during active trunk rotation in a sitting posture 2001 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 32:6, s. 583-591 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Twisted trunk postures during tractor driving are associated with low-back pain. The purposes of this study were to quantify the muscle activity as a function of twisting angle, to quantify the range of motion (ROM) during active trunk rotation and to determine whether there were any differences between tractor drivers and office workers and between twisting direction for these variables. The subjects performed exertions in a seated position, twisting from the neutral position to the end of the ROM. The results showed that external oblique and erector spinae had significantly different activation patterns depending on twisting direction. For the contralateral external oblique and the ipsilateral erector spinae, the muscle effort required to twist the trunk was low up to about 20° twisting angle, then the muscle effort needed to twist the trunk increased progressively. No significant differences due to occupation or twisting direction were found. The result implies that work in twisted trunk postures might be a risk factor for low-back pain. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
16.	Torén, A, et al. (författare) Tractor-driving hours and their relation to self-reported low-back and hip symptoms. 2002 Ingår i: Appl Ergon. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 33:2, s. 139-46 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Tractor driving might be one causal risk factor in the incidence of low-back and hip symptoms among farmers. Information on the annual exposure to tractor driving and its distribution among different work operations is scarce. The purpose of this study was to quantify the total and the annual time driving tractors among Swedish farmers and its distribution into different work operations, and to investigate the risk of low-back and hip symptoms in relation to tractor driving within different work operations. The data were collected from a questionnaire study sent to all farms with acreage more than 10 ha in a county in Sweden. Farmers having farming and/or forestry as their main occupation in 1995 were included in the analysis. The annual tractor-driving time and the percentage distribution within different work operations were calculated for females, males, the total group and four production groups. The risk calculations for low-back and hip symptoms from the variables related to tractor driving were performed on the total group. The results showed that the mean annual tractor-driving time was 472 h. Ploughing was the single most time-consuming work operation but it had no influence on the risk for low-back or hip pain. The results showed that some of the variables investigated related to tractor driving influenced the risk for low-back and hip symptoms.
17.	Arvidsson, Inger, et al. (författare) Are neck-shoulder disorders associated with habitual neck extension during computer work? 2006 Ingår i: IEA 2006, 16th World Congress on Ergonomics. - 0003-6870. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
18.	Arvidsson, Inger, et al. (författare) Neck postures in air traffic controllers with and without neck/shoulder disorders. 2008 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 39:2, s. 255-260 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Prolonged computer work with an extended neck is commonly believed to be associated with an increased risk of neck–shoulder disorders. The aim of this study was to compare neck postures during computer work between female cases with neck–shoulder disorders, and healthy referents. Based on physical examinations, 13 cases and 11 referents were selected among 70 female air traffic controllers with the same computer-based work tasks and identical workstations. Postures and movements were measured by inclinometers, placed on the forehead and upper back (C7/Th1) during authentic air traffic control. A recently developed method was applied to assess flexion/extension in the neck, calculated as the difference between head and upper back flexion/extension. Results: cases and referents did not differ significantly in neck posture (median neck flexion/extension: −10° vs. −9°; p=0.9). Hence, the belief that neck extension posture is associated with neck–shoulder disorders in computer work is not supported by the present data.
19.	Arvidsson, Marcus, et al. (författare) Organizational climate in air traffic control - Innovative preparedness for implementation of new technology and organizational development in a rule governed organization 2006 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 37:2, s. 119-129 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A positive and innovative organizational climate is of great importance in order to manage and adapt to change. Such a climate seldom evolves in organizations closely governed by rules and regulations. Because of ongoing organizational and technical changes within the Swedish Air Navigation Services Provider, a study concerning the organizational climate for changes and innovations was conducted to investigate the organization's capacity to cope with changes. Study locations were the two Swedish main air traffic control centers and parts of the civil aviation administration headquarters. In the study 390 subjects took part and the CCQ questionnaire was used to measure the organizational climate. The results show that the organizational climate is quite positive despite the rule-governed work. The results also show that administrative personnel assess the organizational climate as more positive than operative personnel. Comparisons between management positions did not result in any differences. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
20.	Balogh, Istvan, et al. (författare) Self-assessed and directly measured occupational physical activities - influence of musculoskeletal complaints, age and gender 2004 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 35:1, s. 49-56 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study compares questionnaire assessed physical activity with direct technical measurements among cleaners and office workers, stratified regarding age, gender and self-reported neck/shoulder complaints. During two full working days number of steps was recorded by a pedometer, sitting/standing positions by a posimeter and heart rate by a Sport-Tester. In addition the subjects kept a work task diary for 10 days. There were high intra-individual variations in exposure between the days. Subjects with complaints rated their exposure higher than those without, although they in fact showed lower direct measured exposure. This may imply underestimation of exposure-effect relationships. Rate of perceived exertion showed low correlation with heart rate ratio within the two occupational groups, but high, 0.64 when the two groups were combined. Age and complaints explained 31% of the variance for the cleaners.
