| 1. |
- de Boer, Hugo J., et al.
(författare)
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Botanical Repellents and Pesticides Traditionally Used Against Hematophagous Invertebrates in Lao People's Democratic Republic : A Comparative Study of Plants Used in 66 Villages
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 47:3, s. 400-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hematophagous parasites such as leeches, ticks, mites, lice, bedbugs, mosquitoes, and myiasis-producing fly larvae are common health problems in Lao People's Democratic Republic. Several arthropod-borne infections, e.g., malaria, dengue fever, and Japanese encephalitis, are endemic there. Effective vector control methods including the use of pesticides, insecticide-treated bed nets, and synthetic and plant-based repellents are important means of control against such invertebrates and the pathogens they may transmit or directly cause. In this study, we documented traditional knowledge on plants that are used to repel or kill hematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, bedbugs, human lice, mites and ticks, fly larvae, and blood-sucking leeches. Structured interviews were carried out in 66 villages comprising 17 ethnic groups, covering a range of cultures, throughout Lao People's Democratic Republic. A total of 92 plant species was recorded as traditional repellents (including plants for pesticidal usages) in 123 different plant-ectoparasite combinations. The number and species of plants, and animal taxa repelled (or killed) per plant species differed per region, village, and ethnic group. Traditional use was confirmed in the scientific literature for 74 of these plant species, and for an additional 13 species using literature on closely related species. The use of botanical repellents and pesticides from many plant species is common and widespread in the Lao countryside. In the future, the identification of the active components in certain plants to develop more optimal, inexpensive repellents, insecticides, acaricides, or antileech compounds as alternatives to synthetic repellents/pesticides against blood-feeding insects, ticks, mites, and leeches is warranted.
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| 2. |
- El-Seedi, Hesham R., et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Composition and Repellency of Essential Oils From Four Medicinal Plants Against Ixodes ricinus Nymphs : (Acari Ixodidae)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 49:5, s. 1067-1075
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In our search for effective tick repellents from plant origin, we investigated the effect of essential oils of four medicinal and culinary plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae on nymphs of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.). The essential oils of the dry leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) (L.), Mentha spicata (Spearmint) (L.), Origanum majorana (Majoram) (L.), and Ocimum basilicum (Basil) (L.) were isolated by steam distillation and 15 mu g/cm(2) concentration of oils was tested against ticks in a laboratory bioassay. The oils of R. officinalis, M. spicata, and O. majorana showed strong repellency against the ticks 100, 93.2, and 84.3%, respectively, whereas O. basilicum only showed 64.5% repellency. When tested in the field, the oils of R. officinalis and M. spicata showed 68.3 and 59.4% repellency at a concentration of 6.5 mu g/cm(2) on the test cloths. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the major compounds from the most repellent oils were 1,8-cineole, camphor, linalool, 4-terpineol, borneol, and carvone.
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| 3. |
- Vongsombath, C., et al.
(författare)
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Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Repellency Field Tests of Essential Oils From Plants Traditionally Used in Laos
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 49:6, s. 1398-1404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Essential oils of Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae), Croton roxburghii (Euphorbiaceae), and Litsea cubeba (Lauraceae) were tested in the field near Vientiane city, Lao PDR, on humans for repellent activity against mosquitoes. Landing mosquitoes were collected and later identied. The most abundant mosquitoes captured belonged to the genera Armigeres, Culex, and Aedes. All the plant oils tested at concentrations of 1.7 μg/cm 2, 3.3 μg/cm 2, and 6.3 μg/cm 2 were signicantly more mosquito repellent than the negative control. Croton oil was signicantly repellent against mosquitoes of the three genera at the highest (6.3 μg/cm 2) concentration tested. Litsea oil was signicantly repellent against Armigeres at all (1.7 μg/cm 2, 3.3 μg/cm 2, and 6.3 μg/cm 2) concentrations tested. Hyptis oil was signicantly repellent against Armigeres at 3.3μg/cm 2 and 6.3μg/cm 2 and against Culex at 1.7 μg/cm 2 and 6.3 μg/cm 2. The oils were analyzed for chemical content of volatiles, mainly terpenes. Main constituents were α-pinene, sabinene, and 1,8-cineol from oils of the green parts of H. suaveolens; α-pinene, α-pinene, and α-phellandrene from fresh bark of C. roxburghii; and α-pinene, α-phellandrene, sabinene, and 1,8-cineol from fresh fruits of L. cubeba.
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| 4. |
- Isberg, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative Study of Antennal and Maxillary Palp Olfactory Sensilla of Female Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) in the Context of Host Preference and Phylogeny
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Entomology. - 0022-2585. ; 50, s. 485-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of disease, including bluetongue and African horse sickness. Host preference of these insects is primarily regulated by olfactory cues, detected by olfactory sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps. In this study, we analyzed the sensillum repertoire of biting midge species with known host preferences. Five different morphological sensillum types, sensilla trichodea, s. chaetica, s. ampullacea, s. coeloconica, and grooved peg sensilla, were present on the antennae of all species. In addition sensilla basiconica were present on the maxillary palps. We found that the numbers of short blunt-tipped s. trichodea, s. coeloconica, and s. basiconica are significantly higher in the ornithophilic Culicoides festivipennis (Kieffer) compared with the mammalophilic Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides chiopterus (Meigen). In contrast, we found that the mammalophilic Culicoides pulicaris (L.) and the opportunistic Culicoides punctatus (Meigen) have intermediate numbers of these sensillum types. Comparison with available data from other species strongly suggests that these differences in the number of specific sensillum types, in general, are a reflection of host preference and not of phylogeny. We discuss the putative function of the individual sensillum types in relation to host volatile detection.
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| 5. |
- Tuno, Nobuko, et al.
(författare)
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Blood-Feeding Behavior of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles melas in Ghana, Western Africa
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Entomology. - 0022-2585. ; 47:1, s. 28-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anopheles gambiae is the predominant malaria vector species in Ghana, western Africa, with a strong local presence of Anopheles melas Theobald along the southern coast. We studied the biting behavior of these two species of the Anopheles gambiae complex inland and at the coast in Ghana, with special attention to the local peoples' preference for outdoor sleeping. We collected mosquitoes at two sites in 2007, representing the moist semideciduous forest zone and the strand and mangrove zone, and the sampling was repeated in the dry and rainy seasons. Sampled mosquitoes were examined for species, parity and size (wing length), and we identified the hosts of their bloodmeals. We interviewed 288 of the village people to determine where and when they slept outdoors. Our study confirmed that An. gambiae is the only species of the An. gambiae complex in the Ashanti region and revealed that An. melas is highly dominant on the western coast of Ghana. Both species showed high human blood rates in indoor resting mosquito samples. More people sleep outside on the coast than inland. An. melas demonstrated high exophily. An. gambiae bit people more frequently indoors and did so more often during the dry season than in the rainy season. We suggest that the degree of exophily in An. melas may be affected by humidity and the availability of human as well as by the mosquitoes' innate habits.
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