| 1. |
- Barclay, Kieron J.
(författare)
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SEX COMPOSITION OF THE WORKPLACE AND MORTALITY RISK
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 45:6, s. 807-821
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study uses Swedish occupational register data to examine whether the proportion of men in administrative workplaces in the Swedish public service affects all-cause mortality risks amongst both males and females of working age. Using piecewise constant survival models to analyse occupational data from the Swedish administrative registers from 1995 to 2007, it was found that for males, a 1% increase in the proportion of males was associated with a 1.3% increase in mortality risk (hazard ratio, HR 1.013, 95% CI 1.007-1.020, p < 0.001), but no association was found for females (HR 1.004, 95% CI 0.996-1.012, p = 0.297). Adjustments were made for age, family status, education, occupational status, occupational segregation by sex, the total number of individuals in the workplace, level of government, region, period and variables reflecting the workplace structure by age, age by sex, occupation and education. A higher proportion of males may be related to (i) an increased exposure to risky health behaviours such as alcohol consumption and unhealthy dietary patterns, (ii) a tendency towards sickness presenteeism, and (iii) an increase in the levels of several well-established emotional stressors in the workplace, leading to an increased level of psychosocial stress. The findings and potential extensions of this research are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, et al.
(författare)
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Contraception use and associations with intimate partner violence among women in Bangladesh
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - New York, USA : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 44:1, s. 83-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the association between contraception use and intimate partner violence (IPV) among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh. The observational study of 10,996 women used the chi-squared test and logistic regressions to assess the associations. Almost 80% of all respondents had used contraceptives at some point in their lives. About half of the respondents (48%) were victims of physical violence, while 11% experienced sexual abuse from their husbands. Urban residents, higher educated women and women aged 20-44 were more likely to use contraceptives than their peers in rural areas, those with lower education and those in their late forties (45-49 years). Women exposed to physical violence were almost two times (OR 1.93, CI 1.55-2.41) more likely to use contraceptives compared with their non-abused peers. Sexual abuse had no significant association with contraceptive use. Physical violence is a predictor for higher levels of contraceptive use among women in Bangladesh. The findings emphasize the importance of screening for IPV at health care centres. The differences in urban and rural contraceptive use and IPV exposure identified by the study have policy implications for service delivery and planning.
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| 3. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, et al.
(författare)
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Fairness of utilizing health care facilities and out-of-pocket payment burden : Evidence from Cambodia
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 45:3, s. 345-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Catastrophic spending on health care through out-of-pocket payment is a huge problem in most low-and middle-income countries all over the world. The collapse of health systems and poverty have resulted in the proliferation of the private health sector in Cambodia, but very few studies have examined the fairness in ease of utilization of these services based on mode of payment. This study examined the utilization of health services for sickness or injury and identified its relationship with people’s ability to pay for treatment seeking at various instances. Based on cross-sectional data from the Cambodian 2007 Demographic and Health Survey, the economic index estimated through principal component analysis and Lorenz curve was used to quantify the degree of fairness and equality in utilization and payment burden among the respondents. A distinct level of fairness was found in health care utilization and out-of-pocket payments. Specifically, use of private health care facilities and over-the-counter remedies dominate, and out-of-pocket payments cut across all socioeconomic strata. As many countries in low-and middle-income regions, and most importantly those in transition such as Cambodia, are repositioning their health systems, efforts should be made towards maintaining equitable access through adoption of finance mechanisms that make utilization of health care services fair and equitable. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.
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| 4. |
- D'Ambruoso, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
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'Maybe it was her fate and maybe she ran out of blood' : final caregivers' perspectives on access to care in obstetric emergencies in rural Indonesia.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 42:2, s. 213-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maternal mortality persists in low-income settings despite preventability with skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care. Poor access limits the effectiveness of life-saving interventions and is typical of maternal health care in low-income settings. This paper examines access to care in obstetric emergencies from the perspectives of service users, using established and contemporary theoretical frameworks of access and a routine health surveillance method. The implications for health planning are also considered. The final caregivers of 104 women who died during pregnancy or childbirth were interviewed in two rural districts in Indonesia using an adapted verbal autopsy. Qualitative analysis revealed social and economic barriers to access and barriers that arose from the health system itself. Health insurance for the poor was highly problematic. For providers, incomplete reimbursements, and low public pay, acted as disincentives to treat the poor. For users, the schemes were poorly socialized and understood, complicated to use and led to lower quality care. Services, staff, transport, equipment and supplies were also generally unavailable or unaffordable. The multiple barriers to access conferred a cumulative disadvantage that culminated in exclusion. This was reflected in expressions of powerlessness and fatalism regarding the deaths. The analysis suggests that conceiving of access as a structurally determined, complex and dynamic process, and as a reciprocally maintained phenomenon of disadvantaged groups, may provide useful explanatory concepts for health planning. Health planning from this perspective may help to avoid perpetuating exclusion on social and economic grounds, by health systems and services, and help foster a sense of control at the micro-level, among peoples' feelings and behaviours regarding their health. Verbal autopsy surveys provide an opportunity to routinely collect information on the exclusory mechanisms of health systems, important information for equitable health planning.