21.	Dahlberg, Raymond, et al. (författare) Do work technique and musculoskeletal symptoms differ between men and women performing the same type of work tasks? 2004 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 35:6, s. 521-529 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
22.	Dempsey, Patrick G, et al. (författare) On the evolution of task-based analysis of manual materials handling, and its applicability in contemporary ergonomics 2006 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 37:1, s. 33-43 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The industrial revolution significantly changed the way work was organized and analyzed by the introduction and widespread implementation of the division of labor philosophy. This philosophy has continued to dominate work design, and has evolved beyond the factory to include many facets of service industries, and even professional occupations. The analysis of manual work, particularly materials handling tasks, remains an active domain of ergonomics research and practice. Many of the task-analytic tools used for workplace analysis are rooted in the philosophy of dividing work into elements, analyzing the individual elements, and synthesizing the results into conclusions about the entire job, including the risk of contracting musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The authors discuss the notion that the nature of modern work, which is characterized by multiple tasks in a complex time pattern, and the complex nature of MSDs, which are influenced by biomechanical as well as psychological, political, and economic factors, may limit the effectiveness of classical task analytic techniques in preventing MSDs.
23.	Eklöf, Mats, 1953, et al. (författare) Are simple feedback interventions involving workplace data associated with better working environment and health? A cluster randomized controlled study among Swedish VDU workers 2006 Ingår i: Appl Ergon. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870. ; 37:2, s. 201-10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract OBJECTIVE: To test whether feedback and discussion of ergonomic and psychosocial working environment data during 1 short session with individual, groups, or supervisors of VDU workers had effects on (1) the quality of implemented modifications in workplace design, working technique, or psychosocial aspects; (2) psychological demands, decision latitude, and social support; (3) comfort during computer work, emotional stress, and prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms or eye discomfort. METHODS: Thirty-six workgroups from 9 organizations were randomized to 3 feedback conditions (individual, workgroup, supervisor) or control. Follow-up was 6 months after intervention. Questionnaire data aggregated on the workgroup level were used. RESULTS: Effect (positive) on social support was indicated from feedback to supervisors. Conclusion: Feedback and discussion of ergonomic and psychosocial working environment data with supervisors of white-collar VDU workers may have positive effect on social support measured as a group characteristic. Sources of potential bias are discussed.
24.	Engkvist, Inga-Lill, 1950- (författare) Evaluation of an intervention comprising a no lifting policy in Australian hospitals. 2006 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 37:2, s. 141-148 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The No Lifting Policy has been adopted in Australia to prevent back pain and injuries among nurses. The present study focuses on the intervention of the "No Lift System" (NLS). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the use of transfer equipment, number of injuries, pain/symptoms and absence from work among nurses after the intervention of the NLS (n=201), and compare to nurses at two control hospitals (n=256). A comprehensive questionnaire was used for data collection. The results show that at the hospital where the NLS had been introduced, the nurses used the purchased transfer equipment regularly. They had significantly fewer back injuries, less pain/symptoms and less absence from work due to musculoskeletal pain/symptoms compared with nurses at the control hospitals. The study showed strong evidence for supporting the implementation of the NLS. The positive results shown in the present study can probably be explained by the agreement between the management, the union and the nurses concerning the implementation of the NLS, as well as its comprehensive approach and participatory design.
