| 1. |
- Monroy, Carlota, et al.
(författare)
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Habitats, dispersion and invasion of sylvatic Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera:Reduviidae:Triatominae) in Peten, Guatemala
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 40:6, s. 800-806
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dispersion and invasion capacity of sylvatic populations of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille) were investigated during 14 mo by means of experimental chicken coops installed in a nature reserve within the Maya Biosphere, Petén, Guatemala. In addition, palm trees, underground archeological holes (chultunes) and piles of limestones within the forest were inspected as potential sylvatic habitats of T. dimidiata. From the three types of sylvatic habitats we inspected, all served as shelter and breeding sites for T dimidiata. The natural infection of these bugs (n = 72) with Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas) was high (25%) and represent a risk for humans who colonize the forest. T. dimidiata quickly invaded the experimental chicken coops installed in the primary forest, albeit at very low densities. However, only one adult bug was encountered in the chicken coops installed in a secondary forest. Dispersal of adult T. dimidiata was most apparent at the end of the dry season. Overall, our results indicate a potential risk for invasion by sylvatic T. dimidiata of domestic environments in this area, with a risk of T. cruzi transmission to humans. We suggest that a system of community-based surveillance should be developed to detect new infestations and organize prompt treatment of any new cases of acute Chagas disease that may result.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Pålsson, Katinka, et al.
(författare)
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Tick repellent substances in the essential oil of Tanacetum vulgare
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 45:1, s. 88-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The repellent effect of the essential oils of flower heads of the aromatic plant tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae), originating from Sweden, was tested against host-seeking nymphs of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.). The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation (SD) and by using an online solvent extraction separation setup. Further fractionations of the SD oils were obtained by medium-pressure liquid chromatography on silica gel. The volatiles of the essential oils and the fractions that exhibited strong tick repellency (90-100%) were collected by solid phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chemical analyses of the oils show that the populations of T. vulgare from Uppsala and Stockholm may represent different chemotypes, but that they exhibited similar tick repellency. Main volatiles detected from oils of T vulgare collected at Uppsala were a-pinene (27%), beta-pinene (11%), pinocamphone (11%), 1,3,3-trimethylcyclohex-l-ene-4-carboxaldehyde (11%), and 1,8-cineole (10%). In the sample collected in Stockholm, the main components were beta-thujone (39%) and camphor (23%) followed by a-thujone (11%) and 1,8-cineole (8%). When constituents in the oils, e.g., alpha-terpineol, 4-terpineol, alpha + beta-thujone, 1,8-cineol, verbenol, and verbenone, were tested separately (each diluted 0.5%, vol:vol), 64-72% tick repellency was obtained.
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| 4. |
- de Boer, Hugo J., et al.
(författare)
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Botanical Repellents and Pesticides Traditionally Used Against Hematophagous Invertebrates in Lao People's Democratic Republic : A Comparative Study of Plants Used in 66 Villages
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 47:3, s. 400-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hematophagous parasites such as leeches, ticks, mites, lice, bedbugs, mosquitoes, and myiasis-producing fly larvae are common health problems in Lao People's Democratic Republic. Several arthropod-borne infections, e.g., malaria, dengue fever, and Japanese encephalitis, are endemic there. Effective vector control methods including the use of pesticides, insecticide-treated bed nets, and synthetic and plant-based repellents are important means of control against such invertebrates and the pathogens they may transmit or directly cause. In this study, we documented traditional knowledge on plants that are used to repel or kill hematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, bedbugs, human lice, mites and ticks, fly larvae, and blood-sucking leeches. Structured interviews were carried out in 66 villages comprising 17 ethnic groups, covering a range of cultures, throughout Lao People's Democratic Republic. A total of 92 plant species was recorded as traditional repellents (including plants for pesticidal usages) in 123 different plant-ectoparasite combinations. The number and species of plants, and animal taxa repelled (or killed) per plant species differed per region, village, and ethnic group. Traditional use was confirmed in the scientific literature for 74 of these plant species, and for an additional 13 species using literature on closely related species. The use of botanical repellents and pesticides from many plant species is common and widespread in the Lao countryside. In the future, the identification of the active components in certain plants to develop more optimal, inexpensive repellents, insecticides, acaricides, or antileech compounds as alternatives to synthetic repellents/pesticides against blood-feeding insects, ticks, mites, and leeches is warranted.
