| 1. |
- Arvelius, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic analysis of a temperament test as a tool to select against everyday life fearfulness in Rough Collie
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92, s. 4843-4855
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fear-related problems are common among Rough Collies in Sweden. Annually, on average, >200 Rough Collies are subjected to the dog mentality assessment (DMA), a temperament test during which 33 behavioral reactions are rated. Previous research has shown that a dog's DMA result can be condensed into 5 underlying personality traits. The aim of the study was to evaluate if it is possible to use the DMA for selection for temperament in Swedish Rough Collies, in particular to decrease everyday life fearfulness. We also wanted to compare 2 methods to compute the personality traits: summated scales (SS) and factor scores (FS). The DMA data for 2,953 Rough Collies were used to estimate genetic parameters for the 5 personality traits (both SS and FS), using a linear animal model including fixed effects of sex, year and month of test, and random effects of litter, judge, test occasion, genetic effect of the individual, and residual. Age at test was included as linear and quadratic regressions. The DMA personality trait heritability estimates ranged from 0.13 to 0.25. The SS showed greater or equal heritability estimates compared with the FS. To validate the DMA, data on everyday life behavior of 1,738 Rough Collies were collected using an extended version of the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire. Each dog's questionnaire result was condensed into 18 underlying behavioral subscales. Genetic parameters for the subscales were estimated using a linear animal model, including a fixed effect of sex and random genetic effect of the individual and residual. Age when the questionnaire was completed was included as linear and quadratic regressions. Heritability estimates for the questionnaire subscales were 0.06 to 0.36. There were high and significant genetic correlations between DMA personality traits and questionnaire subscales. For instance, the DMA personality trait Curiosity/Fearlessness correlated strongly genetically to the questionnaire subscale Non-social fear (-0.70), DMA Sociability to Stranger-directed interest (0.87) and Stranger-directed fear (-0.80), DMA Playfulness to Human-directed play interest (0.63), and DMA Chase-proneness to Chasing (0.73). We could not detect any obvious difference in validity between DMA SS and FS. We conclude that the DMA is an effective tool for selection of breeding animals with the goal to decrease everyday life fearfulness among Swedish Rough Collies. The DMA can also be used for breeding for other traits. The SS method seems to perform at least as good the FS method.
|
|
| 2. |
- Camp, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
Ileal and total tract digestibility of wet and dried wheat distillers grain products in growing pigs
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 131-133
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients were evaluated in 2 commercially available products: wheat (Triticum aestivum) wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS) and wheat dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). Two diets included (DM basis) 50% basal diet with either 50% WDGS (W) or 50% DDGS (D). The basal diet included corn (Zea mays) starch, sugar, vitamins, and minerals. Seven castrated male pigs with post valve T-cecum cannulas were fed the diets according to a changeover design during two 14-d periods. In a pre- and postperiod, casein was given as the only protein source with the basal diet to estimate endogenous losses of N and AA for calculation of standardized ileal digestibility (SID). The AID of OM did not differ between diets, but ATTD of OM was higher (P < 0.05) for diet W. The AID (76.2 vs. 68.9%), SID, and ATTD of CP was higher (P < 0.05) in diet W than diet D. The SID for Lys (75.7 vs. 51.8%) and Met (75.8 vs. 70.1%) was higher (P < 0.01) in WDGS than DDGS. In conclusion, drying of wheat distillers grain products can markedly lower ileal digestibility of Lys and Met whereas negative effects on energy value are small.
|
|
| 3. |
- Chalkias, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Inverted teats (Mammillae invertitae) in gilts - Effect on piglet survival and growth rate
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92, s. 2587-2594
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the modern pig industry, the increasing number of piglets born per litter augments the importance of the number of functional teats in the sow. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function and importance of inverted teats during nursing and to analyze structural and functional differences between the mammary glands of inverted teats versus normal teats. Nine farrowing gilts (8 purebred Swedish Yorkshire gilts and 1 cross between Swedish Yorkshire and Norwegian Landrace) and 94 piglets (59 piglets suckling normal teats, 32 piglets suckling protruded teats [i.e., previously inverted], 2 piglets suckling inverted teats, and 3 piglets suckling considerably smaller teats) were included in the study. Teat fidelity (keeping the same teat between the nursings) was registered, excluding the first 48 h postpartum. Piglet weight was recorded daily during the first week of life and thereafter once a week until weaning at 4 wk of age. Weight and growth rate were analyzed using repeated observation mixedmodel analysis of variance. The 2 piglets that suckled the inverted teats were not able to emerge the teats and they were euthanized 4 and 8 d after birth, respectively, due to loss of BW. The average weight at weaning (28 d of age) was 8.1 kg (range 3.2-13.8 kg). In the normal teats (n = 53), the weight of the corresponding mammary gland tissue at necropsy was positively correlated to the piglet average daily weight gain during wk 2 (r = 0.33, P < 0.05), 3 (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), and 4 (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). In the protruded teats (n = 32), the weight of the corresponding mammary gland tissue was positively correlated to the piglet average daily weight gain during wk 2 (r = 0.63, P < 0.001) and 3 (r = 0.43, P < 0.05). Among the piglets nursing normal teats, 82% kept fidelity to its teat and the corresponding percent for the protruded teats was 26%. In 7 of the 9 sows, the weaning weight of the piglets suckling protruded teats was numerically lower compared to the piglets suckling normal teats, although the difference was not statistically significant. Piglets nursing small teats had lower weaning weight (4.8 kg) and the corresponding mammary tissue also had lower weight (335 g). This study indicates the importance of an adequate number of well-developed and well-functioning teats in healthy sows for the growth and development of the piglets but also emphasizes the complexity of the interaction between the nursing sow and her piglets.
