| 1. |
- Andersson, Claes
(författare)
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Comparison of Automated Technologies to Deliver Brief Alcohol Interventions to University Students
- 2012
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:s1, s. 243A-243A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- New technologies have previously been used to deliver alcohol interventions to university students. In this study automated interventions delivered by Interactive Voice Response (IVR) are compared to automated interventions delivered over the Internet (WEB). A total of 2 825 Swedish university students responded to a web-survey assessing risky alcohol consumption using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). A total of 1 423 (50%) had a risky alcohol consumption and were randomized to one out of four different intervention conditions: a single IVR or WEB intervention given one week after baseline, a repeated IVR or WEB intervention given one and two weeks after intervention, or to an untreated control group. Each intervention was really short including less than 500 words, giving a brief feedback on the baseline assessment and instructions on how obtain a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) below 0,06 percentage. Follow-up of intervention results were assessed six weeks after the baseline assessment. At follow- up all intervention groups had significantly reduced their AUDIT scores in comparison to the control group. The reduction in AUDIT scores did not differ between IVR and WEB interventions, and there was no difference between single and repeated interventions. This study indicates that IVR and WEB interventions are equally effective in delivering brief alcohol interventions to university students, and that there is no additional effect by repeating the intervention.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosocial dysfunction is associated with recidivism in crime in paroled offenders
- 2013
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 37:s2, s. 260A-260A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this research was to study whether automated telephony could be used in paroled offenders to perform daily assessment of variables associated with recidivismin crime, and whether there are grounds for studying the effects of a brief intervention based on these assessments during 30 days following probation. The design included a randomized controlled trial using automated daily assessments and feedback interventions based on Interactive Voice Response (IVR). Participants included paroled offenders (N = 108) during their first 30 days after leaving prison. All subjects were called daily and answered assessment questions. Based on the content of their daily assessments, the subjects in the intervention group received immediate feedback and a recommendation by IVR, and their probation officers also received a daily report by email. Main outcomemeasures (assessed daily) included Stress (Arnetz and Hasson Stress Questionnaire and a revised version of Daily Assessment of Daily Experience), Mood (SCL-8D measuring depression and anxiety), and Use and Urge to Use Alcohol and Drugs (revised version of the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire). Participants were also asked to rate the severity of their most stressful event that day. The outcome variables were analyzed using linear mixed models, presented as group differences between means, 95%CI. Results indicated that the intervention group showed greater improvement than the control group in stress (9.6, 0.5; 18.7, p = 0.038), depression/anxiety (4.6, 0.2; 9.0, p = 0.042), alcohol use (0.8, 0.1; 1.4, p = 0.031), drug use (1.0, 0.5; 1.6, p = 0.000), and in the severity of themost stressful daily event (1.9, 1.1; 2.7, p = 0.000). There were no differences between the groups in the Stress scale and in craving for alcohol and drugs. Overall, the research suggests that in paroled offenders, automated telephony is an effective technology thatmay be used to follow up and to give interventions, resulting in reduced stress and drug use.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship of Protective Behavioral Strategies to Alcohol Consequences Among Swedish High School Seniors : Moderating Role of Conduct Disorder Symptoms
- 2012
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:s1, s. 67A-67A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This observational study sought to improve our understanding of factors that contribute to risky sexual behavior among women seeking treatment for alcohol and other substance use disorders. Women were recruited at the start of outpatient (n=236) or inpatient (n=166) treatment. At intake, a Timeline Follow-back interview was used to obtain retrospective reports of daily drinking, drug use, and sexual behavior for a 90-day pre-treatment baseline period. Additional interview and questionnaire measures also were obtained. Measures were re- administered at four 90-day follow-up interviews. Among women who reported sex with a primary partner during baseline (n=261), 15% reported consistent condom use for all events with this partner, whereas 80% reported no condom use with this partner. Among women who reported sex with a non-primary partner (n=159; doesn’t include commercial sex trading), 26% reported consistent condom use