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| 5. |
- El-Seedi, Hesham R., et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Composition and Repellency of Essential Oils From Four Medicinal Plants Against Ixodes ricinus Nymphs : (Acari Ixodidae)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 49:5, s. 1067-1075
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In our search for effective tick repellents from plant origin, we investigated the effect of essential oils of four medicinal and culinary plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae on nymphs of the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.). The essential oils of the dry leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) (L.), Mentha spicata (Spearmint) (L.), Origanum majorana (Majoram) (L.), and Ocimum basilicum (Basil) (L.) were isolated by steam distillation and 15 mu g/cm(2) concentration of oils was tested against ticks in a laboratory bioassay. The oils of R. officinalis, M. spicata, and O. majorana showed strong repellency against the ticks 100, 93.2, and 84.3%, respectively, whereas O. basilicum only showed 64.5% repellency. When tested in the field, the oils of R. officinalis and M. spicata showed 68.3 and 59.4% repellency at a concentration of 6.5 mu g/cm(2) on the test cloths. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the major compounds from the most repellent oils were 1,8-cineole, camphor, linalool, 4-terpineol, borneol, and carvone.
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| 6. |
- Garboui, Samira, et al.
(författare)
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Tick repellent properties of three Libyan plants
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 46:6, s. 1415-1419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specimens of Salvadora persica Wallich (Salvadoraceae), Pistacia atlantica Desfontaines (Anacardiaceae), and Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae) were collected at The Green Mountain in northeastern Libya. The tick-repellent effects of the essential oils from the plants were evaluated using host-seeking nymphs of Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory. Significant tick repellent effects were observed for the oils of all three species, but the duration of action was short. The oils were obtained by steam distillation. Volatile compounds of the essential oils were collected by solid phase microextraction and the constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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| 7. |
- Jaenson, T. G. T., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of extracts and oils of mosquito (Diptera : Culicidae) repellent plants from Sweden and Guinea-Bissau
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 43:1, s. 113-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In laboratory tests, ethyl acetate extracts of Hyptis, suaveolens Poit. from Guinea-Bissau and Rhododendon tomentosum (Stokes) H. Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre L.) and Myrica gale L. significantly reduced probing activity of Aedes aegypti (L.). In the field in southern Sweden, extracts of leaves of R. tomentosum, M. gale, and Achillea millefolium L. significantly reduced biting by Aedes mosquitoes. Volatile compounds from M. gale, R. tomentosum, A. millefolium, and H. suaveolens were collected by solid phase microextraction (SPME). Alternatively, compounds in the plants were subjected to extraction by organic solvents of different polarities or by steam distillation and collection by SPME. Compounds collected were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Leaves of H. suaveolens contained mainly beta-caryophyllene, bergamotene, and terpinolene. The volatile fraction of an ethyl acetate extract of H. suaveolens was collected by SPME and included beta-caryophyllene, (-) -sabinene, beta-pinene, limonene, alpha-pinene, and bergamotene. The main volatiles detected were alpha-pinene, alpha-phellandrene, myrcene, and limonene from M. gale leaves or inflorescences; pcymene, sabinene, and terpinyl acetate from leaves of R. tornentoston; and (-)-germacrene D, beta-pinene, sabinene, and alpha-pinene from A. millefolium leaves or inflorescences. The selected plant species contained numerous volatiles known to have insecticidal, acaricidal, pesticidal, and/orinsect repellent properties.
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| 8. |
- Lacoursière, Jean O., 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term Maintenance System for Black Fly Larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)
- 1987
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 24:4, s. 463-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simple, readily transportable apparatus for maintenance of black fly larvae in the laboratory is proposed as an alternative to a full-scale rearing system. This compact apparatus of the compressed-air type can maintain dense populations of black fly larvae without time-consuming manipulation. Large numbers of Simulium venustum Say complex, Simulium decorum Walker, and Prosimulium mixtum Syme & Davies group larvae (> 1,200 larvae per liter) were maintained successfully at low temperature in our laboratories for 3 – 5 mo. Mortality rates for mid- to late instars of each of the three species were <5%. Large areas of removable substrate allow easy access to larvae. This system can be used in the field to transport larvae to the laboratory, where they can be maintained or reared to the adult stage.
