| 1. |
- Abubaker, Jamal, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrous Oxide Production from Soils Amended with Biogas Residues and Cattle Slurry
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 1046-1058
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amount of residues generated from biogas production has increased dramatically due to the worldwide interest in renewable energy. A common way to handle the residues is to use them as fertilizers in crop production. Application of biogas residues to agricultural soils may be accompanied with environmental risks, such as increased N2O emission. In 24-d laboratory experiments, N2O dynamics and total production were studied in arable soils (sandy, clay, and organic) amended with one of two types of anaerobically digested biogas residues (BR-A and BR-B) generated from urban and agricultural waste and nondigested cattle slurry (CS) applied at rates corresponding to 70 kg NH4+-N ha(-1). Total N2O-N losses from the sandy soil were higher after amendment with BR-B (0.32 g N2O-N m(-2)) than BR-A or CS (0.02 and 0.18 g N2O-N m(-2), respectively). In the clay soil, N2O-N losses were very low for CS (0.02 g N2O-N m(-2)) but higher for BR-A and BR-B (0.25 and 0.15 g N2O-N m(-2), respectively). In the organic soil, CS gave higher total N2O-N losses (0.31 g N2O-N m(-2)) than BR-A or BR-B (0.09 and 0.08 g N2O-N m(-2), respectively). Emission peaks differed considerably between soils, occurring on Day 1 in the organic soil and on Days 11 to 15 in the sand, whereas in the clay the peak varied markedly (Days 1, 6, and 13) depending on residue type. In all treatments, NH4+ concentration decreased with time, and NO3- concentration increased. Potential ammonium oxidation and potential denitrification activity increased significantly in the amended sandy soil but not in the organic soil and only in the clay amended with CS. The results showed that fertilization with BR can increase N2O emissions and that the size is dependent on the total N and organic C content of the slurry and on soil type. In conclusion, the two types of BR and the CS are not interchangeable regarding their effects on N2O production in different soils, and, hence, matching fertilizer type to soil type could reduce N2O emissions. For instance, it could be advisable to avoid fertilization of organic soils with CS containing high amounts or organic C and instead use BR. In clay soil, however, the risk of N2O emissions could be lowered by choosing a CS.
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| 2. |
- Ahlgren, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Barium as a Potential Indicator of Phosphorus in Agricultural Runoff
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41, s. 208-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many catchments, anthropogenic input of contaminants, and in particular phosphorus (P), into surface water is a mixture of agricultural and sewage runoff. Knowledge about the relative contribution from each of these sources is vital for mitigation of major environmental problems such as eutrophication. In this study, we investigated whether the distribution of trace elements in surface waters can be used to trace the contamination source. Water from three groups of streams was investigated: streams influenced only by agricultural runoff, streams influenced mainly by sewage runoff, and reference streams. Samples were collected at different flow regimes and times of year and analyzed for 62 elements using ICP-MS. Our results show that there are significant differences between the anthropogenic sources affecting the streams in terms of total element composition and individual elements, indicating that the method has the potential to trace anthropogenic impact on surface waters. The elements that show significant differences between sources are strontium (p < 0.001), calcium (p < 0.004), potassium (p < 0.001), magnesium (p < 0.001), boron (p < 0.001), rhodium (p = 0.001), and barium (p < 0.001). According to this study, barium shows the greatest potential as a tracer for an individual source of anthropogenic input to surface waters. We observed a strong relationship between barium and total P in the investigated samples (R-2 = 0.78), which could potentially be used to apportion anthropogenic sources of P and thereby facilitate targeting of mitigation practices.