|
|
| 4. |
- Evans, N. P., et al.
(författare)
-
Does grazing on biosolids-treated pasture pose a pathophysiological risk associated with increased exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds?
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92:8, s. 3185-3198
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biosolids (processed human sewage sludge), which contain low individual concentrations of an array of contaminants including heavy metals and organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans known to cause physiological disturbances, are increasingly being used as an agricultural fertilizer. This could pose a health threat to both humans and domestic and wild animal species. This review summarizes results of a unique model, used to determine the effects of exposure to mixtures of environmentally relevant concentrations of pollutants, in sheep grazed on biosolids-treated pastures. Pasture treatment results in nonsignificant increases in environmental chemical (EC) concentrations in soil. Whereas EC concentrations were increased in some tissues of both ewes and their fetuses, concentrations were low and variable and deemed to pose little risk to consumer health. Investigation of the effects of gestational EC exposure on fetal development has highlighted a number of issues. The results indicate that gestational EC exposure can adversely affect gonadal development (males and females) and that these effects can impact testicular morphology, ovarian follicle numbers and health, and the transcriptome and proteome in adult animals. In addition, EC exposure can be associated with altered expression of GnRH, GnRH receptors, galanin receptors, and kisspeptin mRNA within the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, gonadotroph populations within the pituitary gland, and regional aberrations in thyroid morphology. In most cases, these anatomical and functional differences do not result in altered peripheral hormone concentrations or reproductive function (e.g., lambing rate), indicating physiological compensation under the conditions tested. Physiological compensation is also suggested from studies that indicate that EC effects may be greater when exposure occurs either before or during gestation compared with EC exposure throughout life. With regard to human and animal health, this body of work questions the concept of safe individual concentration of EC when EC exposure typically occurs as complex mixtures. It suggests that developmental EC exposure may affect many different physiological systems, with some sex-specific differences in EC sensitivity, and that EC effects may be masked under favorable physiological conditions.
|
|
| 5. |
- Forabosco, Flavio
(författare)
-
Genetic structure of the European Charolais and Limousin cattle metapopulations using pedigree analyses
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 89, s. 1719-1730
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pedigree collected by the Interbeef service allowed genetic diversity to be assessed by using pedigree analyses for the European Charolais (CHA) and Limousin (LIM) cattle populations registered in national herdbooks in Denmark (DNK), France (FRA), Ireland (IRL), Sweden (SWE), and, solely for the LIM breed, the United Kingdom (UK). The CHA data set included 2,563,189 calves with weaning performance, of which 96.1% were recorded in FRA, 3.0% in SWE, 0.5% in IRL, and 0.4% in DNK. The LIM data set included 1,652,734 calves with weaning performance, of which 91.9% were recorded in FRA, 4.9% in UK, 1.8% in DNK, 0.9% SWE, and 0.5% in IRL. Pedigree files included 3,191,132 CHA and 2,409,659 LIM animals. Gene flows were rather limited between populations, except from FRA toward other countries. Pedigree completeness was good in all subpopulations for both breeds and allowed the pedigree to be traced back to the French population. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was assessed in each CHA and LIM subpopulation by estimating either effective population sizes (N(e) >244 and N(e) >345 in the CHA and LIM subpopulations, respectively), relationship coefficients within subpopulations (<1.3% in both breeds), or probability of gene origins. However, in each subpopulation, it was shown that founders and also ancestors had unbalanced genetic contributions, leading to a moderate but continuous reduction in genetic diversity. Analyses between populations suggested that all European CHA and LIM populations were differentiated very little. The Swedish CHA population was assessed as genetically more distant from the other CHA populations because of fewer gene flows from other countries and because of the use of North American sires to introgress the polled phenotype. In each European subpopulation, most of the main ancestors, which explained 50% of gene origin, were born in FRA. However, those main ancestors were different between countries. Moreover, in both breeds, the main ancestors, which explained 50% of the gene origin in DNK, IRL, SWE, and UK for the LIM breed, were found to be infrequently used in FRA. Those results were consistent with the low relationship coefficients estimated between subpopulations (<0.6% in both the CHA and LIM breeds). Therefore, in both breeds, each subpopulation may constitute a reservoir of genetic diversity for the other ones.