and 45% reported no condom use with such partners. Significant correlates of non-use of condoms included negative beliefs and attitudes and low self-efficacy regarding condom use and AIDS prevention, as well as psychological distress, sexual impulsiveness and sensation seeking, history of severe assault by a male partner, and (with primary partners) negative partner attitudes toward condom use. Some of these correlates also predicted unprotected sex with a primary partner during the first 90 days after treatment entry, after controlling for baseline. However, unsafe sex with a non-primary partner during follow-up was most notably associated with follow-up levels of substance use, i.e., more drinks per drinking day and greater frequency of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use. In sum, preliminary analyses of baseline and follow-up data indicate a high prevalence of unprotected sex in this population. Identification of factors related to baseline and follow-up levels of risky behavior may suggest targets for future intervention development.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Berglund, Kristina, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood Maltreatment Affects the Serotonergic System in Male Alcohol-Dependent Individuals
- 2013
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 37:5, s. 757-762
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Reduced central serotonergic neurotransmission has been demonstrated in individuals with excessive alcohol consumption and/or alcohol dependence. Childhood maltreatment has also been found to have a negative impact on central serotonergic neurotransmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of childhood maltreatment on central serotonergic dysfunction in alcohol-dependent individuals.Methods: Adult men with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence (n=18) were recruited from outpatient treatment units for alcoholism. Central serotonergic neurotransmission was assessed by a neuroendocrine method, that is, the prolactin (PRL) response to the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Childhood maltreatment was assessed retrospectively by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.Results: Alcohol-dependent individuals with childhood experience of emotional abuse had significantly lower PRL response compared with those without such abuse (3 +/- 5 and 64 +/- 24mU/l, respectively; t=6.51, p<0.001). Among those who reported childhood emotional abuse, 4 of 7 individuals had flat PRL responses in comparison with none in those with no report of such abuse (p<0.01).Conclusions: This is the first study to show that self-reported childhood maltreatment, in particular emotional abuse, in male alcohol-dependent individuals is associated with a quite dramatic (more than 90%) reduction in central serotonergic neurotransmission. It should, however, be noted that the number of individuals is relatively small, and the results should therefore be considered as preliminary.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Berglund, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived Risk for Cannabis, Tobacco and Alcohol : Comparison of US and Swedish High School Students
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 38:s1, s. 347A-347A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aims: Perceived risk is related to use of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco among youth. Sweden and US have different policies and customs related to these substances thatmay influence both risk perception and behavior regarding use of these substances. Differences in perceived risk of cannabis, cigarettes, chewing tobacco and alcohol in Sweden and the US have been reported but no direct systematic comparison has been performed. Design and setting: The ATLAS Project is a long-term longitudinal study comparing the development of substance use from high school to the young adult life period (18–23 years) in the US and Sweden. Participants: Baseline data for 3352 17–19 year-old high school students (65%from Sweden, 56% women, mean age 17.8, 35%from US 58%women,mean age 17.6). Measurements: Surveys of perceived risk items, ever use of cannabis, cigarettes and alcohol, as well as conduct problems, mental health symptoms, and impulsivity. Findings: The largest differences between the countries were found for the risk of cannabis use. Swedish participants reported much higher perceived risk both for continuous and occasional use than US students. For cigarettes, chewing tobacco and alcohol students from the US reported higher risk perception than the Swedish students did. Females reported higher perceived risk for all substances than male students.Conduct problems were associated with less perceived risk in all examples and impulsivity in cannabis and alcohol issues. Increasedmental health symptoms were associated with increased perceived risk for alcohol. Those who have used the specific drug reported lower levels of risk for that drug butmostly not for other drugs. Conclusions: Perceived risk for cannabis was higher in Swedish students than in US students while cigarette smoking, chewing tobacco and alcohol use were perceived as more risky in the US. One possibility could be that Sweden has much tougher drug laws than the US while less stringent alcohol and tobacco laws.