25.	Flodgren, G, 1961-, et al. (författare) Characterization of a laboratory model of computer mouse use : applications for studying risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders 2007 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 38:2, s. 213-218 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the present study, we assessed the wrist kinetics (range of motion, mean position, velocity and mean power frequency in radial/ulnar deviation, flexion/extension, and pronation/supination) associated with performing a mouse-operated computerized task involving painting rectangles on a computer screen. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of the painting task on subjective perception of fatigue and wrist position sense. The results showed that the painting task required constrained wrist movements, and repetitive movements of about the same magnitude as those performed in mouse-operated design tasks. In addition, the painting task induced a perception of muscle fatigue in the upper extremity (Borg CR-scale: 3.5, p<0.001) and caused a reduction in the position sense accuracy of the wrist (error before: 4.6 degrees , error after: 5.6 degrees , p<0.05). This standardized painting task appears suitable for studying relevant risk factors, and therefore it offers a potential for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms behind musculoskeletal disorders related to computer mouse use.
26.	Forsman, Mikael, 1963, et al. (författare) A Method for Evaluation of Manual Work Using Synchronised Video Recordings and Physiological Measurements 2002 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 33:6, s. 533 - 540 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This is an example how of our research and development work regarding a self-developed method to synchronise a video recorder and a personal computer was refined further. Which in turn gave birth to an extensive register of video-registration that still are saved at Chalmers University of Technology (this register’s existence has not been resolved after Engström’s retirement). This method in question has more or less been nicked by other scientists, which who we have cooperated at Lindholmen Utveckling in Gothenburg. Who has constructed a digitalised version of this method, our own equipment comprised usage of VHS-tapes (see other publication registered in Chalmers Public Library CPL). Later on refined further with regard to specific psychological aspects (i.e. the registered operator/subjects were thereby able to self-evaluate the recordings by interactions).
27.	Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare) Slips and falls in a cold climate: underfoot surface, footwear design and preference of preventive measures 2008 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 39:3, s. 385-391 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Slips and falls and associated outdoor injuries are prevalent in cold climates. The objectives of this field investigation were to describe the consequences of slips and falls on ice and snow and the associated injuries, to assess the risks of various icy and snowy surfaces, to identify design needs of footwear, and to ascertain preventive measure preferences of outdoor workers. The organizations investigated were a newspaper delivery service, a military regiment, mining and construction industries. The results showed that fall events occur most frequently on ice covered with snow. This is due to the difficulty of perceiving hidden risks in order to adjust gait strategies. The professional footwear provided does not provide enough protection against slips and falls. Slip resistant properties are ranked as one of the top requirements by the users. Their most preferred preventive measures are footwear with anti-slip properties and the application of anti-slip materials, such as sand or salt.
28.	Gard, Gunvor, et al. (författare) Assessment of anti-slip devices from healthy individuals in different ages on slippery surfaces 2006 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 37:2, s. 177-186 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The interest for effective preventive strategies for slips and falls in growing.Much remains to be done however to prevent slips and falls in the traffic environment.Using an appropriate anti-slip device may reduce the risk of slips and falls on different surfaces outdoors during winter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the best anti-slip devices of different designs in the Swedish market on a larger group of healthy individuals in different ages on five slippery surfaces as a way to develop a standard method to test anti-slip devices. Evaliuations were done according to subject's perceived walking safety and balance,videorecordings of walking postures and movements,time to take on and off each anti-slip device,advantages and disadvantages and list of priorities for own use. A heel device was preceived to be the most safe on all five surfaces.It was perceived as the most rapid to take on and off and had the highest priority according to walking safety,walking balance and choice fo
29.	Gerhardsson, Lars, 1952, et al. (författare) Vascular and nerve damage in workers exposed to vibrating tools. The importance of objective measurements of exposure time. 2005 Ingår i: Applied ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 36:1, s. 55-60 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the development of vibration white fingers (VWF) in workers in relation to different ways of exposure estimation, and their relationship to the standard ISO 5349, annex A. Nineteen vibration exposed (grinding machines) male workers completed a questionnaire followed by a structured interview including questions regarding their estimated hand-held vibration exposure. Neurophysiological tests such as fractionated nerve conduction velocity in hands and arms, vibrotactile perception thresholds and temperature thresholds were determined. The subjective estimation of the mean daily exposure-time to vibrating tools was 192 min (range 18-480 min) among the workers. The estimated mean exposure time calculated from the consumption of grinding wheels was 42 min (range 18-60 min), approximately a four-fold overestimation (Wilcoxon's signed ranks test, p<0.001). Thus, objective measurements of the exposure time, related to the standard ISO 5349, which in this case were based on the consumption of grinding wheels, will in most cases give a better basis for adequate risk assessment than self-exposure assessment.
