| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Olsson, Urban, 1954, et al.
(author)
-
Non-monophyly of the avian genus Seicercus (Aves : Sylviidae) revealed by mitochondrial DNA
- 2004
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - Gothenburg Univ, Dept Zool, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Systemat Zool, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 33:6, s. 501-510
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phylogeny of all species and nearly all subspecies of Seicercus and representatives of all subgenera in Phylloscopus was estimated based on two mitochondrial genes. According to the gene tree, and supported by non-molecular data, Seicercus belongs in three separate clades. Two of these include only taxa currently classified as Seicercus, while the third comprises S. xanthoschistos and P. occipitalis. These results suggest that both Seicercus and Phylloscopus are paraphyletic. The gene tree suggests two more cases of non-monophyly: (1) the 'S. burkii complex' is separated into two different clades, one of which also includes S. affinis and S. poliogenys; (2) two populations of S. affinis intermedius are more closely related to S. affinis ocularis than to a third population of intermedius. A recent proposal to split the 'S. burkii complex' into six species is corroborated, as is the recognition of the taxon cognitus as a colour morph of S. affinis intermedius. Our study also revealed unexpectedly large genetic divergences between three different populations of the monotypic S. poliogenys, indicating the presence of cryptic species. Our results underscore the importance of dense sampling at the specific and infraspecific levels in intrageneric phylogenetic studies.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Atherton, Sarah, et al.
(author)
-
Wide distributions and cryptic diversity within a Microstomum (Platyhelminthes) species complex
- 2018
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 47, s. 486-498
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Microstomum lineare is a common species of fresh and brackish waters found world-wide. Three genes (18S, CO1 and ITS) were sequenced from specimens of M. lineare collected from four countries, and the levels of cryptic diversity and genetic structuring were assessed. Results showed M. lineare has very wide haplotype distributions suggesting higher than expected dispersal capabilities. In addition, three new species were described on the basis of molecular taxonomy: Microstomum artoisi sp. nov., Microstomum tchaikovskyi sp. nov. and Microstomum zicklerorum sp. nov.
|
|
| 5. |
- Aurelle, Didier, et al.
(author)
-
On the specific status of eastern Mediterranean Dendrophyllia corals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa): Genetic characterization and speciation scenarios
- 2024
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 53:2, s. 235-247
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The deep-sea corals Dendrophyllia ramea and Dendrophyllia cornigera occur in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters. Both species are found in different environmental conditions, and they can colonize hard and soft substrates. These species then display an important ecological plasticity along with morphological plasticity. Nevertheless, there is a large knowledge gap on the genetic characteristics of the two species, including on the relationships between them and the possibility of cryptic species along their range. The recent discovery of Dendrophyllia populations off Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean Sea raised new questions in this context. These corals were related to D. ramea but had some morphological differences with other known populations of this species. Here, we study the specific status of Dendrophyllia corals from Cyprus on the basis of morphology and genetics. The genetic data are interpreted by comparison with the same analysis performed on two Caryophyllia species. Both morphological and genetic data confirm that corals found off Cyprus belong to the D. ramea species. We further tested the speciation scenario using transcriptome data: the results indicate an absence of current gene flow between D. ramea and D. cornigera and that the divergence occurred more than 3 million years ago. We discuss the possible historical and ecological factors which may have shaped speciation in these species.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bachmann, L., et al.
(author)
-
Systematics and biodiversity research in the era of genomics
- 2016
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 45, s. 3-4
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On 5 November 2015, The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters (DNVA) and the editors of the Zoologica Scripta invited to the one-day symposium ‘Systematics and Biodiversity Research in the Era of Genomics’. Some 80 scientists gathered at the premises of the DNVA in Oslo, Norway, to explore and discuss the current trends and future developments in the field of Animal Systematics. © 2016 The Authors. Zoologica Scripta published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
|
|
| 7. |
- Bachmann, L., et al.
(author)
-
The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions: Proceedings of the Zoologica Scripta Symposium, Oslo, Norway, 25 August 2022
- 2023
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 52:3, s. 187-214
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On 25 August 2022, the Zoologica Scripta - An International Journal of Systematic Zoology and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters arranged a symposium entitled 'The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions' in the Academy's premises in Oslo, Norway. The symposium aimed at offering a forum for exploring and discussing trends and future developments in the field of systematics. Eleven international experts contributed expertise on various issues related to global challenges, such as biodiversity assessments, databases, cutting-edge analysis tools, and the consequences of the taxonomic impediment. Here, we compiled a multi-author proceedings paper of the symposium contributions that are arranged in chapters and presents the content and the key conclusions of the majority of the presentations.
|
|
| 8. |
- Bassitta, Marta, et al.