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| 10. |
- Berglund, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Self-reported disability in relation to alcohol and other drug use and mental health among emerging adults : an international comparison
- 2012
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:s1, s. 284A-284A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present study includes baseline data from 2867 students (77.8% from Sweden, 22.2% from US) and evaluates the relationships among self-reported disabilities, alcohol use, other substance use, and psychosocial adjustment. There were 114 (4.6%) ‘‘hard-of-hearing’’ (HH) students, 129 (5.2%) reported visual disabilities, 33 (1.3%) reported motor disabilities, 223 (9.0%) reported a reading/writing disability, and 97 (3.6%) reported they had ‘‘other’’ disabilities. Of these, 70 (14.1%) reported more than one disability. Presence of a disability was significantly higher among Sweden students (2 (1)=19.93, p< 0.001), with 19.1% of Sweden students and 11.5% of US students reporting at least one disability. Reporting any type of disability was associated with significantly greater alcohol use frequency, intensity, and related problems (all p < 0.02), significantly more mental health symptoms and conduct problems (p < 0.005), and significantly greater likelihood of illicit and prescription drug use (all p < 0.001). With respect to specific disabilities, individuals with motor disabilities reported the highest levels of alcohol use and mental health symptoms, whereas individuals who reported ‘‘other’’ disabilities had higher rates of illicit drug use and conduct problems. Further, there was a significantly positive correlation between the number of disabilities and intensity of alcohol use, mental health symptoms, conduct problems, illicit and prescription drug use, and alcohol related problems (all p < 0.001). The association between conduct problems and disability (any disability and number of disabilities) was moderated by country of origin, gender, and drinking for coping reasons on the Drinking Motives Questionnaire. Participants in Sweden, males, and those who drank for coping reasons were more likely to report a relationship between disability and conduct problems (p < 0.001). Participants who drank for coping reasons were also more likely to report a relationship between disability and alcohol related problems (p=0.001). These findings indicate students with disabilities are an important risk group for preventive interventions for alcohol, substance, and mental health problems, and may benefit from interventions which target healthy coping skills. This research was supported by NIAAA # 5R01AA018276 awarded to Drs. Larimer & Berglund
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Comasco, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol Consumption Among Pregnant Women in a Swedish Sample and Its Effects on the Newborn Outcomes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:10, s. 1779-1786
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Little is known about the effects of low levels of maternal alcohol intake on the neuropsychological development of the child. This study is part of an ongoing investigation on maternal drinking and presents data on demographic variables, maternal alcohol use, and birth outcomes from that study. Methods The sample comprised 2,264 women from a Swedish antenatal clinic. Retrospective self-report data were collected on alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy, using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and on nicotine use. Specific alcohol biomarkers for excessive drinking, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in whole blood, were determined during mid-pregnancy in a subsample of the women. Data on labor and early characteristics of the child were also assessed. Results Before pregnancy, 89% of the women regularly consumed alcohol and 49% reported occasional or frequent binge drinking. Nicotine was used by 15% before and by 5% during pregnancy. During pregnancy, 12% continued using alcohol and 5% also admitted binge drinking. However, all alcohol biomarker values were below the reporting limits (CDT = 1.7% disialotransferrin; total PEth < 0.1 mu mol/L). Self-reported drinking during pregnancy was associated with a higher AUDIT score before pregnancy, nicotine use at the time of the first prenatal visit, older age, and previous legal abortions. Conclusions The AUDIT questionnaire and 2 specific alcohol biomarkers were used in routine maternity care to collect information about drinking during pregnancy and thereby to identify children at risk for alcohol-related complications. While the AUDIT results suggested that a significant number of women continued using alcohol during pregnancy, implying a risk for fetal disorders, the biomarkers showed negative test values thus indicating only modest drinking levels.
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| 14. |
- Daoura, Loudin, et al.
(författare)
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Early Environmental Factors Differentially Affect Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats
- 2011