30.	Gustafsson, Ewa, 1955, et al. (författare) Computer mouse use in two different hand positions: exposure, comfort, exertion and productivity 2003 Ingår i: Appl Ergon. - 0003-6870. ; 34:2, s. 107-13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in exposure, comfort, exertion and productivity between a neutral and a pronated hand position when using a computer mouse. Nineteen experienced VDU workers performed a standardised text editing task with each mouse hand position. The wrist positions and movements in the working arm were registered by an electrogoniometer and the muscle activity in the shoulder, two extensors in the forearm and the first dorsal interossei (FDI) was registered by electromyography. The subjects rated perceived exertion and comfort in work with each mouse hand position. Work with the neutral hand position, compared to the pronated, gave a decreased muscle activity in the extensors of the forearm and in the FDI and a trend indicating a decrease in the frequency of deviation movements in the wrist. At the same time, the subjects showed a decreased productivity and they rated less comfort in work with the neutral hand position.
31.	Hanson, Lars, et al. (författare) Swedish anthropometrics for product and workplace design 2009 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 40:4, s. 797-806 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The present study describes the anthropometrics of the Swedish workforce, aged 18–65, and compares the measurements with data collected four decades earlier. This anthropometric information is based on measurements of a total of 367 subjects, 105 males and 262 females. Of the 367 subjects, 268 responded to advertisements (Study A) and 99 were randomly selected from a community register (Study B). Subjects were scanned in four positions. Manual measuring equipment was used for hands, feet, head and stature. As differences between significant measurements in Studies A and B were negligible, the data were merged. Anthropometric descriptive statistics of women and men are presented for 43 body dimensions. Participants represent the Swedish population fairly well when compared with national statistics of stature and weight. Comparing new anthropometric data with old shows that the breadth, depth, height, and length measurements of Swedes as well as weight have increased and that Swedish anthropometric homogeneity has decreased. The results indicate that there is a need to update ergonomic recommendations and adjust products and workplaces to the new information.
32.	Hemphälä, Hillevi (författare) A lighting intervention for postmen – Effects on eyestrain, MSD, and productivity 2008 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
33.	Holmér, Ingvar, et al. (författare) Classification of metabolic and respiratory demands in fire fighting activity with extreme workloads 2007 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 38:1, s. 45-52 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Fire fighting work comprises work tasks requiring an energy yield at maximal or close to maximal levels of the individual. Due to the very nature of fire fighting more complex physiological variables are difficult to measure. We measured metabolic and respiratory responses in 15 male.. professional fire fighters during simulated work tasks on a test ground. Work time was on the average 22 min with individual components of work tasks lasting 2-4 min. The mean oxygen consumption for the whole exercise (22 min) was 2.75 +/- 0.291/min. The most demanding work task demanded an oxygen uptake of 3.55 +/- 0.271/min. Corresponding values for respiratory minute volumes were 82 +/- 14 and 102 +/- 141/min, respectively. Heart rates averaged 168 +/- 12 for the whole test and 179 +/- 13 beats/min for the heaviest work task. Two new classes for classification of intensive and exhausting, short term physical work are proposed for inclusion in ISO8996 and values for relevant parameters are proposed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
34.	Holmström, Eva B, et al. (författare) Morning warming-up exercise-effects on musculoskeletal fitness in construction workers. 2005 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 36:4, s. 513-519 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects on muscle stretchability, joint flexibility, muscle strength and endurance in construction workers of a 3-month period of a 10-min morning warming-up exercise (MWU), performed at the building site every working day. Thirty construction workers participated in the program. Seventeen construction workers at other building sites served as controls. Muscle stretchability, joint flexibility, muscle strength and endurance were measured before and after the program. Significant increase of thoracic and lower back mobility, increase of hamstring and thigh muscle stretchability were seen in the MWU group. A significant difference in back muscle endurance was found due to decreased endurance in the controls. Muscular strength was not influenced by the MWU. The results indicate that a short dose of morning warming-up exercise could be beneficial for increasing or maintaining joint and muscle flexibility and muscle endurance for workers exposed to manual material handling and strenous working positions.