(author)
-
Multilocus and morphological analysis of south-eastern Iberian Wall lizards (Squamata, Podarcis)
- 2020
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 49:6, s. 668-683
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phylogenetic relationships among the wall lizards of the Podarcis hispanicus complex that inhabit the south-east (SE) of the Iberian Peninsula and other lineages of the complex remain unclear. In this study, four mitochondrial and two nuclear markers were used to study genetic relationships within this complex. The phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA gene trees constructed with ML and BI, and a species tree using *BEAST support three divergent clades in this region: the Valencia, Galera and Albacete/Murcia lineages. These three lineages were also corroborated in species delimitation analyses based on mtDNA using bPTP, mPTP, GMYC, ABGD and BAPS. Bayesian inference species delimitation method (BPP) based on both nuclear data and a combined data set (mtDNA + nuclear) showed high posterior probabilities for these three SE lineages (≥0.94) and another Bayesian analysis (STACEY) based on combined data set recovered the same three groups in this region. Divergence time dating of the species tree provided an estimated divergence of the Galera lineage from the other SE group (Podarcis vaucheri, (Albacete/Murcia, Valencia)) at 12.48 Ma. During this period, the Betic–Rifian arc was isolated, which could have caused the isolation of the Galera form distributed to the south of the Betic Corridor. Although lizards from the Albacete/Murcia and Galera lineage are morphologically similar, they clearly represent distinct genetic lineages. The noteworthy separation of the Galera lineage enables us to conclude that this lineage must be considered as a new full species.
|
|
| 9. |
- Bertrand, Yann, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogenetic hypotheses, taxonomic sameness and the reference of taxon names
- 2008
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 37:3, s. 337-347
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When scientists use a taxon name like Mammalia, it is important that they talk about the same thing. But, what does it mean to be the same thing in different phylogenetic hypotheses? And, how is taxonomic reference maintained across hypotheses? Here, we discuss the differences between real and hypothetical clades, and how such a distinction relates to the sameness problem. Since hypotheses influence how we perceive things and pursue science, we find it important to have a functioning nomenclatural system for clades as perceived in phylogenetic hypotheses. As a solution to the sameness problem for such clades, we argue that a taxon name does not primarily refer to a single clade that somehow mirror the reality of branches in the tree of life. Instead we suggest that a taxon name refers to a set, or natural kind, of counterfactual and reconstructed clades.
|
|
| 10. |
- Cibois, A., et al.
(author)
-
Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy
- 2018
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 47:4, s. 428-440
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- DNA phylogenies have gradually shed light on the phylogenetic relationships of the large babbler group. We focus in this study on the family Leiothrichidae (laughingthrushes and song babblers), which represents the largest clade of babblers in terms of species diversity. Our phylogeny includes all genera and 82% of the recognized species, using mitochondrial and nuclear loci. The sister group to Leiothrichidae is composed of the Pellorneidae (jungle babblers) plus the genus Alcippe. Within Leiothrichidae, four strongly supported primary clades (A-D) are recovered. Clade A includes Grammatoptila, Laniellus and Cutia. Clade B includes a large group of laughingthrushes, all of them classified in Trochalopteron. In Clade C, the two laughingthrushes endemic to southern India, T.fairbanki and T.cachinnans, which have recently been proposed to be placed in the newly erected genus Montecincla, form a sister clade to the group comprising the song babblers (Lioptila, Leiothrix, Heterophasia, Minla, Liocichla, Actinodura, Chrysominla, Siva, and Sibia). Clade D includes the African babblers (Turdoides, Phyllanthus, Kupeornis), Asian relatives (Argya, Acanthoptila, Chatarrhaea) and all remaining laughingthrushes (Garrulax). The time estimates suggest that the early diversification of the Leiothrichidae occurred in the mid-Miocene, a period that corresponds to the diversification of many passerine groups in Asia. A revised taxonomic classification of the family is proposed in the light of these results.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- Douglas, Desiree, et al.
(author)
-
A mitogenomic study on the phylogenetic position of snakes
- 2006
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 35:6, s. 545-558
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phylogenetic relationships of squamates (lizards, amphisbaenians and snakes) have received considerable attention, although no consensus has been reached concerning some basal divergences. This paper focuses on the Serpentes (snakes), whose phylogenetic position within the Squamata remains uncertain despite a number of morphological and molecular studies. Some mitogenomic studies have suggested a sister-group relationship between snakes and varanid lizards, while other studies have identified snakes and lizards as sister groups. However, recent studies using nuclear data have presented a different scenario, with snakes being more closely related to anguimorph and iguanian lizards. In this mitogenomic study we have examined the above hypotheses with the inclusion of amphisbaenians, one gekkotan and one acrodont lizard, taxa not represented in previous mitogenomic studies. To this end we have also extended the representation of snakes by sequencing five additional snake genomes: two scolecophidians (Ramphotyphlops australis and Typhlops mirus) two henophidians (Eunectes notaeus and Boa constrictor) and one caenophidian (Elaphe guttata). The phylogenetic analysis recovered snakes and amphisbaenians as sister groups, thereby differing from previous hypotheses. In addition to a discussion on previous morphological and molecular studies in light of the results presented here, the current study also provides some details regarding features of the new snake mitochondrial genomes described.