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 35:3, s. 506-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Previous studies using the maternal separation (MS) model have shown that environmental factors early in life affect adult ethanol consumption. Prolonged MS is related to enhanced propensity for high adult ethanol intake when compared to short MS. Less is known about the environmental impact on adolescent ethanol intake. In this study, the aim was to compare establishment of voluntary ethanol consumption in adolescent and adult rats subjected to different rearing conditions. Methods: Wistar rat pups were separated from their mother 0 minutes (MS0), 15 minutes (MS15), or 360 minutes (MS360) daily during postnatal days (PNDs) 1 to 20. After weaning, the male rats were divided into two groups; rats were given free access to water, 5 and 20% ethanol at either PND 26 or 68. Ethanol was provided in 24-hour sessions three times per week for 5 weeks. Results: MS resulted in altered ethanol consumption patterns around the pubertal period but otherwise the rearing conditions had little impact on ethanol consumption in adolescents. In adults, the establishment of ethanol consumption was dependent on the rearing condition. The adult MS0 and MS15 rats had a stable ethanol intake, whereas the MS360 rats increased both their ethanol intake and preference over time. Conclusions: With the use of intermittent access to ethanol, new data were provided, which confirm the notion that MS360 represents a risk environment related to higher ethanol intake compared to MS15. The adolescent rats had higher ethanol intake than adult rats but the consumption was independent of rearing condition. Experiences during the first three postnatal weeks thus affect the establishment of voluntary ethanol consumption differently in adolescent and adult rats. Further studies are now warranted to examine the consequences of a combination of early environmental influence and high adolescent ethanol intake.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- deBejczy, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Efficacy and Safety of the Glycine Transporter-1 Inhibitor Org 25935 for the Prevention of Relapse in Alcohol-Dependent Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008. ; 38:9, s. 2427-2435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Org 25935 is a glycine transporter inhibitor that increases extracellular glycine levels and attenuates alcohol-induced dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens. In animal models, Org 25935 has dose-dependent effects on ethanol intake, preference, and relapse-like behavior without tolerance. The current study aimed to translate these animal findings to humans by examining whether Org 25935 prevents relapse in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Adult patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence were randomly assigned to receive Org 25935 12 mg twice a day or placebo for 84 days. The primary end point was percentage heavy drinking days (defined as >= 5 standard drinks per day for men and >= 4 for women). Secondary end points included other measures of relapse-related drinking behavior (e. g., drinks per day, time to relapse), as well as measures of global functioning, alcohol-related thoughts and cravings, and motivation. Results: A total of 140 subjects were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. The trial was stopped approximately midway after a futility analysis showing that the likelihood of detecting a signal at study term was <40%. There was no significant difference between Org 25935 and placebo on percentage heavy drinking days or any other measure of relapse-related drinking behavior. Org 25935 showed no safety issues and was fairly well tolerated, with fatigue, dizziness, and transient visual events as the most commonly occurring side effects. Conclusions: Org 25935 demonstrated no benefit over placebo in preventing alcohol relapse. Study limitations and implications are discussed.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Fahlke, Claudia, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Neuroendocrine Assessment of Serotonergic, Dopaminergic, and Noradrenergic Functions in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008. ; 36:1, s. 97-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Alcohol dependence has been associated with reduced function of serotonin, dopamine as well as noradrenaline activities in several neuroendocrine studies. To our knowledge, there is, however, no study investigating all these 3 systems with the use of neuroendocrine methods in one and the same alcohol-dependent individual. Methods: Alcohol-dependent individuals (n=42) and controls (n=28) participated in the neuroendocrine test series. Central serotonergic neurotransmission was assessed by the prolactin (PRL) response to citalopram (CIT). The postsynaptic DRD2 function was measured by the growth hormone (GH) response to apomorphine (APO) and the postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptor function by GH response to clonidine (CLON). Results: In the alcohol-dependent individuals, the PRL concentrations were significantly lower at the time points 240minutes and 300minutes after CIT administration and mean delta PRL value was significantly reduced by 45% in comparison with controls. There were no significant differences in APO-GH and CLON-GH concentrations at any time points or in mean delta GH values between the groups. An impaired monoaminergic profile, including all 3 systems, was significantly more frequent in alcohol-dependent individuals than controls (43% vs. 6% respectively). Conclusions: The monoaminergic dysfunction was restricted to an impairment of the serotonergic system, suggesting that this system is especially vulnerable to long-term and excessive alcohol consumption. Moreover, impaired monoaminergic profiles, including low responses in 2 or 3 systems, were more frequently observed in alcohol-dependent individuals than in controls. Such impaired profiles may be of clinical importance, but further studies are needed.