35.	Johansson Hanse, Jan, 1954, et al. (författare) Identification and analysis of unsatisfactory psychosocial work situations: a participatory approach employing video-computer interaction 2001 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 32, s. 23-29 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A method for psychosocial evaluation of potentially stressful or unsatisfactory situations in manual work was developed. It focuses on subjective responses regarding speci"c situations and is based on interactive worker assessment when viewing video recordings of oneself. The worker is first video-recorded during work. The video is then displayed on the computer terminal, and the filmed worker clicks on virtual controls on the screen whenever an unsatisfactory psychosocial situation appears; a window of questions regarding psychological demands, mental strain and job control is then opened. A library with pictorial information and comments on the selected situations is formed in the computer. The evaluation system, called PSIDAR, was applied in two case studies, one of manual materials handling in an automotive workshop and one of a group of workers producing and testing instrument panels. The findings indicate that PSIDAR can provide data that are useful in a participatory ergonomic process of change.
36.	Johansson, Jan, et al. (författare) The good work : a Swedish trade union vision in the shadow of lean production 2009 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 40:4, s. 775-780 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Good Work" (Det goda arbetet) was established as a highly praised and established concept in the Swedish working life debate in the middle of the 1980s. In this paper, we are going to discuss the concept in relation to the massive introduction of lean production in Swedish industry. The aim of this paper is to restore the theory of the good work into the industrial society of today. We will search for a model for ‘good work' in balance between the demands from production and good conditions for a learning environment.The theoretical base for this paper will be found in both organisational research and research on production technology systems. We identify three strong trends in Swedish industrial companies giving both pitfalls and possibilities for the good work; the learning focus as a way to increase productivity and improve working conditions; Lean Production in most cases imply narrow short-cyclic work tasks; and the global market that reduces national discretion. As a result, we formulate a new set of criteria for "the good work".
37.	Johansson, L., et al. (författare) The effect of wrist orthoses on forearm muscle activity 2004 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 35:2, s. 129-136 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A general hypothesis is that a wrist orthosis reduces the wrist extensor muscle load. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a completely stiff wrist orthosis (SO) and a commercially available wrist orthosis (CO) on flexor and extensor electromyographic (EMG)-activity in a standardised intermittent gripping task and during standardised manual work tasks. Surface EMG from two forearm flexor and two extensor muscles was recorded. The target grip forces were 5%, 20% and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). During the grip contraction phase CO had no effect on the ENIG-readings. SO resulted in higher EMG activity than when gripping with CO and with no orthosis (NO), especially when gripping with 40% MVC. During the relaxation phase neither CO nor SO had any effect on the extensors. For the flexors the SO gave higher ENIG-readings than when gripping with CO and NO, especially at 40% MVC. In conclusion the wrist orthoses tested did not reduce the EMG-activity from the flexors or the extensors during gripping or manual tasks.