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| 3. |
- Alsanius, Beatrix
(författare)
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Simultaneous Removal of Nitrate and Sulfate from Greenhouse Wastewater by Constructed Wetlands
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 1256-1266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study evaluated the effectiveness of C-enriched subsurfaceflow constructed wetlands in reducing high concentrations of nitrate (NO 3 -) and sulfate (SO 4 2-) in greenhouse wastewaters. Constructed wetlands were filled with pozzolana, planted with common cattail (Typha latifolia), and supplemented as follows: (i) constructed wetland with sucrose (CW+ S), wetland units with 2 g L-1 of sucrose solution from week 1 to 28; (ii) constructed wetland with compost (CW+ C), wetland units supplemented with a reactive mixture of compost and sawdust; (iii) constructed wetland with compost and no sucrose (CW+ CNS) from week 1 to 18, and constructed wetland with compost and sucrose (CW+ CS) at 2 g L-1 from week 19 to 28; and (iv) constructed wetland (CW). During 28 wk, the wetlands received a typical reconstituted greenhouse wastewater containing 500 mg L-1 SO(4)(2-)and 300 mg L-1 NO3-. In CW+ S, CW+ C, and CW+ CS, appropriate C: N ratio (7: 3.4) and redox potential (-53 to 39 mV) for denitrification resulted in 95 to 99% NO3- removal. Carbon source was not a limiting factor for denitrification in C-enriched constructed wetlands. In CW+ S and CW+ CS, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/SO(4)(2-)ratios of 0.36 and 0.28 resulted in high sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) counts and high SO 4 2-removal (98%), whereas low activities were observed at DOC/SO(4)(2-)ratios of 0.02 (CW) to 0.11 (CW+ C, CW+ CNS). On week 19, when organic C content was increased by sucrose addition in CW+ CS, SRB counts increased from 2.80 to 5.11 log[CFU+ 1] mL(-1), resulting in a level similar to the one measured in CW+ S (4.69 log[CFU+ 1] mL(-1)). Consequently, high sulfate reduction occurred after denitrification, suggesting that low DOC (38-54 mg L-1) was the limiting factor. In CW, DOC concentration (9-10 mg L-1) was too low to sustain efficient denitrification and, therefore, sulfate reduction. Furthermore, the high concentration of dissolved sulfides observed in CW+ S and CW+ CS treated waters were eliminated by adding FeCl3
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| 4. |
- Andersen, J. K., et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Windrow Composting of Garden Waste
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425. ; 39:2, s. 713-724
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbial degradation of organic wastes entails the production of various gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon monoxide (CO). Some of these gases are classified as greenhouse gases (GHGs), thus contributing to climate change. A study was performed to evaluate three methods for quantifying GHG emissions from central composting of garden waste. Two small-scale methods were used at a windrow composting facility: a static flux chamber method and a funnel method. Mass balance calculations based on measurements of the C content in the in- and out-going material showed that 91 to 94% of the C could not be accounted for using the small-scale methods, thereby indicating that these methods significantly underestimate GHG emissions. A dynamic plume method (total emission method) employing Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy was found to give a more accurate estimate of the GHG emissions, with CO2 emissions measured to be 127 +/- 15% of the degraded C. Additionally, with this method, 2.7 +/- 0.6% and 0.34 +/- 0.16% of the degraded C was determined to be emitted as CH4 and CO. In this study, the dynamic plume method was a more effective tool for accounting for C losses and, therefore, we believe that the method is Suitable for measuring GHG emissions from composting facilities. The total emissions were found to be 2.4 +/- 0.5 kg CH4-C Mg-1 wet waste (ww) and 0.06 +/- 0.03 kg N2O-N Mg-1 ww from a facility treating 15,540 Mg of garden waste yr(-1), or 111 +/- 30 kg CO2-equivalents Mg-1 ww.