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| 20. |
- Fossos-Wong, Nicole, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in Alcohol Expectancies, Drinking and Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences in the Transition out of High School
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 38:s1, s. 59A-59A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transition fromadolescence to emerging adulthood is a period of increased risk for heavy drinking behavior. Prior research has found that college students drink more and experience more consequences than their non-college counterparts. However, sparse research has examined whether students who are college- versus work-bound show differences in drinking and related consequences in high school (HS) as well. In addition, little research has explored whether alcohol expectancies also change over time as a function of selection into college versus non-college environments. The current study examined whether alcohol-related expectancies, consequences, and drinking changed over the course of a year as a function of whether participants transitioned into a four-year university (UNI), community college/trade school (CC), or workforce setting (WF). Participants (N=848) were HS seniors (mean age=17.5 years; 37%male, 73%Caucasian) taking part in a larger study examining alcohol use trajectories.Measures included alcohol expectancies (CEOA), drinking (DDQ), and alcohol-related problems (RAPI) assessed during their senior year and one year later. Repeatedmeasures ANOVAs revealed significant main effects for time, indicating increases in drinks per week F(1, 807)=19.18, p>0.001 and alcohol-related problems F(1, 808)=8.78, p>0.01 and a decrease in alcohol expectancies F(1, 808)=14.35, p>0.001 from baseline to 12 month follow-up. Results also found a main effect for group, indicating UNI students held higher expectancies F(2, 808)=8.15, p>0.001 and drank more F(2, 807)=6.26, p>0.01 than other participants. A significant time9group interaction showed that whereas UNI-bound students drank less thanWF-bound students in HS, the roles reversed one year later with UNI students drinking more thanWF students F (2, 807)=27.56, p>0.001. Similarly, WF-bound students had more alcohol-related problems in HS followed by CC-bound students and UNI-bound students, but one year later the order reversed with UNI students exhibiting the most alcohol-related problems F(2, 807)=5.21, p>0.01. Results indicate that whereas UNI-bound seniors exhibit the highest expectancies, drink less, and experience fewer problems during HS, upon entry into UNI, they experience more problems and out-drink their CC andWF counterparts. These results highlight the importance of prevention strategies, including an expectancy challenge component, especially for UNI-bound HS seniors.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Grazioli, V.S., et al.
(författare)
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Injunctive norms of alcohol-related consequences among high school students : impact on alcohol outcomes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 37:s2, s. 156A-156A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Literature indicates that high school students experience numerous negative consequences related to drinking (Miller, Naimi, Brewer, & Jones, 2007). It is therefore important to understand determinants of drinking behaviors in this population, such as injunctive norms (i.e., perception of self and/or others’ approval of a specific behavior; Cialdini et al., 1990). A recent study among college students documented a discrepancy between personal attitudes about alcohol-related consequences and perceived attitudes of peers, with students perceiving peers to be more approving of alcohol-related consequences than themselves, which predicted higher rates of alcohol use (DeMartini, Carey, Lao, & Luciano, 2011). To our knowledge, this has not been studied among high school students. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to evaluate the predictive role of perceived differences in injunctive norms between self and peers for alcohol-related consequences among high school seniors. The sample included 3,352 students in the US (n = 1181, 57.7%female) and Sweden (n = 2171, 55.9% female), participating in an international longitudinal study about alcohol use trajectories. Measures included injunctive norms for self and friends for alcohol-related consequences (i.e., 7 items adapted from the RAPI; White & Labouvie, 1989), alcohol-related consequences (RAPI; White & Labouvie, 1989), and alcohol use (DDQ; Collins, Parks, & Marlatt, 1985). Paired samples t-tests were used to compare mean injunctive norms for self (M = 1.78), and friends (M = 2.02). There was a significant difference in perceived attitudes between self and friends (t (3173) = -17.76, p < .001) such that injunctive norms for self were lower than for friends. Next, regression analyses evaluated the discrepancy in injunctive norms for self and friends and its relation to alcohol outcomes. Differences between self and friends were computed by subtracting self from friends (F-S). F-S significantly predicted total drinks per week (b = .11, F (1, 3059) = 40.27, p < .001), average drinks per drinking occasion (b = .08, F (1, 3059) = 17.37, p < .001), and negative consequences (b = .21, F (1, 3113) = 143.09, p < .001). These results provide additional support of the importance of injunctive norms of alcohol-related consequences in young adults and have implications for prevention programs tailored to high school students. This research was supported by NIAAA #U01 AA018276 awarded to Drs. Larimer & Berglund.
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| 26. |
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| 29. |
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| 31. |
- Jerlhag, Elisabeth, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Peripherally circulating ghrelin does not mediate alcohol-induced reward and alcohol intake in rodents.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008. ; 38:4, s. 959-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development of alcohol dependence, a chronic and relapsing disease, largely depends on the effects of alcohol on the brain reward systems. By elucidating the mechanisms involved in alcohol use disorder, novel treatment strategies may be developed. Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1A, acts as an important regulator of energy balance. Recently ghrelin and its receptor were shown to mediate alcohol reward and to control alcohol consumption in rodents. However, the role of central versus peripheral ghrelin for alcohol reward needs to be elucidated.