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| 9. |
- Lindh, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Oviposition Responses of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera Culicidae) and Identification of Volatiles from Bacteria-Containing Solutions :
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 45:6, s. 1039-1049
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a dual-choice oviposition bioassay was used to screen responses of gravid An. gambiae toward 17 bacterial species, previously isolated from Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) midguts or oviposition sites. The 10 isolates from oviposition sites have been identified by phylogenetic analyses of their 16S rRNA genes. Eight of the 10 isolates were gram-positive, out of which six belonged to the Bacilli class. Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify the volatiles emitted From the bacterial isolates, Aromatic and aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic ketones, alkylpyrazines, dimethyl oligosulfides, and indole were among the chemical compounds identified from the headspace above bacteria-containing saline. The mosquitoes laid significantly more eggs in six of the bacteria-containing solutions compared with the sterile solution. These six bacteria did not emit any compounds in common that could explain the positive oviposition response. Instead. the bacteria were grouped according to principal component analysis (PCA) based on the relative amouts of volatile emitted. The PCA-plots facilitated the identification of 13 putative oviposition attractants for An. gambiae mosquitoes.
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| 10. |
- Malmberg, Maja
(författare)
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General and Local Morphological Anomalies in Amblyomma lepidum (Acari: Ixodidae) and Rhipicephalus decoloratus Infesting Cattle in Uganda
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Entomology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 56, s. 873-877
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Morphological abnormalities in ticks seem to be rare phenomena in nature, and are underreported in Africa. In this article, we describe general and local anomalies in two Amblyomma lepidum females and one Rhipicephalus decoloratus female collected from cattle in Moroto and Kasese districts, Uganda. One A. lepidum specimen displayed metagynander gynandromorphism with the presence of both male and female features in the same organism. The second A. lepidum female showed slight asymmetry and lacked a genital aperture. The R. decoloratus displayed multiple anomalies that included asymmetry on the right side in association with ectromely, chitinous formations and constrictions on the left side. This article presents the first report of metagynander gynandromorphism, as well as genital aperture absence which is not linked to gynandromorphism, in A. lepidum collected from cattle.
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| 11. |
- Oliveira, E., et al.
(författare)
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High Levels of Hybridization between Molecular Forms of Anopheles gambiae from Guinea Bissau
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 45:6, s. 1057-1063
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto, two molecular forms denoted M and S are considered units of incipient speciation within this species. Very low hybrid frequencies and significant genetic differentiation have been found in sympatric M- and S-form populations, We studied the molecular form composition and the degree of genetic differentiation at 15 microsatellites in two samples of An. gambiae collected ill two consecutive years from Bissau, Guinea Bissau. High frequencies of M/S hybrids (19-24%) were found in this area. Coincidently, very low levels of genetic differentiation were detected between forms when analysis involved microsatellites mapped at chromosome-3 (mean F-st 0.000-0.002). The single exception was the X-linked AGXH678, for which high differentiation was measured (F-st 0.158-0.301). This locus maps near the centromere of chromosome X, a low recombination region in which selection is likely to promote divergence between M and S forms. These results strongly suggest that the degree of isolation between M and S forms, considered the units of incipient speciation within An. gambiae, is not homogenous throughout the species distribution range.
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| 12. |
- Sang, R, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Irrigation and Rainfall on the Population Dynamics of Rift Valley Fever and Other Arbovirus Mosquito Vectors in the Epidemic-Prone Tana River County, Kenya.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 54:2, s. 460-470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that is found in most regions of sub-Saharan Africa, and it affects humans, livestock, and some wild ungulates. Outbreaks are precipitated by an abundance of mosquito vectors associated with heavy persistent rainfall with flooding. We determined the impact of flood-irrigation farming and the effect of environmental parameters on the ecology and densities of primary and secondary vectors of the RVF virus (RVFV) in an RVF-epidemic hotspot in the Tana River Basin, Kenya. Mosquito sampling was conducted in farms and villages (settlements) in an irrigated and a neighboring nonirrigated site (Murukani). Overall, a significantly higher number of mosquitoes were collected in farms in the irrigation scheme compared with villages in the same area (P < 0.001), or farms (P < 0.001), and villages (P = 0.03) in Murukani. In particular, key primary vectors of RVFV, Aedes mcintoshi Marks and Aedes ochraceous Theobald, were more prevalent in the farms compared with villages in the irrigation scheme (P = 0.001) both during the dry and the wet seasons. Similarly, there was a greater abundance of secondary vectors, particularly Culex univittatus Theobald and Culex pipiens (L.) in the irrigation scheme than in the Murukani area. Rainfall and humidity were positively correlated with mosquito densities, particularly the primary vectors. Adult floodwater mosquitoes and Mansonia spp. were collected indoors; immatures of Ae. mcintoshi and secondary vectors were collected in the irrigation drainage canals, whereas those of Ae. ochraceous and Aedes sudanensis Theobald were missing from these water bodies. In conclusion, irrigation in RVF endemic areas provides conducive resting and breeding conditions for vectors of RVFV and other endemic arboviruses.
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| 13. |
- Vongsombath, C., et al.