|
|
| 6. |
- Huhtanen, Pekka
(författare)
-
A meta-analytical evaluation of the regulation of voluntary intake in cattle fed tropical forage-based diets
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92, s. 4632-4641
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this work was to use a meta-analytical approach to evaluate the regulation of voluntary intake in cattle fed tropical forage-based diets using dietary digestibility and bulkiness. Treatment mean values were collected from 53 studies with lactating dairy cows and 126 studies with feed-lot growing and finishing cattle that were published in Brazil from 1990 to 2012. In all studies animals were fed ad libitum with diets based on tropical forages. The dataset was analyzed according to meta-analysis techniques, using linear and nonlinear mixed models. The main independent variables were the D-value and the B-value of the diets. The D-value corresponds to the dietary content of digested OM and is associated with energy content of the diet. The B-value is defined as the undigested fraction of NDF and indicates bulkiness of the diet. The DMI presented significant associations with both D-value and B-value. In the first case, DMI intake responded quadratically to the D-value (P = 0.042). On the other hand, DMI decreased linearly as the B-value of the diet increased (P = 0.004). Two new variables called Di and Bi were created to express the intake in terms of D-value and B-value units. A conceptual explicative model was developed from Di and Bi. This model showed that DMI is simultaneously regulated by both physical constraints and metabolic feedbacks. There were differences in the intake pattern of lactating cows and growing cattle.
|
|
| 7. |
- Ivarsson, Emma, et al.
(författare)
-
Molecular weight distribution of soluble fiber fractions and short chain fatty acids in ileal digesta of growing pigs
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 65-67
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of dietary fiber source on molecular weight (MW) distribution of soluble fiber fractions and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in ileal digesta of 7 post valve T-cecum (PVTC) cannulated growing pigs was studied. Pigs were fed semisynthetic diets with sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pulp (SBP) or chicory (Cichorium intybus) forage (CFO) as fiber sources of which the soluble nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) fraction originated mainly from pectin. Three MW intervals were selected-large MW (MWL): 10,000,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol, medium MW (MWM): 1,000,000 to 200,000 g/mol, and small MW (MWS): 200,000 to 10,000 g/mol-and the relative distribution (% of total) of molecules in each interval was calculated. The MWM fraction was higher (P < 0.05) in ileal digesta of pigs fed diet SBP and the MWS fraction was higher (P < 0.05) in ileal digesta of pigs fed diet CFO. The mole/100 mole of propionic acid (HPr) was higher (P < 0.010) in pigs fed diet SBP whereas pigs fed diet CFO had higher (P < 0.010) mole/100 mole of acetic acid (HAc). The proportion of the MWL and MWM fractions in ileal digesta were negatively correlated to HAc (r = -0.52, P = 0.05, and r = -0.62, P = 0.02, respectively). The proportion of MWM in ileal digesta was positively correlated to HPr (r = 0.83; P = 0.001) whereas MWS and HPr were negatively correlated (r = -0.76; P = 0.002). In conclusion, the bacterial degradation of the soluble NSP fraction is selective and MW distribution may explain differences in SCFA production.
|
|
| 8. |
- Jäderkvist Fegraeus, Kim, et al.