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| 32. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Modest Long-Term Ethanol Consumption Affects Expression of Neurotransmitter Receptor Genes in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008. ; 38:3, s. 722-729
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over 100million people worldwide are affected by alcohol use disorders. These conditions usually take years to develop where an initial, voluntary consumption is gradually replaced by a compulsive intake of alcohol. The exact mechanisms behind this transition remain unknown. However, ethanol (EtOH) is known to interact with several neurotransmitters and receptors in the central nervous system, and chronic EtOH consumption causes alterations in these neurotransmitter systems, proposed to contribute to the development of dependence. This study aimed to repeat previous findings that animals after long-term voluntary EtOH consumption spontaneously increase their intake. That the initial encounter with EtOH causes an elevation of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (nAc), inducing feelings of well-being and creating an incentive to continue the behavior, has been repeatedly reported in both animals and humans. The effects of chronic EtOH consumption on this region are not as well investigated.
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| 33. |
- Jørgensen, CH, et al.
(författare)
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The Efficacy of Disulfiram for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008. ; 35:10, s. 1749-1758
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Alcohol use disorders (AUD) involving hazardous, harmful, and addictive misuse of alcohol are widespread in most parts of the world. The aim of this study was to review the effect of disulfiram in the treatment of patients with AUD. The effect of disulfiram was evaluated according to the primary outcome of an intake of alcohol below 30 and 20 g/d for men and women, respectively, as well as secondary outcomes such as days until relapse, alcohol intake, and numbers of drinking days. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials were included with a total of 1,527 patients. They compared disulfiram treatment with placebo, none or other abstinence-supportive treatments. Overall, 6 studies reported of a significant better effect on abstinence for patients treated with disulfiram. Six of 9 studies measuring secondary outcomes reported that patients treated with disulfiram had significantly more days until relapse and fewer drinking days, respectively. The quality of the included studies was moderate. Heterogeneity was significant in most of the meta-analyses, but valid results were found regarding the effect of disulfiram versus placebo over 12 months and unsupervised disulfiram versus other or no treatment. The vast majority of significant studies were of shorter duration, while only 3 studies of 12 months were significant regarding more days until relapse and/or reduction in drinking days. Conclusions: Supervised treatment with disulfiram has some effect on short-term abstinence and days until relapse as well as number of drinking days when compared with placebo, none, or other treatments for patients with alcohol dependency or abuse. Long-term effect on abstinence has not been evaluated yet. However, there is a need for more homogeneous and high-quality studies in the future regarding the efficacy of disulfiram.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Landberg, Jonas
(författare)
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Self-reported alcohol consumption and the risk of alcohol-related problems : A comparative risk-curve analysis of the three Baltic countries, Sweden and Italy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:1, s. 113-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Previous research has suggested a positive risk-relationship between volume of consumption and adverse behavioural and social consequences of drinking. However, because the risk-relationship may be modified by factors such as pattern of drinking, attributes of social drinking contexts and drunken comportment, the shape of the risk-function appear to be contingent upon the larger cultural context of drinking. Methods: In this paper I use graphical risk-curve analyses and model estimations to assess how the risk of experiencing alcohol-related problems is associated with self-reported volume of alcohol consumption in the three Baltic countries; Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as well as Sweden and Italy. The rationale behind the choice of countries was to obtain a basis for comparing the risk curves for the Baltic countries with the risk-curves for two countries representing distinct types of the western European drinking cultures. The analyses utilised data from two general population surveys (including Sweden plus Italy and the Baltic countries, respectively) with approximately 1000 respondents from each country. Results: The slopes of the risk-curves for the Baltic countries were generally parallel to those of for Sweden, but significantly steeper than for Italy. This result suggests that (i) the risk for alcohol-related problems in the Baltic countries increases with volume of consumption in a way that is similar to northern Europe, and (ii) that increasing volume of consumption is associated with a considerably higher risk of experiencing alcohol-related problems in the Baltic countries (and Sweden) than in Italy. The result also suggests that increasing volume of consumption is associated with the risk of experiencing a larger number of different problems in the Baltic countries and Sweden than in Italy. Conclusions: The results were in line with the hypothesis of a European north to south gradient in the strength of the risk-relationship, but also add that the Baltic countries may be placed alongside the Nordic countries in this context. Since only volume of consumption is considered, the results cannot be used to specify which factors and mechanisms that actually modify the shape of the risk-function in each culture.