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| 5. |
- Bergfur, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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The Tarland Catchment Initiative and Its Effect on Stream Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate Indices
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : American society of Agronomy, Inc. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41:2, s. 314-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tarland Catchment Initiative is a partnership venture between researchers, land managers, regulators, and the local community. Its aims are to improve water quality, promote biodiversity, and increase awareness of catchment management. In this study, the effects of buffer strip installations and remediation of a large septic tank effluent were appraised by water physico-chemistry (suspended solids, NO3, NH4, soluble reactive P) and stream macroinvertebrate indices used by the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. It was done during before and after interventions over an 8-yr period using a paired catchment approach. Because macroinvertebrate indices were previously shown to respond negatively to suspended solid concentrations in the study area, the installation of buffer strips along the headwaters was expected to improve macroinvertebrate scores. Although water quality (soluble reactive P, NH4) improved downstream of the septic tank effluent after remediation, there was no detectable change in macroinvertebrate scores. Buffer strip installations in the headwaters had no measurable effects (beyond possible weak trends) on water quality or macroinvertebrate scores. Either the buffer strips have so far been ineffective or ineffectiveness of assessment methods and sampling frequency and time lags in recovery prevent us detecting reliable effects. To explain and appreciate these constraints on measuring stream recovery, continuous capacity building with land managers and other stakeholders is essential; otherwise, the feasibility of undertaking sufficient management interventions is likely to be compromised and projects deemed unsuccessful.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bundschuh, Mirco
(författare)
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Mitigation of Biocide and Fungicide Concentrations in Flow-Through Vegetated Stream Mesocosms
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 1889-1895
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic chemicals entering surface waters may interact with aquatic macrophytes, which in turn may reduce potential negative effects on aquatic organisms. The overall objective of the present study was to determine the significance of aquatic macrophytes to the retention of organic chemicals in slow-flowing streams and thus their contribution to the mitigation of the risks that these compounds may pose to aquatic ecosystems. Hence, we conducted a study on the mitigation of the biocides triclosan and triclocarban and the fungicides imazalil, propiconazole and thiabendazole, which were experimentally spiked to five flow-through stream mesocosms (45 m length, 0.4 m width, 0.26 m water depth, discharge 1 L/s), four of which were planted with the submerged macrophyte Elodea nuttallii (Planch.). Chemical analyses were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following solid-phase extraction for water samples and accelerated solvent extraction for macrophyte and sediment samples. The peak reductions of biocide and fungicide concentrations from the inlet to the outlet sampling sites were >= 48% in all stream mesocosms, and the peak reductions in the vegetated stream mesocosms were 20 to 25% greater than in the unvegetated mesocosm. On average, 7 +/- 3 to 10 +/- 3% and 28 +/- 8 to 34 +/- 14% of the initially applied amount of fungicides and biocides, respectively, were retained by macrophytes. There was a significant correlation between retention by macrophytes and the lipophility of the compounds.
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| 8. |
- Cederlund, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Degradation and Leaching of Fluroxypyr after Application to Railway Tracks
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41, s. 1884-1892
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluroxypyr is an auxin-type herbicide used for postemergent control of broad-leaved weeds in agriculture and in nonagricultural environments such as railways. The overall aim of this study was to assess the potential environmental impact from fluroxypyr application to railway tracks and to elucidate some of the factors that control its environmental fate. In laboratory studies, we examined the degradation of fluroxypyr and the formation of its metabolites fluroxypyr-methoxypyridine (F-MP) and fluroxypyr-pyridinol (F-P) in soil from two Swedish railways. We also investigated the degradation and leaching of fluroxypyr in three different railway plots treated with fluroxypyr (360 g at ha(-1)). The half-life of fluroxypyr in soil samples ranged between 28 and 78 d. An estimated mean 48.6 +/- 20% of the fluroxypyr was converted into F-P and 8.0 +/- 2% into F-MP. The main metabolite, F-P, was rapidly degraded, with an average half-life of 10 +/- 5 d. However, F-MP was not degraded to a significant degree in any sample, resulting in slowly increasing concentrations throughout the experiment. This pattern of relatively rapid degradation of F-P and slow accumulation of F-MP was also observed in the field. The persistent nature of F-MP may be of concern if fluroxypyr is used repeatedly at the same location. Fluroxypyr was detected in the groundwater beneath the track at all three locations studied in concentrations exceeding the EU limit of 0.1 mu g L-1 for pesticides in drinking water, and F-P was detected in the groundwater at two of three locations. The most important factor controlling fluroxypyr degradation rate in soil was the soil water content, which modulated microbial activity and presumably also fluroxypyr availability to microorganisms. Our findings imply that fluroxypyr may not be a suitable herbicide for weed control on railway tracks.