38.	Johnsson, Christina, et al. (författare) A direct observation instrument for assessment of nurses’ patient transfer technique (DINO) 2004 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 35:6, s. 591-601 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this project was to develop a direct observation instrument to assess the work technique of nursing personnel during patient transfers and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. An expert group developed this instrument, called DINO (Direct Nurse Observation instrument for assessment of work technique during patient transfers), which contains 16 items divided into three phases of a transfer: the preparation, performance and result phases. To quantify the assessments a scoring system was constructed, giving an overall score for each transfer, depending on the level of musculoskeletal health and safety. Four observers assessed 45 patient transfers at hospital wards and showed in an evaluation that the inter-observer reliability and criterion-related validity of DINO was satisfactory. The assessments with the DINO instrument are done directly when the transfer occurs, without costly equipment. Therefore, it has a wide range of applications. For example, when evaluating training in work technique or when identifying an unsafe work technique as a risk factor for musculoskeletal problems in epidemiological studies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
39.	Jonker, Dirk, et al. (författare) Relation between perceived and measured workload obtained by long-term inclinometry among dentists 2009 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 40:3, s. 309-315 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Dentists reported high perceived physical work conditions. Working postures and movements of the head and upper extremities during dental work were registered with inclinometry measurements during four hours. The aim was to clarify the relationship between measured working postures/movements and perceived physical work conditions. Dentists worked with elevated arms and a rather steep forward inclination of the head. Correlations (r = -0.52 to -0.66) between inclination velocity and perceived workload on VAS scales were found, but there were only weak correlations between observed working postures. The different tasks involved in dental work provide limited variation in work movements and postures, measured by inclinometry. By alternating between sitting and standing, it might be possible to achieve variation in physical workload during dental work.
40.	Kazmierczak, Karolina, et al. (författare) An integrated analysis of ergonomics and time consumption in Swedish 'craft-type' car disassembly. 2005 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 36:3, s. 263-73 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Car disassembly is at the edge of extensive rationalisations due to increased legislative demands for recycling. This study focused on (1) assessing current mechanical exposures (physical work loads) for comparison with future rationalised systems, with particular emphasis on time aspects, (2) analysing disassembly work in terms of time consumption and exposures in constituent tasks as defined by a loss analysis technique, and (3) predicting the consequences of car disassembly rationalisation for mechanical exposures. The study showed that disassembly implied pronounced circulatory loads, and that more walking and higher lumbar peak loads were found than in studies of assembly work. Value-adding tasks comprised 30% of the total working time, and implied higher postural exposures for the head, arm, trunk and wrist, as well as less opportunities to recover, as compared to non-value-adding tasks. Organisational-type rationalisations can be expected to increase the time spent in value-adding work, thus increasing local exposures for the average worker, while a concurrent increase in mechanisation level might reduce circulatory exposures, the amount of walking, and peak lumbar loads.
41.	Kecklund, Göran, et al. (författare) Police officers attitude to different shift systems : Association with age, present shift schedule, health and sleep/wake complaints. 2008 Ingår i: Appl Ergon. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870. ; 39:5, s. 565-71 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Police officers attitude to different shift systems: Association with age, present shift schedule, health and sleep/wake complaints.Kecklund G, Eriksen CA, Akerstedt T.Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.It is often claimed that shift workers give priority to long series of days off and therefore prefer compressed work schedules at the expense of what is optimal for long-term health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the attitude to six new shift systems among a randomly selected sample of police officers. The results showed that the most popular shift system was a rapidly, forward, rotating schedule with at least 16h of rest between shifts, despite that it had fewer days off compared with some of the compressed shift systems. However, the individual differences were large and many individuals (32%) disliked the rapidly rotating shift system. Young age was associated with a positive attitude to the rapidly rotating shift system. The attitude to the shift system was also influenced by the present schedule, and shift systems that were similar to the present work hours received more positive evaluation. Sleep and health complaints showed no association with the attitude to the shift systems. In conclusion, the shift workers attitude to the new schedules was partly in agreement with the ergonomic recommendations of the design of three-shift systems that will facilitate sufficient sleep and minimize negative health consequences.
42.	Larsson, Tore J, et al. (författare) Forklift safety, traffic engineering and intelligent transport systems : a case study 2004 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 35:6, s. 575-581 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper details a forklift safety demonstration project undertaken at two manufacturing sites in Victoria, Australia. The purpose of the work was both to help improve safety at the two sites, and, more broadly, to develop, help implement and evaluate a series of human-centred design interventions involving vehicles and pedestrian workers. The 'before' and 'after' case study presented here summarises the background to the research and introduces the test sites. Thereafter, it describes the overall nature of the safety interventions proposed and introduces the methods developed to assess safety. For the traffic engineering interventions, positive safety results were found in terms of reductions in the number of potentially hazardous interactions involving forklifts. Similarly, for the vehicle interventions, the research found that forklift drivers and managers considered the newly developed and installed Intelligent Transport Systems to be broadly acceptable in operational conditions, and the systems' intended safety benefits were well understood. The results are discussed and conclusions are drawn regarding human factors aspects of forklift safety.
