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- Ihnatko, Robert, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Short N-terminal galanin fragments are occurring naturally in vivo
- 2017
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : Churchill Livingstone. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The galanin family currently consists of four peptides, namely galanin, galanin-message associated peptide, galanin-like peptide and alarin. Unlike galanin that signals through three different G protein-coupled receptors; GALL, GAL(2), and GAL(3), binding at its N-terminal end, the cognate receptors for other members of the galanin family are currently unknown. Research using short N-terminal galanin fragments generated either by enzymatic cleavage or solid-phase synthesis has revealed differences in their receptor binding properties exerting numerous biological effects distinct from galanin(1-29) itself. Our studies on tissue extracts derived from rat small intestine and bovine gut using chromatographic techniques and sensitive galanin(1-16)-specific radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of immunoreactive compounds reacting with antiserum against galanin(1-16) distributed in distinct elution volumes. These results suggested a possible presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments also in vivo. Moreover, employing immunoaffinity chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by mass spectrometry allowed specific enrichment of these immunoreactive compounds from rat tissues and identification of their molecular structure. Indeed, our study revealed presence of several distinct short N-terminal galanin sequences in rat tissue. To prove their receptor binding, four of the identified sequences were synthetized, namely, galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), galanin(1.20), galanin(6-20), and tested on coronal rat brain sections competing with I-125-labeled galanin(1-29). Our autoradiographs confirmed that galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), and galanin(1-20) comprehensively displaced I-125-galanin(1-29) but galanin (6-20) did not. Here we show, for the first time, that short N-terminal galanin fragments occur naturally in rat tissues and that similar or identical galanin sequences can be present also in tissues of other species. Biological significance: This study is first to provide an evidence of the presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments in vivo in a biological system and provides further foundations for the previous studies using synthetized short N-terminal galanin fragments.
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- Jakobsson, Jon E. T., et al.
(författare)
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Neuropeptide Y in itch regulation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 78
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Itch is a somatosensory sensation that informs the organism about the presence of potentially harmful substances or parasites, and initiates scratching to remove the threat. Itch-inducing (pruritogenic) substances activate primary afferent neurons in the skin through interactions with specific receptors that converts the stimulus into an electrical signal. These signals are conveyed to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord through the release of neurotransmitters such as natriuretic polypeptide b and somatostatin, leading to an integrated response within a complex spinal inteneuronal network. A large sub-population of somatostatin-expressing spinal interneurons also carry the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor, indicating that NPY and somatostatin partly regulate the same neuronal pathway. This review focuses on recent findings regarding the role of the NPY/Y1 and somatostatin/SST2A receptor in itch, and also presents data integrating the two neurotransmitter systems.
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- Löfgren, Magnus, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The additive effect of allopregnanolone on ghrelin's orexigenic effect in rats
- 2019
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone (AlloP), is a GABA(A) receptor modulating steroid and is known to have orexigenic and pro-obesity effects. The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these effects are most likely due to enhanced GABAergic signaling in the lateral arcuate nucleus (ARC) and medial paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Inspired by the finding that GABAergic signaling is also important for the orexigenic effects of the circulating hormone, ghrelin, we sought to determine the extent to which AlloP (one of the most potent endogenous GABA(A)-receptor modulators) operates alongside ghrelin to enhance food intake. Male rats with ad libitum access to standard chow were injected intravenously with AlloP and/or ghrelin, alone or in combination. The intake of the standard chow was greater after AlloP 1 mg/kg together with ghrelin 30 mu g/kg than with 30 mu g/kg ghrelin alone. Food intake was also increased for the combined treatment of AlloP 0.5 mg/kg + ghrelin 10 mu g/kg, AlloP 1 mg/kg + ghrelin 10 mu g/kg, and AlloP 0.5 mg/kg + ghrelin 30 mu g/kg. There was no significant difference in food intake between the two ghrelin doses or between the two doses of AlloP and the vehicle. In electrophysiological studies, physiologically relevant concentrations of AlloP prolonged the current decay time of spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic current of dissociated cells of the ARC and PVN. We conclude that AlloP enhances the hyperphagic effect of ghrelin, findings of potential relevance for the hyperphagia associated with the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle.
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- Sandor, Katalin, et al.
(författare)
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Spinal injection of newly identified cerebellin-1 and cerebellin-2 peptides induce mechanical hypersensitivity in mice
- 2018
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 69, s. 53-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By screening for neuropeptides in the mouse spinal cord using mass spectrometry (MS), we have previously demonstrated that one of the 78 peptides that is expressed predominantly (> 6-fold) in the dorsal horn compared to the ventral spinal cord is the atypical peptide desCER [des-Serl]-cerebellin, which originates from the precursor protein cerebellin 1 (CBLN1). Furthermore, we found that intrathecal injection of desCER induces mechanical hypersensitivity in a dose dependent manner. The current study was designed to further investigate the relative expression of other CBLN derived peptides in the spinal cord and to examine whether they share similar nociceptive properties. In addition to the peptides cerebellin (CER) and desCER we identified and relatively quantified nine novel peptides originating from cerebellin precursor proteins CBLN1 (two peptides), CBLN2 (three peptides) and CBLN4 (four peptides). Ten out of eleven peptides displayed statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher expression levels (200-350%) in the dorsal horn compared to the ventral horn. Intrathecal injection of three of the four CBLN1 and two of the three CBLN2 derived peptides induced mechanical hypersensitivity in response to von Frey filament testing in mice during the first 6 h post-injection compared to saline injected mice, while none of the four CBLN4 derived peptides altered withdrawal thresholds. This study demonstrates that high performance MS is an effective tool for detecting novel neuropeptides in CNS tissues. We show the presence of nine novel atypical peptides originating from CBLN1, CBLN2 and CBLN4 precursor proteins in the mouse dorsal horn, whereof five peptides induce pain-like behavior upon intrathecal injection. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms by which CBLN1 and CBLN2 derived peptides facilitate nociceptive signal transmission.