(författare)
-
The DMRT3 'Gait keeper' mutation affects performance of Nordic and Standardbred trotters
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92:10, s. 4279-4286
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a previous study it was shown that a nonsense mutation in the DMRT3 gene alters the pattern of locomotion in horses and that this mutation has a strong positive impact on trotting performance of Standardbreds. One aim of this study was to test if racing performance and trotting technique in the Nordic (Coldblood) trotters are also influenced by the DMRT3 genotype. Another aim was to further investigate the effect of the mutation on performance in Standardbreds, by using a within-family analysis and genotype-phenotype correlations in a larger horse material than in the previous study. We genotyped 427 Nordic trotters and 621 Standardbreds for the DMRT3 nonsense mutation and a SNP in strong linkage disequilibrium with it. In Nordic trotters, we show that horses homozygous for the DMRT3 mutation (A) had significantly higher EBV for trotting performance traits than heterozygous (CA) or homozygous wild-type (CC) horses (P = 0.001). Furthermore, AA homozygotes had a higher proportion of victories and top 3 placings than horses heterozygous or homozygous wild-type, when analyzing performance data for the period 3 to 6 yr of age (P = 0.06 and P = 0.05, respectively). Another finding in the Nordic trotters was that the DMRT3 mutation influenced trotting technique (P = 2.1 x 10(-8)). Standardbred horses homozygous AA had significantly higher EBV for all traits than horses with at least 1 wild-type allele (CA and CC; P = 1.6 x 10(-16)). In a within-family analysis of Standardbreds, we found significant differences in several traits (e. g., earnings, P = 0.002; number of entered races, P = 0.004; and fraction of offspring that entered races, P = 0.002) among paternal half-sibs with genotype AA or CA sired by a CA stallion. For most traits, we found significant differences at young ages. For Nordic trotters, most of the results were significant at 3 yr of age but not for the older ages, and for the Standardbreds most of the results for the ages 3 to 5 were significant. For Nordic trotters, the proportion of victories and placings were the only traits that were significant for other ages than 3 yr.
|
|
| 9. |
- Karlsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrical stimulation affects metabolic enzyme phosphorylation, protease activation, and meat tenderization in beef
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 1638-1649
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to investigate the response of sarcoplasmic proteins in bovine LM to low-voltage electrical stimulation (ES; 80 V, 35 s) after dressing and its contribution to meat tenderization at an early postmortem time. Proteome analysis showed that ES resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) phosphorylation of creatine kinase M chain, fructose bisphosphate aldolase C-A, beta-enolase, and pyruvate kinase at 3 h postmortem. Zymography indicated an earlier (P < 0.05) activation of mu-calpain in ES muscles. Free lysosomal cathepsin B and L activity increased faster (P < 0.05) in ES muscles up to 24 h. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy further indicated that lysosomal enzymes were released at an early postmortem time. Electrical stimulation also induced ultrastructural disruption of sarcomeres. In addition, ES accelerated (P < 0.05) the depletion of ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen, as well as a pH decline and the more preferred pH/temperature decline mode. Finally, ES accelerated meat tenderization, resulting in lesser (P < 0.05) shear force values than the control over the testing time. A possible relationship was suggested between a change in the phosphorylation of energy metabolic enzymes and the postmortem tenderization of beef. Our results suggested the possible importance of the activation of mu-calpain, phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic proteins, and release of lysosomal enzymes for ES-induced tenderization of beef muscle.
|
|
| 10. |
- Krizsan, Sophie Julie, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 3162-3173
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38 degrees C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all for-ages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P >= 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
|
|
| 11. |
- Krizsan, Sophie Julie, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of some aspects of the in situ and in vitro methods in evaluation of neutral detergent fiber digestion
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 91, s. 838-847
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the present study was to compare digestion rates (k(d)) of NDF for different feeds estimated with the in situ method or derived from an automated gas in vitro system. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate how in situ derived k(d) of NDF related to in vivo digestibility of NDF. Furthermore, in vitro true digestibility of the feed samples incubated within filter bags or dispersed in the medium was compared, and k(d) for insoluble and soluble components of those feeds were estimated. Four different concentrates and 4 forages were used in this study. Two lactating Swedish Red cows fed a diet of 60% grass silage and 40% concentrate on DM basis were used for in situ incubations and for collection of rumen fluid. The feed samples were ground through a 2.0-mm screen before the in situ incubations and a 1.0-mm screen before the in vitro gas incubations. In situ nylon bags were introduced into the rumen for determination of k(d) of NDF. Additional kinetic data were produced from isolated NDF and intact samples subjected to in vitro incubations in which gas production was recorded for 72 h. Samples were weighed in the bottles or within filter bags (for fiber and in vitro studies) that were placed in the bottles. The interaction between feed and method was significant (P < 0.01); k(d) of NDF for grass hay tended (P = 0.06) to be less whereas k(d) of NDF for alfalfa, barley grain, canola meal, and dried sugar beet pulp were greater (P < 0.01) when estimated with the in situ method than from gas production recordings. The meta-analysis suggested that in situ derived k(d) of NDF were biased and underestimated in vivo digestibility of NDF. Digestion rates of the intact samples were lower for all feeds, except for the hay, when incubated within the bags compared with dispersed in the medium (P < 0.01). Less OM and NDF were digested for all feeds when incubated within bags than dispersed in the medium (P < 0.01). It is concluded from the in vitro study that microbial activity within the bags is less than in the medium. Significant interactions between method (in situ vs. in vitro) and feed suggest that one or both methods result in biased estimates of digestion kinetics.