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| 9. |
- Dietrich, Anna, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The Use of Phytometers for Evaluating Restoration Effects on Riparian Soil Fertility
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 43:6, s. 1916-1925
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ecological restoration of streams in Sweden has become increasingly important to counteract effects of past timber floating. In this study, we focused on the effect on riparian soil properties after returning coarse sediment (cobbles and boulders) to the channel and reconnecting riparian with instream habitats. Restoration increases habitat availability for riparian plants, but its effects on soil quality are unknown. We also analyzed whether the restoration effect differs with variation in climate and stream size. We used standardized plant species to measure the performance of a grass (Phleum pratense L.) and a forb (Centaurea cyanus L.) in soils sampled in the riparian zones of channelized and restored streams and rivers. Furthermore, we analyzed the mass fractions of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) along with the proportions of the stable isotopes C-13 and N-15 in the soil, as well as its grain size composition. We found a positive effect of restoration on biomass of phytometers grown in riparian soils from small streams, indicating that restoration enhanced the soil properties favoring plant performance. We suggest that changed flooding with more frequent but less severe floods and slower flows, enhancing retention, could explain the observed patterns. This positive effect suggests that it may be advantageous to initiate restoration efforts in small streams, which make up the highest proportion of the stream network in a catchment. Restoration responses in headwater streams may then be transmitted downstream to facilitate recovery of restored larger rivers. If the larger rivers were restored first, a slower reaction would be expected.
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| 10. |
- Geranmayeh, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorus Retention in a Newly Constructed Wetland Receiving Agricultural Tile Drainage Water
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 596-605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One measure used in Sweden to mitigate eutrophication of waters is the construction of small wetlands (free water surface wetland for phosphorus retention [P wetlands]) to trap particulate phosphorus (PP) transported in ditches and streams. This study evaluated P retention dynamics in a newly constructed P wetland serving a 26-ha agricultural catchment with clay soil. Flow-proportional composite water samples were collected at the wetland inlet and outlet over 2 yr (2010-2011) and analyzed for total P (TP), dissolved P (DP), particulate P (PP), and total suspended solids (TSS). Both winters had unusually long periods of snow accumulation, and additional time-proportional water samples were frequently collected during snowmelt. Inflow TP and DP concentrations varied greatly (0.02-1.09 mg L-1) during the sampling period. During snowmelt in 2010, there was a daily oscillation in P concentration and water flow in line with air temperature variations. Outflow P concentrations were generally lower than inflow concentrations, with net P losses observed only in August and December 2010. On an annual basis, the wetland acted as a net P sink, with mean specific retention of 69 kg TP, 17 kg DP, and 30 t TSS ha(-1) yr(-1), corresponding to a reduction in losses of 0.22 kg TP ha(-1) yr(-1) from the agricultural catchment. Relative retention was high (36% TP, 9% DP, and 36% TSS), indicating that small constructed wetlands (0.3% of catchment area) can substantially reduce P loads from agricultural clay soils with moderately undulating topography.
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| 11. |
- Kardol, Paul
(författare)
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Effects of Reed Straw, Zeolite, and Superphosphate Amendments on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Stored Duck Manure
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41, s. 1221-1227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stored poultry manure can be a significant source of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (GHGs), including nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Amendments can be used to modify physiochemical properties of manure, thus having the potential to reduce gas emissions. Here, we lab-tested the single and combined effects of addition of reed straw, zeolite, and superphosphate on gas emissions from stored duck manure. We showed that, over a period of 46 d, cumulative NH3 emissions were reduced by 61 to 70% with superphosphate additions, whereas cumulative N2O emissions were increased by up to 23% compared with the control treatment. Reed straw addition reduced cumulative NH3, N2O, and CH 4 emissions relative to the control by 12, 27, and 47%, respectively, and zeolite addition reduced cumulative NH3 and N2O emissions by 36 and 20%, respectively. Total GHG emissions (as CO2-equivalents) were reduced by up to 27% with the additions of reed straw and/or zeolite. Our results indicate that reed straw or zeolite can be recommended as amendments to reduce GHG emissions from duck manure; however, superphosphate is more effective in reducing NH3 emissions.