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- Shebanits, Kateryna, et al.
(författare)
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Functional characterization in vitro of twelve naturally occurring variants of the human pancreatic polypeptide receptor NPY4R
- 2019
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obesity has become a global health problem and therefore understanding of the mechanisms regulating hunger and satiety is of utmost importance for the development of new treatment strategies. The Y4 receptor, encoded by the NPY4R gene, and its ligand pancreatic polypeptide (PP) have been reported to mediate a satiety signal. Multiple genetic studies have reported an association between NPY4R copy number and body weight. The gene also displays several SNP variants, many of which lead to amino acid differences, making it interesting to study. We have investigated the functional properties of 12 naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants of the Y4 and interpret the results in relation to sequence conservation and our structural model of the human Y4 receptor protein. Three receptor variants, Cys201ECL2Tyr, Val2716.41Leu and Asn3187.49Asp, were found to completely lose functional response, measured as inositol phosphate turnover, while retaining membrane expression. They display high sequence conservation and have important roles in the receptor structure. For two receptor variants the potency of PP was significantly decreased, Cys34NTSer (EC50 = 2.9 nM, p < .001) and Val1353.46Met (EC50 = 3.0 nM, p < .01), compared to wild-type Y4 (EC50 = 0.68 nM). Cys34 forms a disulphide bond with Cys298, linking the N-terminal part to ECL3. The Val1353.46Met variant has an amino acid replacement located in the TM3 helix, one helix turn above the highly conserved ERH motif. This position has influence on the network of residues involved in receptor activation and subsequent inactivation. Sequence conservation and the structural model are consistent with these results. The remaining seven positions had no significant effect on the receptor's functional response compared to wild-type Y4. These positions display more variation during evolution. Understanding of the interactions between the Y4 receptor and its native PP agonist and the effects of amino acid variation on its functional response will hopefully lead to future therapeutic possibilities.
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| 11. |
- Webling, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Ala(5)-galanin (2-11) is a GAL2R specific galanin analogue
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 60, s. 75-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is over 30years since the regulatory peptide galanin was discovered by Professor Mutt and co-workers. Galanin exerts its effects by binding to three galanin G-protein coupled receptors, namely GAL1R, GAL2R and GAL3R. Each galanin receptor has a different distribution in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system as well as distinctive signaling pathways, which implicates that the receptors are involved in different biological- and pathological effects. The delineation of the galaninergic system is however difficult due to a lack of stable, specific galanin receptor ligands. Herein, a new short GAL2R specific ligand, Ala(5)-galanin (2-11), is presented. The galanin (2-11) modified analogue Ala(5)-galanin (2-11) was tested in (125)I-galanin competitive binding studies for the three galanin receptors and the G-protein coupled receptor signaling properties was tested by the ability to influence second-messenger molecules like inositol phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition, two different label-free real-time assays, namely EnSpire® based on an optical biosensor and xCELLigence® based on an electric biosensor, were used for evaluating the signaling properties using cell lines with different levels of receptor expression. Ala(5)-galanin (2-11) was subsequently found to be a full agonist for GAL2R with more than 375-fold preference for GAL2R compared to both GAL1R and GAL3R. The single amino acid substitution of serine to alanine at position 5 in the short ligand galanin (2-11) resulted in a ligand subsequently unable to bind neither GAL3R nor GAL1R, even at concentrations as high as 0.1mM.
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| 12. |
- Webling, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacological stimulation of GAL1R but not GAL2R attenuates kainic acid-induced neuronal cell death in the rat hippocampus
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuropeptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-4179 .- 1532-2785. ; 58, s. 83-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neuropeptide galanin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and part of a bigger family of bioactive peptides. Galanin exerts its biological activity through three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes, GAL1–3R. Throughout the last 20 years, data has accumulated that galanin can have a neuroprotective effect presumably mediated through the activation of GAL1R and GAL2R. In order to test the pharmaceutical potential of galanin receptor subtype selective ligands to inhibit excitotoxic cell death, the GAL1R selective ligand M617 and the GAL2R selective ligand M1145 were compared to the novel GAL1/2R ligand M1154, in their ability to reduce the excitotoxic effects of intracerebroventricular injected kainate acid in rats.The peptide ligands were evaluated in vitro for their binding preference in a competitive 125I-galanin receptor subtype binding assay, and G-protein signaling was evaluated using both classical signaling and a label-free real-time technique. Even though there was no significant difference in the time course or severity of the kainic acid induced epileptic behavior in vivo, administration of either M617 or M1154 before kainic acid administration significantly attenuated the neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. Our results indicate the potential therapeutic value of agonists selective for GAL1R in the prevention of neuronal cell death.
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