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Lundeheim, Nils, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic associations between behavioral traits and direct-social effects of growth rate in pigs
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 4706-4715
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the behavioral consequences of selecting pigs using a social genetic model for growth. Calculations enable each member of a group of pigs to be given a direct breeding value (DBV) and a social breeding value (SBV), which can be summarized into a total breeding value (TBV) for growth. Selection for growth TBV could affect animal behavior because social effects account for within- group interactions. Data were recorded from 96 groups of Yorkshire and Yorkshire x Landrace pigs in a nucleus herd. Each group contained 15 pigs fed ad libitum from 2 feeders; the space allowance was 0.85 m(2)/pig. Average daily gain was quantified from 35 to 100 kg of BW. Fighting and bullying activity at mixing (period 1), lying frequency 3 wk after mixing (period 2), and counts of skin lesions in periods 1 and 2 were recorded. The DBV for these traits were estimated with a classic animal model. We simulated different correlations between the direct genetic effect and the social genetic effect on growth rate ((DS)-D-r), 2 components that respectively determine a pig's genetic capacity to grow and its genetic influence on growth of group mates: rDS was successively assumed to be 0 and +/- 0.12, +/- 0.20, +/- 0.29, and +/- 0.58. Finally, the correlations between DBV, SBV, and TBV for ADG, as well as the DBV for behavior and skin lesions, were calculated and tested for a level of significance at P < 0.05. The gradient from negative to positive values of rDS refers to a progressive path running from genetic antagonism to genetic mutualism for growth. If rDS in the population truly ranged between -0.58 and -0.20, correlations for TBV for ADG with DBV for fighting and bullying progressively increased with rDS. Consequently, if rDS was low (between -0.12 and +0.12) or positive (>+0.12), pigs with high TBV for ADG had higher DBV for bullying other pigs in the group and for fighting than pigs with lower TBV for ADG. Pigs with high TBV for ADG did not differ from other pigs in their DBV for lesions to the anterior part of the body, but they had a lower DBV for posterior lesions, whereas in period 2, they had higher DBV for posterior lesions and lower DBV for lying. Under genetic mutualism for growth and in housing conditions similar to those in the present study, selection for growth TBV would promote the rapid establishment of the dominance relationships, with more aggressive contests among group mates at mixing. Pigs would subsequently be more active but, judging by skin lesions, less willing to fight in a more stable social situation.
|
|
| 15. |
- Lundgren, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetics of growth in piglets and the association with homogeneity of body weight within litters
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 88, s. 1240-1247
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to examine the genetic basis of homogeneity in piglets and the genetic correlations with litter size and growth during lactation. Genetic parameters for variation in piglet BW within litters at birth and at 3 wk of age, and in the BW of individual piglets at 3 wk (BW3) were estimated from the Norwegian Landrace nucleus population. Data on BW3 were collected from 146,572 piglets from 14,045 litters in 58 herds. Body weight at birth and at 3 wk of age was recorded for 13,318 piglets from 5 nucleus herds. Litter data were evaluated using multivariate trait models. The heritability estimates for the SD of BW at birth and at 3 wk (SDBW3) were in agreement with the literature (0.10 and 0.08, respectively). The genetic correlation for the number of piglets born alive and the mean BW at 3 wk was negative (-0.40 +/- 0.07), and the correlation of number of piglets born alive with SDBW3 was close to zero (-0.03 +/- 0.11). The genetic correlation between the SD of BW at birth and SDBW3 was moderate (0.51 +/- 0.31). The mean BW at birth was genetically correlated with mean BW at 3 wk (0.59 +/- 0.16) but was independent of SDBW3 (0.08 +/- 0.27). The estimates of direct and maternal heritability for BW3 were 0.03 and 0.07, respectively, and the genetic correlation between the 2 components was negative (-0.43 +/- 0.10). The genetic correlation of SDBW3 with the maternal effect on BW3 was positive and strong (0.66 +/- 0.08), whereas a negative correlation was found with the direct effect on BW3 (-0.18 +/- 0.14). These results suggest that it is possible to select for mean BW at birth without an increase in within-litter heterogeneity at 3 wk of age. A more efficient strategy would be to consider both the direct and the maternal effects on BW3 in the genetic evaluation, together with SDBW3. Thus, it is possible to avoid the increase in within- litter heterogeneity that would occur as a result of selection performed at 3 wk on a litter trait such as mean BW.