(författare)
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Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Repellency Field Tests of Essential Oils From Plants Traditionally Used in Laos
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of medical entomology. - 0022-2585 .- 1938-2928. ; 49:6, s. 1398-1404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Essential oils of Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae), Croton roxburghii (Euphorbiaceae), and Litsea cubeba (Lauraceae) were tested in the field near Vientiane city, Lao PDR, on humans for repellent activity against mosquitoes. Landing mosquitoes were collected and later identied. The most abundant mosquitoes captured belonged to the genera Armigeres, Culex, and Aedes. All the plant oils tested at concentrations of 1.7 μg/cm 2, 3.3 μg/cm 2, and 6.3 μg/cm 2 were signicantly more mosquito repellent than the negative control. Croton oil was signicantly repellent against mosquitoes of the three genera at the highest (6.3 μg/cm 2) concentration tested. Litsea oil was signicantly repellent against Armigeres at all (1.7 μg/cm 2, 3.3 μg/cm 2, and 6.3 μg/cm 2) concentrations tested. Hyptis oil was signicantly repellent against Armigeres at 3.3μg/cm 2 and 6.3μg/cm 2 and against Culex at 1.7 μg/cm 2 and 6.3 μg/cm 2. The oils were analyzed for chemical content of volatiles, mainly terpenes. Main constituents were α-pinene, sabinene, and 1,8-cineol from oils of the green parts of H. suaveolens; α-pinene, α-pinene, and α-phellandrene from fresh bark of C. roxburghii; and α-pinene, α-phellandrene, sabinene, and 1,8-cineol from fresh fruits of L. cubeba.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Isberg, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative Study of Antennal and Maxillary Palp Olfactory Sensilla of Female Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) in the Context of Host Preference and Phylogeny
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Entomology. - 0022-2585. ; 50, s. 485-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of disease, including bluetongue and African horse sickness. Host preference of these insects is primarily regulated by olfactory cues, detected by olfactory sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps. In this study, we analyzed the sensillum repertoire of biting midge species with known host preferences. Five different morphological sensillum types, sensilla trichodea, s. chaetica, s. ampullacea, s. coeloconica, and grooved peg sensilla, were present on the antennae of all species. In addition sensilla basiconica were present on the maxillary palps. We found that the numbers of short blunt-tipped s. trichodea, s. coeloconica, and s. basiconica are significantly higher in the ornithophilic Culicoides festivipennis (Kieffer) compared with the mammalophilic Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides chiopterus (Meigen). In contrast, we found that the mammalophilic Culicoides pulicaris (L.) and the opportunistic Culicoides punctatus (Meigen) have intermediate numbers of these sensillum types. Comparison with available data from other species strongly suggests that these differences in the number of specific sensillum types, in general, are a reflection of host preference and not of phylogeny. We discuss the putative function of the individual sensillum types in relation to host volatile detection.
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| 16. |
- Jaenson, TGT, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae) in Sweden.
- 1994
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Ingår i: J Med Entomol. - 0022-2585. ; 31:2, s. 240-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review covers the geographic distribution and host relationships of the tick species in Sweden. Ixodes uriae White, I. caledonicus Nuttall, I. unicavatus Neumann, I. arboricola Schulze & Schlottke, and I. lividus Koch are ornithophagous species. I. trianguliceps Birula, I. canisuga Johnston, I. hexagonus Leach, and Argas vespertilionis (Latreille) are mammalophagous. I. ricinus (L.) and Haemaphysalis punctata Canestrini & Fanzago feed on both birds and mammals. All these tick species may be considered to be permanently present in Sweden. I. persulcatus Schulze, Hyalomma marginatum Koch, and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), may be regarded as not indigenous to Sweden although they may be regularly introduced by spring-migrating birds or imported dogs, respectively. The first European record of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), is reported. There are several records of Hyalomma aegyptium (L.) from imported tortoises in Sweden. Excluding other ticks imported on exotic pets and zoo animals, another 13 tick species are listed that may occur, at least occasionally, in Sweden. Because of its wide geographic distribution, great abundance, and wide host range, I. ricinus is medically the most important arthropod in northern Europe. I. ricinus is common in southern and south-central Sweden and along the coast of northern Sweden and has been recorded from 29 mammal species, 56 bird species, and two species of lizards in Sweden alone. The potential introduction to Sweden of exotic pathogens with infected ticks (e.g., I. persulcatus and H. marginatum on birds or Dermacentor spp. and R. sanguineus on mammals) is evident.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Lacoursière, Jean O., et al.