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| 12. |
- Linefur, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Topsoil and Subsoil Properties Influence Phosphorus Leaching from Four Agricultural Soils
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 455-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eutrophication, a major problem in many fresh and brackish waters, is largely caused by nonpoint-source pollution by P from agricultural soils. This lysimeter study examined the influence of P content, physical properties, and sorption characteristics in topsoil and subsoil on P leaching measured during 21 mo in 1-m-long, undisturbed soil columns of two clay and two sandy soils. Total P losses during the period varied between 0.65 and 7.40 kg ha(-1). Dissolved reactive P was the dominant form in leachate from the sandy soils and one clay soil, varying from 48 to 76%. Particulate P dominated in leachate from the other clay soil, where low pH (5.2) in the subsoil decreased aggregate stability and thereby probably increased the dispersion of clay particles. Phosphorus leaching was small from soils with high P sorption index (PSI) and low P saturation (<10% of PSI) in the subsoil, even though extractable P (Olsen P) in the topsoil was high, and large from a soil with low sorption capacity and high P saturation (>35% of PSI) in the profile. High sorption capacity in the subsoil was more important for P leaching in sandy soils than in clay soils with macropore flow, where the effect of high sorption capacity was reduced due to less interaction between percolating water and the soil matrix. The results suggest that P leaching is greatly affected by subsoil properties and that topsoil studies, which dominate current research, are insufficient for assessing P leaching in many soils.
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| 13. |
- Skyllberg, Ulf
(författare)
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Distribution, Chemical Speciation, and Mobility of Lead and Antimony Originating from Small Arms Ammunition in a Coarse-Grained Unsaturated Surface Sand
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 39, s. 863-870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study quantified the heavy metal contamination caused by firing 500 high-velocity 7 62-mm jacketed Swedish military rounds Contamination of solid and aqueous phases was studied, with Pb and Sb being the two contaminants of primary interest The distribution oldie Pb and Sb were measured in terms of depth of penetration in sand and gram size distribution of the bullet particles The Pb- and Sb-contaminated sand was then used as a source material in two bench-scale unsaturated lysimeters to measure the transport of Pb and Sb through two coarse-grained sands, which were taken from the berms on two Swedish military small arms ranges. The lysimeters were subjected to an infiltration cycle that reproduced spring snowmelt, which is the most significant infiltration event of the year in northern climates. The levels of mobile Pb and Sb were monitored in the effluent from the lysimeters Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy analysis was performed on the contaminated sands to determine Pb speciation before and after leaching Ninety-three percent of the mass of bullets was found in die top 30 cm of sand. Lead oxide was the predominant species of Pb before and after leaching Transport of Pb was small. with aqueous concentrations remaining stable at <2 mu g L (1) Antimony was far mole mobile, with solute breakthrough occurring between 5 and 14 d and concentrations rising to over 125 mu g L(-1) within 1 month
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| 14. |
- Strauss, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of pH and Manure on Transport of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soil
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 40:5, s. 1652-1660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sulfonamide antibiotics are a commonly used group of compounds in animal husbandry. They are excreted with manure, which is collected in a storage lagoon in certain types of confined animal feeding operations. Flood irrigation of forage fields with this liquid manure creates the potential risk of groundwater contamination in areas with shallow groundwater levels. We tested the hypothesis that-in addition to the soil characteristics-manure as cosolute and manure pH are two major parameters influencing sulfonamide transport in soils. Solute displacement experiments in repacked, saturated soil columns were performed with soil (loamy sand) and manure from a dairy farm in California. Breakthrough of nonreactive tracer and sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole at different solution pH (5, 6.5, 8.5) with and without manure was modeled using Hydrus-1D to infer transport and reaction parameters. Tracer and sulfonamide breakthrough curves were well explained by a model concept based on physical nonequilibrium transport, equilibrium sorption, and first-order dissipation kinetics. Sorption of the antibiotics was low (K(d) <= 0.7 L kg(-1)) and only weakly influenced by pH and manure. However, sulfonamide attenuation was significantly affected by both pH and manure. The mass recovery of sulfonamides decreased with decreasing pH, e. g., for sulfamethoxazole from 77 (pH 8.5) to 56% (pH 5). The sulfonamides were highly mobile under the studied conditions, but manure application increased their attenuation substantially. The observed attenuation was most likely caused by a combination of microbial transformation and irreversible sorption to the soil matrix.
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