|
|
| 16. |
- Pierzynowski, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Behavioral changes in response to feeding pancreatic-like enzymes to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pigs.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 90:Suppl 4, s. 439-441
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behavioral changes during pancreatic enzyme therapy have never been studied. The present study investigated behavioral changes in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) pigs when their feed was supplemented with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin. A crossover design study was used to test the effect of enzyme supplementation in 2 × 4 EPI pigs that underwent pancreatic duct ligation (PDL). After 40 d of adaptation, the study commenced, comprising 2 control and 2 enzyme feeding periods of 10 d each in sequence. On days 7 and 10 of each experimental period, behavior was monitored for 24 h and feed consumption and BW were recorded. Behavioral observations focused on the pigs' activity- lying down or passive, or sitting, or standing or active-and were expressed as percentage activity for 24 h. During the adaptation period, BW gain was completely inhibited after PDL whereas for the entire study period, the body weight increased from 10.5 ± 1.1 to 14.0 ± 1.4 kg (P < 0.01). Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pigs were more active when fed the enzymes (21 vs. 18% per 24 h; P < 0.01). Microbial enzyme supplementation not only improved the growth of the EPI pigs but it also increased their activity. This behavior change contradicts the generally accepted norm that satiety evokes by digestion and subsequent nutrients absorption reduces human or animal motility.
|
|
| 17. |
- Pierzynowski, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Exogenous pancreatic-like enzymes are recovered in the gut and improve growth of exocrine pancreatic insufficient pigs
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 90, s. 324-326
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) pigs grow less due to different disturbances in feed digestion, absorption, and retention. Use of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin in pigs may improve feed use and performance in slow-growing pigs. The aim was to study gut recovery and effectiveness of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin supplementation on pig performance. Six male pigs 10 to 12 kg BW underwent pancreatic duct ligation surgery to induce total exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Three cannulas to access the gastrointestinal tract content were installed in stomach, duodenum, and ileum in EPI pigs and in 3 control (healthy) pigs. One month after surgery, enzymes were given before feeding and digesta samples were collected for analyses. The BW of EPI pigs did not increase during 1 mo following surgery (11.7 vs. 11.6 kg BW); however, BW increased after 1 wk of enzyme supplementation (12.1 kg BW). Coefficient of fat and N absorption increased (P < 0.05) in EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation. Activity of amylase, lipase, and protease in chyme samples of EPI pigs was very low compared to controls. In EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation, amylase activity increased from 5.32 to 72.9 units/mL but remained lower than that of healthy pigs (162.7 units/mL). Lipase activity increased from 79.1 to 421.6 units/mL, which was similar to that of controls (507.3 units/mL). Proteolytic activity increased from 7.8 to 69.7 units/mL but still did not reach control pigs (164.3 units/mL). In conclusion, exogenous microbial enzymes mimic endogenous pancreatic enzymes being recovered along the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These enzymes might be a useful tool to stimulate growth of slower-growing pigs after the weaning period.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Rustas, Bengt-Ove, et al.
(författare)
-
Intake and digestion of whole-crop barley and wheat silages by dairy heifers
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 89, s. 4134-4141
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of maturity at harvest on the digestibility and intake of large bale silage made from whole-crop barley and wheat when fed to growing heifers was evaluated. Two crops of spring barley (Hordeum distichum cv. Filippa and Kinnan) and 1 of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Olevin) were harvested at the heading, milk, and dough stages of maturity. The silage was fed to 36 dairy heifers in a balanced crossover experiment with 3 periods and 9 treatments (diets based on 3 crops and 3 stages of maturity), organized into 6 pairs of 3 x 3 Latin squares. No clear relationship was observed between intake and stage of maturity of whole-crop cereal silage, but intake was positively correlated to silage DM content (P < 0.001, r = 0.46) and negatively correlated to NDF content (P < 0.001, r = -0.42). Organic matter digestibility decreased between the heading and milk stages of maturity in all crops (P < 0.001), did not differ between the milk and the dough stages in the 2 barley crops, but increased in the wheat silage (P = 0.034). The NDF digestibility decreased between the heading and milk stages in all crops (P < 0.001), whereas it decreased in 1 barley crop (P < 0.001), increased in the other barley (P = 0.025), and was unchanged in the wheat between the milk and dough stages of maturity. Starch digestibility was less in the 2 barley crops compared with the wheat at the dough stage of maturity (P < 0.001). The feeding value of the whole-crop barley and wheat declined between the heading and milk stages of maturity, but thereafter the effect of maturity on the feeding value was minor.