43.	Lindblad Berkhout, Anna, et al. (författare) The effect of using a laptopstation compared to using a standard laptop PC on the cervical spine torque, perceived strain and productivity 2004 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 35:2, s. 147-152 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to assess the effect of using a laptopstation and a laptop PC and how this difference in work set-up affected the mechanical load on the neck (C7-Th1 segment). the subjective evaluation of strain on the neck and productivity. Ten healthy male students at Umea University, Sweden with in average of 10 years of PC work experience and ail average of 18 months of laptop PC work experience participated in the study. For each research subject measurements were divided into two parts; sitting working at the ErgoQ laptopstation in test situation A, and sitting working at a conventional laptop PC, test situation B. Each part took 4 h and was scheduled on two consecutive days. Photography and biomechanical analysis was used to calculate the torque at the neck. To examine perceived strain the Borg Scale was used and to assess performance a productivity score was calculated. The results in the study demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) difference with the use of the laptopstation resulting in decreased torque at the C7-Th1 segment, less perceived strain at the neck and a higher productivity score. A conclusion, the results of the study confirm the importance of adjustable work tools that recognize anthropometric differences and biomechanics to meet the needs of individual customers during continuous visual display terminal work.
44.	Lindegård Andersson, Agneta, 1955, et al. (författare) Concordance between VDU-users' ratings of comfort and perceived exertion with experts' observations of workplace layout and working postures. 2005 Ingår i: Applied ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 36:3, s. 319-25 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the concordance (agreement) between VDU-users' ratings of comfort and ergonomists' observations of workplace layout, and the concordance between VDU-users' ratings of perceived exertion and ergonomists' observations of working postures during VDU-work. The study population consisted of 853 symptom free subjects. Data on perceived comfort in different dimensions and data regarding perceived exertion in different body locations were collected by means of a questionnaire. Data concerning workplace layout and working postures were collected with an observation protocol, by an ergonomist. Concordance between ratings of comfort and observations of workplace layout was reasonably good for the chair and the keyboard (0.60, 0.58) and good regarding the screen and the input device (0.72, 0.61). Concordance between ratings of perceived exertion and observations of working postures indicated good agreement (0.63-0.77) for all measured body locations (neck, shoulder, wrist and trunk). In conclusion ratings of comfort and perceived exertion could be used as cost-efficient and user-friendly methods for practitioners to identify high exposure to poor workplace layout and poor working postures.
45.	Lämkull, Dan, 1966, et al. (författare) The influence of virtual human model appearance on visual ergonomics posture evaluation. 2007 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9126 .- 0003-6870. ; 38:6, s. 713-722 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to investigate whether the appearance of virtual human models influences observers when judging a working posture. A task in which a manikin is manually assembling a car battery was used in the experiment. In total, 16 different pictures were presented to the subjects. All pictures had the same background, but included a unique posture and manikin appearancecombination. 24 subjects consisting of manufacturing managers, simulation engineers and ergonomists were asked to rate and rank the pictures. The results showed that the virtual human model appearance influenced subjects when they rated pictures one by one: a more realistic manikin was rated higher than the identical posture visualized with a less natural appearance. This appearance effect was notseen when subjects ranked the pictures while looking at all of them at the same time. The study demonstrates that the human modelling tool used when showing and visually evaluating results makes a difference. To minimize subjective effects, a combination of visualizations and objective ergonomic assessment methods is recommended.