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| 37. |
- Landgren, Sara, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic variation of the ghrelin signaling system in females with severe alcohol dependence
- 2010
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 34:9, s. 1519-1524
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Central ghrelin signaling is required for the rewarding effects of alcohol in mice. Because ghrelin is implied in other addictive behaviors such as eating disorders and smoking, and because there is co-morbidity between these disorders and alcohol dependence, the ghrelin signaling system could be involved in mediating reward in general. Furthermore, in humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the pro-ghrelin gene (GHRL) and the ghrelin receptor gene (GHSR) have previously been associated with increased alcohol consumption and increased body weight. Known gender differences in plasma ghrelin levels prompted us to investigate genetic variation of the ghrelin signaling system in females with severe alcohol dependence (n = 113) and in a selected control sample of female low-consumers of alcohol from a large cohort study in southwest Sweden (n = 212). METHODS: Six tag SNPs in the GHRL (rs696217, rs3491141, rs4684677, rs35680, rs42451, and rs26802) and four tag SNPs in the GHSR (rs495225, rs2232165, rs572169, and rs2948694) were genotyped in all individuals. RESULTS: We found that one GHRL haplotype was associated with reports of paternal alcohol dependence as well as with reports of withdrawal symptoms in the female alcohol-dependent group. Associations with 2 GHSR haplotypes and smoking were also shown. One of these haplotypes was also negatively associated with BMI in controls, while another haplotype was associated with having the early-onset, more heredity-driven, type 2 form of alcohol dependence in the patient group. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the genes encoding the ghrelin signaling system cannot be regarded as major susceptibility genes for female alcohol dependence, but is, however, involved in paternal heritability and may affect other reward- and energy-related factors such as smoking and BMI.
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| 38. |
- Larimer, M.E., et al.
(författare)
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An international comparison of a web-based personalized feedback intervention in high school students USA and Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 37:s2, s. 260A-260A
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A key developmental period for alcohol misuse is emerging adulthood (roughly ages 18–25). Personalized Feedback Interventions (PFI) are effective in reducing alcohol-related harmin college populations, however little research has evaluated PFIs given during high school.Moreover, cultural differences influence both alcohol misuse and response to interventions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a web-based PFI given to high school seniors (ages 17-19) in the USA and Sweden. 1181 participants (42.3%male; 28.3%risky drinkers based on AUDIT-C) in the USA and 2171 in Sweden (44.1%male; 52.3% risky drinkers based on AUDIT-C) were assessed during their high school senior year. Approximately 1/3 were randomized to receive PFI. Approximately 1 week after viewing the PFI, participants were asked to complete a post-feedback satisfaction survey (3 subscales: information motivated change, shared information with friends, information was educational), and their “stage” on the readiness to change scale. Results showed 1) information motivated change subscale was associated with increases in contemplation and action stages of change and decreases in precontemplation; Swedish participants and those with higher AUDIT-C scores had lower scores; (2) USA sample was less likely to share information with friends; those with higher AUDIT-C scores were more likely to share information with friends; and (3) those with higher AUDIT-C scores were less likely to find information educational. Participants completed 6- and 12- month follow up surveys. After controlling for key baseline variables and using appropriate distributions for analyses, 6 month outcomes from 2236 participants (852 in USA; 1384 in Sweden; 731 received PFI), found those who received PFI drank significantly less alcohol per occasion (typical and peak), had lower blood alcohol concentration (typical and peak) and drank on fewer occasions than those who did not receive the PFI (effect size range: d = .12 to d = .22). There were no significant effects of PFI on alcohol-related problems or readiness to change and no significant interactions between country of residence and intervention on drinking outcomes. Results suggest web-based PFIs given during senior year of high school are efficacious in reducing alcohol use during transition to adulthood. Twelve-month outcomes and mediators will also be presented. This research was supported by NIAAA # 5R01AA018276 awarded to Drs. Larimer & Berglund.
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| 39. |
- Leggio, L, et al.