|
|
| 20. |
- Rydhmer, Lotta
(författare)
-
There is room for selection in a small local pig breed when using optimum contribution selection: A simulation study
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 76-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selection progress must be carefully balanced against the conservation of genetic variation in small populations of local breeds. Well-defined breeding programs with specified selection traits are rare in local pig breeds. Given the small population size, the focus is often on the management of genetic diversity. However, in local breeds, optimum contribution selection can be applied to control the rate of inbreeding and to avoid reduced performance in traits with high market value. The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which a breeding program aiming for improved product quality in a small local breed would be feasible. We used stochastic simulations to compare 25 scenarios. The scenarios differed in size of population, selection intensity of boars, type of selection (random selection, truncation selection based on BLUP breeding values, or optimum contribution selection based on BLUP breeding values), and heritability of the selection trait. It was assumed that the local breed is used in an extensive system for a high-meatquality market. The simulations showed that in the smallest population (300 female reproducers), inbreeding increased by 0.8% when selection was performed at random. With optimum contribution selection, genetic progress can be achieved that is almost as great as that with truncation selection based on BLUP breeding values (0.2 to 0.5 vs. 0.3 to 0.5 genetic SD, P < 0.05), but at a considerably decreased rate of inbreeding (0.7 to 1.2 vs. 2.3 to 5.7%, P < 0.01). This confirmation of the potential utilization of OCS even in small populations is important in the context of sustainable management and the use of animal genetic resources.
|
|
| 21. |
- Wallenbeck, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Using data from electronic feeders on visit frequency and feed consumption to indicate tail biting outbreaks in commercial pig production
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 91, s. 2879-2884
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The long term aim with this study was to identify predictors or early indicators of tail biting outbreaks using registrations from electronic feeders. This study is based on information about daily frequency of feeder visits (DFV) and daily feed consumption (DFC) recorded in electronic feeders from 460 noncastrated boars in tail biting pens (TB pens, n = 21) and matched control pens (Con pens, n = 21) from 10 wk before to 10 wk after the first injured tail in the pen. The results showed lower average DFV among pigs in TB pens compared with pigs in Con pens 6 to 9 wk before the start of the tail biting outbreak (first treatment for tail damage due to tail biting; P <= 0.1, df = 487) but a greater DFV for tail biting victims 2 to 5 wk before the start of the tail biting outbreak compared both to other pigs in the TB pen and to pigs in the Con pen (P < 0.1, df = 6,500). Tail biting victims had decreased DFC during and after the tail biting outbreak [wk 0 to 2 after the tail biting outbreak (P < 0.1, df = 6,500)]. In conclusion, information from electronic feeders can be used for surveillance of tail biting outbreaks in pigs. Due to common casual factors, low feeding frequencies observed on the group level can predict future tail biting in the pen as early as 9 wk before the first tail injuries. Moreover, increased feeding frequencies for individual pigs in potential tail biting pens may predict which pigs will be become the victims in the tail biting outbreak. The results further support previous findings that pigs with tail injuries due to tail biting consume decreased amounts of feed.
|
|
| 22. |
- Wolinski, J., et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of feeding colostrum versus exogenous immunoglobulin G on gastrointestinal structure and enteric nervous system in newborn pigs
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 90, s. 327-329
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colostrum is an indispensable source of antibodies (IgG) protecting the newborn pig against infection. We studied the effect of feeding colostrum and purified IgG on early structure and development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Newborn littermate pigs were fed either colostrum, an elemental diet (ED), or an ED supplemented with purified serum IgG (ED + IgG) for 24 h or then only ED up to 72 h. Afterwards, pigs were slaughtered. Colostrum-fed pigs or ED supplemented with IgG (ED + IgG) increased thickness (P < 0.001) of stomach mucosa and muscularis (P < 0.05) compared to the ED group not receiving IgG. Feeding an ED supplemented with IgG improved morphology of the GIT towards that of colostrum-fed piglets and indicates a beneficial effect of IgG on GIT development in neonatal pigs. Immunohistochemical studies indicate that ED feeding may influence the expression of nitric oxide synthase in jejunal myenteric (but not submucous) neurons of newborn pigs.