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| 5. |
- Egerbladh, Inez, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic, demographic and legal influences on consanguinity and kinship in northern coastal Sweden 1780-1899
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 43:4, s. 413-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most studies on consanguinity have been conducted on contemporary populations and have focused on the prevalence and types of preferred intra-familial marriage. With its comprehensive birth, marriage and deaths records dating back to the late 17th century, and the legal bar on first cousin marriage removed in the mid-19th century, Sweden offers unique opportunities to examine the factors that determine by whom, where and why consanguineous marriages were contracted. The present study covers the period 1780-1899 and presents a detailed portrait of cousin and sibling exchange marriages in the Skelleftea region of northern coastal Sweden. The combined prevalence of first, second and third cousin marriage increased from 2.3% in 1790-1810 to 8.8% in 1880-1899, and multi-generation consanguinity also increased significantly over the study period. The distribution and prevalence of first cousin marriages was strikingly non-random, with a significantly greater propensity for consanguinity among land-owning families, especially involving first-born sons, within specific pedigrees, and in a number of more remote inland communities. Additional factors associated with a greater likelihood of consanguineous marriage included physical or mental disability among males, and among females the prior birth of an illegitimate child. Besides the inherent interest in the social and demographic structure of this region of northern Sweden during the course of the 19th century, in future studies it will be important to determine the degree to which the observed patterns of consanguineous and sibling exchange marriages in these past generations could have influenced present-day genetic structure.
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| 6. |
- Kolk, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Parental Status and Gender Preferences for Children : is Differential Fertility Stopping Consistent with the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 45:5, s. 683-704
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on evolutionary reasoning, Trivers & Willard (1973) predicted status-biased sex composition and parental investment with son-preferencing effects in higher, and daughter-preferencing effects in lower status groups. Previous research shows mixed results. This study uses event-history methods and Swedish register data to study one possible mechanism in isolation: do parents in different status groups vary in their proclivities to continue fertility based on the sex composition of previous offspring? The results show no support for the Trivers-Willard hypothesis on a wide range of different status indicators. Future research on the stated hypothesis should focus on physiological rather than behavioural mechanisms.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? A RESPONSE
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 44:2, s. 235-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Overweight and obesity constitute a major and increasing health and welfare problem throughout the world. Assessing the multifaceted mechanisms - biological, environmental and behavioural - behind this development is a crucial task in medical, social and economic sciences. We are, therefore, grateful to have been given the opportunity to, once again, discuss whether the risk of divorce may be one of the factors influencing the incentives of becoming overweight or obese and, hence, ultimately the physical appearance among the married. In this Debate, colleagues Schneider and Grimps present the results of a multilevel analysis, in which they could not identify any statistically significant association between body mass index (BMI) and divorce risk among married people. Thus, they question the findings, previously published in this Journal (Lundborg et al., 2007). The Schneider and Grimps arguments are not convincing, however. So, we still claim that the statistical material at hand does, indeed, imply that divorce risk at the national level may well influence the weight of the married.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Zhu, Y., et al.
(författare)
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Childhood exposure to domestic violence and attitude towards wife beating in adult life : A study of men in INDIA
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - New York, USA : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 42:2, s. 255-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined men’s justification of wife beating in relation to their perceived rights and autonomy using a nationally representative sample of 18,047 men in India with childhood exposure to parental violence. Five reasons for wife beating justification, four items of men’s perceived rights, and five items of household autonomy were analysed X using 2 test and logistic regression. Among 18,047 participants, 67% justified wife beating. Low education, economic stress and being unmarried were generally more associated with justifying wife beating for all five reasons. Wife’s refusal of sex and husband’s final say on household autonomy are risk factors. Joint autonomy on household decision making and wife’s autonomy on managing her own earnings are protective factors. Perceived relationship rights and autonomy are highly predictive of wife-beating justification for the men who have been exposed to parental violence during childhood. The study has significant implications for public health planners and education strategies. © 2009 Cambridge University Press.
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| 11. |
- Fransson, Göran, 1968-
(författare)
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Mentors assessing mentees? : An overview and analyses of the mentorship role concerning newly qualified teachers
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Journal of Teacher Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0261-9768 .- 1469-5928. ; 33:4, s. 375-390
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has no tradition of mentors participating in the formal summative assessment of newly qualified teachers. However, an Inquiry Committee Report proposed that mentors should have some involvement in this process. This article reports on the results of an examination of 108 official responses to the Inquiry Report submitted to the Ministry of Education and provides a research overview. The results show that only 23 of the 108 responses mention assessment, and none of these are positive to the proposed expansion of the mentor’s duties. Only four responses include an explicit discussion of the relationship between mentors and mentees. These results are discussed in the light of research into relations between mentors and mentees and whether or not mentors should participate in the assessment of their mentees. One conclusion is that answers to this question need to relate to the prerequisites, values and objectives of the educational context.
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| 12. |
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