(författare)
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Role of feeding-related pathways in alcohol dependence: A focus on sweet preference, NPY, and ghrelin.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008. ; 35:2, s. 194-202
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Converging research evidence suggests that alcohol and food-seeking behaviors share common neural pathways. There is preclinical and clinical evidence linking the consumption of sweets to alcohol intake in both animals and humans. In addition, a growing body of animal and human literature suggests the involvement of "feeding-related" peptides in alcohol-seeking behavior. In particular, both central and peripheral appetitive peptides have shown a possible role in alcohol dependence. The present mini-review will summarize the literature on the link between sweet preference and alcohol dependence, and on the role of feeding-related peptides in alcohol dependence. Specifically, in an attempt to narrow the field, the present mini-review will focus on 2 specific pathways, the central neuropeptide Y and the peripheral gut peptide ghrelin. Although more research is needed, data available suggest that studying feeding-related pathways in alcohol dependence may have theoretic, biologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Nicoll, Rachel, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol and the heart
- 2011
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 35:10, s. 1737-1738
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol consumption and disease or mortality display a J-shaped curve, with moderate amounts of alcohol being more protective than abstention, binge drinking, or heavy drinking. Red wine appears to be particularly protective for cardiovascular disease and associated conditions such as type 2 diabetes. There are, however, controversies concerning the effect of red wine on hypertension, in which there may be significant gender and ethnic differences. Overall, it seems that both ethanol and the polyphenols in red wine may contribute to the protective effect.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Olsen, Richard W., et al.
(författare)
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Structural Models of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels : Sites of Action for Anesthetics and Ethanol
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 38:3, s. 595-603
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The molecular mechanism(s) of action of anesthetic, and especially, intoxicating doses of alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) have been of interest even before the advent of the Research Society on Alcoholism. Recent physiological, genetic, and biochemical studies have pin-pointed molecular targets for anesthetics and EtOH in the brain as ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) membrane proteins, especially the pentameric (5 subunit) Cys-loop superfamily of neurotransmitter receptors including nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChRs), GABA(A) (GABA(A)Rs), and glycine receptors (GlyRs). The ability to demonstrate molecular and structural elements of these proteins critical for the behavioral effects of these drugs on animals and humans provides convincing evidence for their role in the drugs' actions. Amino acid residues necessary for pharmacologically relevant allosteric modulation of LGIC function by anesthetics and EtOH have been identified in these channel proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed potential allosteric modulatory sites in both the trans-membrane domain (TMD) and extracellular domain (ECD). Potential sites of action and binding have been deduced from homology modeling of other LGICs with structures known from crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy studies. Direct information about ligand binding in the TMD has been obtained by photoaffinity labeling, especially in GABA(A)Rs. Recent structural information from crystallized procaryotic (ELIC and GLIC) and eukaryotic (GluCl) LGICs allows refinement of the structural models including evaluation of possible sites of EtOH action.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol-Induced Changes in Opioid Peptide Levels in Adolescent Rats Are Dependent on Housing Conditions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 38:12, s. 2978-2987
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Endogenous opioids are implicated in the mechanism of action of alcohol and alcohol affects opioids in a number of brain areas, although little is known about alcohol's effects on opioids in the adolescent brain. One concern, in particular when studying young animals, is that alcohol intake models often are based on single housing that may result in alcohol effects confounded by the lack of social interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate short- and long-term alcohol effects on opioids and the influence of housing conditions on these effects.METHODS: In the first part, opioid peptide levels were measured after one 24-hour session of single housing and 2-hour voluntary alcohol intake in adolescent and adult rats. In the second part, a model with a cage divider inserted during 2-hour drinking sessions was tested and the effects on opioids were examined after 6 weeks of adolescent voluntary intake in single-and pair-housed rats, respectively.RESULTS: The effects of single housing were age specific and affected Met-enkephalin-Arg(6) Phe(7) (MEAP) in particular. In adolescent rats, it was difficult to distinguish between effects induced by alcohol and single housing, whereas alcohol-specific effects were seen in dynorphin B (DYNB), beta-endorphin (BEND), and MEAP levels in adults. Voluntary drinking affected several brain areas and the majority of alcohol-induced effects were not dependent on housing. However, alcohol effects on DYNB and BEND in the amygdala were dependent on housing. Housing alone affected MEAP in the cingulate cortex.CONCLUSIONS: Age-specific housing- and alcohol-induced effects on opioids were found. In addition, prolonged voluntary alcohol intake under different housing conditions produced several alcohol-induced effects independent of housing. However, housing-dependent effects were found in areas implicated in stress, emotionality, and alcohol use disorder. Housing condition and age may therefore affect the reasons and underlying mechanisms for drinking and could potentially affect the outcome of a number of end points in research on alcohol intake.
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