(författare)
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Short-term Maintenance System for Black Fly Larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)
- 1987
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Entomology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-2585. ; 24:4, s. 463-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simple, readily transportable apparatus for maintenance of black fly larvae in the laboratory is proposed as an alternative to a full-scale rearing system. This compact apparatus of the compressed-air type can maintain dense populations of black fly larvae without time-consuming manipulation. Large numbers of Simulium venustum Say complex, Simulium decorum Walker, and Prosimulium mixtum Syme & Davies group larvae (> 1,200 larvae per liter) were maintained successfully at low temperature in our laboratories for 3 – 5 mo. Mortality rates for mid- to late instars of each of the three species were <5%. Large areas of removable substrate allow easy access to larvae. This system can be used in the field to transport larvae to the laboratory, where they can be maintained or reared to the adult stage.
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| 19. |
- Lindgren, Eva-Carin, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Influencing Exercise Adherence in Physically Non-active Young Women : Suggestion for a Model
- 1999
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Ingår i: Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal. - Reston, United States : National Association for Girls and Women in Sport. - 1063-6161 .- 1938-1581. ; 8:2, s. 17-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical understanding of what could influence exercise adherence in physically non-active young women. Interviews with twelve physically non-active young women werw strategically selected and analyzed by grounded theory. The results were that several factors could influence exercise adherence in physically non-active young women, and that these factors can be regarded as a number of interrelated dimensions. The influence was coming either from the exercise or from the environment connected to the exercise. The participants wanted to feel enjoyment and to learn something during the exercise (recreation/learning influence). They also wanted to feel belongingness during the exercise (social influence). An influence that promotes health or builds skills (investment influence) could be a trigger to start exercising among the participants, but not to maintain exercise adherence. Influence coming from the environment (enabling influence) was both important and stimulating for physically non-active young women in establishing regular exercise. It is important to present the model developed in this study to communities, sport federations and other authorities working with health promotion activities so that they can explore innovative ways to promote exercise adherence among physically non-active young women. Good examples could be to offer non-cometitive sports as well as to develop well-designed exercise programs for physically non-active young women.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Marroquin, Ricardo, et al.
(författare)
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Triatoma ryckmani (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the epiphyte Tillandsia xerographica (Bromeliaceae) in the semiarid region of Guatemala
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Entomology. - 0022-2585. ; 41:3, s. 321-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the first time, the reduviid bug Triatoma ryckmani Zeledón and Ponce (Hemiptera; Reduviidae) was recorded to inhabit the epiphyte Tillandsia xerographica Rohweder (Bromeliaceae) in the semiarid region of Guatemala. These bromeliads grow mainly in drought-resistant trees with rough bark such as Pereskia lychnidiflora (Cactaceae). In our study site, we investigated 30 T. xerographica, and 53 specimens of T. ryckmani were found. Most T. ryckmani (68.5%) were unfed. Ants (Formicidae) were the predominant (92.2%) insect taxon in T. xerographica. Other insects such as Blattidae (3.0%), Reduviidae (T. ryckmani: 2.5%), Blaberidae (2.2%), Gryllidae (0.1%), and Acrididae (0.1%) were recorded in the bromeliads. T. xerographica is illegally commercialized without previous inspection. This may cause accidental introduction of T. ryckmani to houses and to other countries.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Tuno, Nobuko, et al.
(författare)
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Blood-Feeding Behavior of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles melas in Ghana, Western Africa
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Entomology. - 0022-2585. ; 47:1, s. 28-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anopheles gambiae is the predominant malaria vector species in Ghana, western Africa, with a strong local presence of Anopheles melas Theobald along the southern coast. We studied the biting behavior of these two species of the Anopheles gambiae complex inland and at the coast in Ghana, with special attention to the local peoples' preference for outdoor sleeping. We collected mosquitoes at two sites in 2007, representing the moist semideciduous forest zone and the strand and mangrove zone, and the sampling was repeated in the dry and rainy seasons. Sampled mosquitoes were examined for species, parity and size (wing length), and we identified the hosts of their bloodmeals. We interviewed 288 of the village people to determine where and when they slept outdoors. Our study confirmed that An. gambiae is the only species of the An. gambiae complex in the Ashanti region and revealed that An. melas is highly dominant on the western coast of Ghana. Both species showed high human blood rates in indoor resting mosquito samples. More people sleep outside on the coast than inland. An. melas demonstrated high exophily. An. gambiae bit people more frequently indoors and did so more often during the dry season than in the rainy season. We suggest that the degree of exophily in An. melas may be affected by humidity and the availability of human as well as by the mosquitoes' innate habits.
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