46.	Mathiassen, Svend Erik (författare) Diversity and variation in biomechanical exposure : What is it, and why would we like to know? 2006 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 37:4, s. 419-427 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Trends in global working life suggest that the occurrence of jobs characterized by long-lasting low-level loads or repetitive operations is increasing. More physical "variation" is commonly believed to be a remedy against musculoskeletal disorders in such jobs. One aim of the present paper was to shortly review the validity of this conviction. An examination of the available epidemiologic literature pointed out that the effectiveness of initiatives like job rotation or more breaks is weakly supported by empirical evidence, and only for short-term psychophysical outcomes. Only a limited number of studies have been devoted to physical variation, and concepts and metrics for variation in biomechanical exposure are not well developed. Thus, as a second objective, the paper proposes a framework for investigating and evaluating aspects of exposure variation, based on explicit definitions of variation as "the change in exposure across time" and diversity as "the extent that exposure entities differ". Operational methods for assessing these concepts are also discussed.
47.	Neumann, W. Patrick, et al. (författare) Integrating ergonomics into production system development - The Volvo Powertrain case 2009 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 40:3, s. 527-537 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Understanding the barriers and assists to integrating ergonomics into production system design remains a research issue. An action research case study at Volvo Powertrain/Sweden was conducted. Researchers worked collaboratively with the firm in efforts to improve the company's ability to handle ergonomics in their daily work of improving and developing production systems. Researchers observed and reflected collectively on the change process using field notes and recordings to support their observations. Observed integration barriers included both individual level issues like life events, and organisational aspects such as communication barriers between groups or assignment of tasks to people not involved in decision-making. Observed assists included the 'political reflective navigation'(c.f. Broberg, O., Hermund, L, 2004. The OHS consultant as a 'political reflective navigator' in technological change processes. International journal of Industrial Ergonomics 33 (4), 315-326) by the project owner to find new ways to overcome barriers and anchor ergonomics into the organisation. While special 'ergonomics' groups did not survive long, progress was observed in including ergonomics in regular design groups. A cross-functional workshop that fostered discussion across organisational boundaries helped shift focus from retrofitting systems to future production systems and improve engagement of engineering teams. Progress was marked by both success and setbacks and full integration appears to require more than 2 years time. it is concluded that support by senior managers should include succession planning for personnel that are key to the change effort.
48.	Paulsson, Katarina, et al. (författare) Learning at work : competence development or competence-stress 2005 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 36:2, s. 135-144 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Changes in work and the ways in which it is carried out bring a need for upgrading workplace knowledge, skills and competencies. In todays workplaces, and for a number of reasons, workloads are higher than ever and stress is a growing concern (Clarke and Cooper, 2000; Stanton et al, 2001). Increased demand for learning brings a risk that this will be an additional stress factor and thus a risk to health. Our research study is based on the control-demand-support model of Karasek & Theorell (1990). We have used this model for our own empirical research with the aim to evaluate the model in the modern workplace. Our research enables us to expand the model in the light of current workplace conditions � especially those relating to learning. We report empirical data from a questionnaire survey of working conditions in two different branches of industry. We are able to define differences between companies in terms of working conditions and competence development. We describe and discuss the affects these conditions have on workplace competence development. Our research results show that increased workers� control of the learning process makes competence development more stimulating, is likely to simplify the work and reduces (learning-related) stress. It is therefore important that learning at work allows employees� to control their learning and also allows time for the process of learning and reflection.
49.	Petzäll, Kerstin, et al. (författare) Transportation with Hospital Beds 2003 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 34:4, s. 383-392 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
50.	Schütte, Simon, et al. (författare) Design of rocker switches for work-vehicles - an application of Kansei Engineering 2005 Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 36:5, s. 557-567 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Rocker switches used in vehicles meet high demands partly due to the increased focus on customer satisfaction. Previous studies focused on ergonomics and usability rather than design for emotions and affection. The aim of this study was to determine how and to what extent engineering properties influence the perception of rocker switches. Secondary aims were to compare two types of rating scales and to determine consistency over time of the ratings. As a method Kansei Engineering was used, describing a product domain from a physical and semantic point of view. A model was built and validated, and recommendations for new designs were given. It was seen that the subjective impressions of robustness, precision and design are strongly influenced by the zero position, the contact position, the form-ratio, shape and the surface of rocker switches. A 7-point scale was found suitable. The Kansei ratings were consistent over time.

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