|
|
| 23. |
- Ögren, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
-
Phosphorus balance and fecal losses in growing Standardbred horses in training fed forage-only diets
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 91, s. 2749-2755
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the P balance and fecal P losses in growing Standardbred horses in training fed a forage-only diet with or without P supplementation and assessed the magnitude and proportion of the soluble, inorganic P(P-i) fraction in feces. Fourteen Standardbred horses (aged 20.0 +/- 0.3 mo) adapted to ad libitum intake of grass forage containing 0.25% P were used in a crossover experiment investigating 2 dietary treatments with (high-P) and without (low-P) mineral supplementation for 6 d. Daily feed intake and refusals were weighed. Spot samples of feces were collected twice daily on d 4 to 6 and analyzed for total P and P-i. Acid-insoluble ash was used as a marker for total fecal output. Spot samples of urine were collected once on d 4 to 6 and analyzed for P and creatinine. Daily P intake was greater (P < 0.001) for the high-P diet (32.0 +/- 0.6 g) than the low-P diet (17.5 +/- 0.6 g), and the individual intake ranged from 13.3 to 38.4 g/d. Total fecal excretion of P was also greater (P < 0.001) for the high-P diet (30.3 +/- 0.8 g/d) than the low-P diet (17.0 +/- 0.8 g/d) whereas excretion in urine was less than 0.2 g/d on both diets. Using simple regression analysis, fecal endogenous P losses were estimated to be less than 10 mg/kg BW. Phosphorus retention was 1.6 +/- 0.6 and 0.3 +/- 0.6 g/d on the high- and low-P diets, respectively, but only that for the high-P diet was greater (P < 0.05) than 0 g/d. The proportion of P-i of total fecal P excretion was 100 +/- 3% for the high-P diet and 87 +/- 3% for the low-P diet (P = 0.005) and P-i increased linearly with P intake (y = 1.10x - 4.44; r(2) = 0.91; CV = 9.9%; P < 0.001). In conclusion, on this forage-only diet significant retention of P occurred at a daily P intake of 7.1 g/100 kg BW. Phosphorus was mainly excreted in feces and both total fecal P and P-i excretion had a strong relationship to P intake. More than 80% of total P appeared to be soluble. Fecal endogenous P losses were similar to those described previously in growing horses.
|
|
| 24. |
- Slupecka, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Stimulating effect of pancreatic-like enzymes on the development of the gastrointestinal tract in piglets
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 311-314
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of nutritional components from the milk and eventually from the solid feed relates to the growth and development of gastrointestinal tract (GIT). We studied the effect of pancreatic-like enzymes [porcine pancreatic enzymes (Creon) or microbial-derived amylase, protease, and lipase] on GIT morphology and lipid absorption in suckling piglets. Both enzyme preparations, in low or high dose, were fed via a stomach tube twice a day for 7 d starting at 8 d of age and controls received vehicle, n = 6. The day after treatments ended, lipid absorption was tested after which pigs were euthanized and GIT was examined. Enzyme cocktails, irrespective of their origin, increased (P < 0.001) triglyceride level in blood. Enzyme preparation affected (P < 0.001) small intestinal mucosal thickness, villi length, and crypt depth and (P < 0.01) mitotic division of enterocytes. In addition, the external administration of pancreatic enzymes stimulated pancreatic growth as observed by increased (P < 0.05) mitotic division of pancreatic cells. The study revealed that pancreatic or pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin administrated in the early postperinatal period enhance GIT development and may be used to better prepare the GIT of piglets for milk use and weaning.
|
|
| 25. |
- Yu, Shi, et al.
(författare)
-
Interactions of phytate and myo-inositol phosphate esters (IP1-5) including IP5 isomers with dietary protein and iron and inhibition of pepsin
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 1525-3163. ; 90:6, s. 1824-1832
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytic acid (IP6) and myo-inositol phosphate esters (IP1-5), including IP5 isomers prepared chemically and enzymatically with bacterial and fungal phytases, were examined for their effects on protein aggregation of soy protein and beta-casein, interaction with Fe3+, and pepsin activity. The results indicated that the aggregating capabilities of IP esters (IP1-6) on the 2 proteins decreased dramatically from IP6 to IP5 and became negligible with IP1-4. Among the IP5 isomers tested, InsP(5)(1,2,3,4,5) produced by 6-phytase was slightly less powerful in aggregating protein than InsP(5)(1,2,4,5,6) produced by 3-phytase (P = 0.001). For protein hydrolysis, IP esters of IP3-4 still showed inhibition of pepsin though to a lesser extent than IP5-6. The in vitro data with IP1-5 generated with microbial 3- and 6-phytases indicate that, for complete alleviation of pepsin inhibition, IP6 needs to be broken down to IP1-2. In contrast to the aggregation with protein, the reactivity of IP1-6 toward Fe3+ decreased proportionally from IP6 to IP3. Based on the radical decrease in turbidity of IP6-protein complex observed, as a result of IP6 dephosphorylation to IP5, a novel qualitative and semi-quantitative phytase plate assay was established using IP6-protein complex incorporated into an agarose petri-dish as substrate. Phytase activity was shown as the development of clear halos on the agarose plate with time. This simple phytase plate assay method can be used at animal farms, control laboratories, and even for the screening of engineered phytase variants. The current study, thus, stresses the importance of the efficient hydrolysis of IP6 at lower pH range to alleviate the negative effect of phytic acid and its degradation products on protein and Fe3+ digestion.
|
|