|
|
| 13. |
- Elofsson, Rolf
(author)
-
Rhabdom adaptation and its phylogenetic significance
- 1976
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 5, s. 97-101
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rhabdom adaptation and its phylogenetic significance. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 97–101, 1976. — The rhabdoms of arthropod compound eyes are structurally differentiated into open, fused layered, and fused continuous. All are capable of perceiving polarized light. The fused layered, and under certain conditions the fused continuous, perform particularly well. — The fused layered rhabdoms occur in malacostracan crustaceans and in various insect groups. This, together with, among other things, the presence of open rhabdoms in insects and crustaceans, indicates convergent development of organs and parts of organs. — Elaborate visual organs of more than one kind occur in crustaceans, as is exemplified by the compound and nauplius eyes. This shows that more than one construction on the organ level is possible in a restricted taxo-nomical unit for the. perception of light. The different rhabdom types performing well in receiving polarized light also show parallel evolution on a level below the organ. — The result of adaptation analyses indicates the need for a restricted use of the concept of homology basic to morphological investigations and a base for phylogenetic speculations. It also envisages a fruitful approach to a peep into the workshop of evolution. — It is concluded that a fully formed compound eye in arthropod ancestors is hardly conceivable. A realistic alternative is an inherent capacity of forming a compound eye. Thus the ancestral compound eye could have ranged from nothing to a partly-developed stage. The recent eyes need not originate from one source.
|
|
| 14. |
- Elofsson, Rolf, et al.
(author)
-
The Eltringham organ and a new thoracic gland: Ultrastructure and presumed pheromone function (Insecta. Myrmeleontidae)
- 1974
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 3, s. 31-40
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Eltringham's organ is a club-like projection from the posterior margin of hind-wings of some myrmeleontid insects. It bears laterally directed setae, each having a specialized epidermal cell beneath, which gives off secretion into a sub-setal lumen. The lumen continues into the wall of the moat-like socket of the setae. Eltringham's organ fits into an excavation of the lateral body wall connected with the opening of a thoracic gland. The thoracic gland in these animals has not previously been described. It consists of a hollow tube, feebly developed in females. The tube wall houses two cell types: gland cells and cuticular cells. The latter form the cuticle of the general duct lumen and a specialized duct leading from each gland cell. The gland cells have a microvilli-filled cavity which collects the secretion. The thoracic gland produces a pheromone secretion whose distribution is aided by Eltringham's organ where present.
|
|
| 15. |
- Erséus, Christer, 1951, et al.
(author)
-
18S rDNA phylogeny of Clitellata (Annelida).
- 2004
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 33:2, s. 187-196
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phylogeny of Clitellata was analysed using 18S rDNA sequences of a selection of species representing Hirudinida, Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and 10 oligochaetous families. Eleven new 18S sequences of Capilloventridae (one), Haplotaxidae (one), Propappidae (one), Enchytraeidae (two), Lumbricidae (one), Almidae (one), Megascolecidae (two), Lumbriculidae (one), and Phreodrilidae (one) are reported and aligned together with corresponding sequences of 28 previously studied clitellate taxa. Twelve polychaete species were used as an outgroup. The analysis supports an earlier hypothesis based on morphological features that Capilloventridae represents a basal clade of Clitellata; in the 18S tree it shows a sister-group relationship to all other clitellates. The remaining clitellate taxa form a basal dichotomy, one clade containing Tubificidae (including the former ‘Naididae’), Phreodrilidae, Haplotaxidae, and Propappidae, the other clade with two subgroups: (1) Lumbriculidae together with all leech-like taxa (Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and Hirudinida), and (2) Enchytraeidae together with a monophyletic group of all earthworms included in the study (Lumbricidae, Almidae and Megascolecidae). These earthworms are members of the taxon Crassiclitellata, the monophyly of which is thus supported by the data. The tree also shows support for the hypothesis that the first clitellates were aquatic. The position of the single species representing Haplotaxidae is not as basal as could have been expected from earlier morphology-based conclusions about the ancestral status of this family. However, if Haplotaxidae is indeed a paraphyletic assemblage of relict taxa, a higher number of representatives will be needed to resolve its exact relationships with the other clitellates.
|
|
| 16. |
- Erséus, Christer, 1951, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogenomic analyses reveal a Palaeozoic radiation and support a freshwater origin for clitellate annelids
- 2020
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 49:5, s. 614-640
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Clitellata is a major clade of Annelida comprising nearly all freshwater and terrestrial annelids as well as several marine species. We investigated clitellate phylogenetic relationships using transcriptomes sampled from 74 taxa (64 clitellates and 10 polychaetes), including multiple representatives of nearly all major clitellate higher taxa (Branchiobdellida, Capilloventridae, Crassiclitellata, Enchytraeidae, Haplotaxidae, Hirudinida, Lumbriculida, Moniligastridae, Naididae, Parvidrilidae, Phreodrilidae, Propappidae and Randiellidae). We used a number of filtered data matrices and phylogenetic analyses to examine the effects of data partitioning, missing data and compositional and branch-length heterogeneity and used the resulting phylogenies for divergence time estimation and ancestral habitat reconstructions. All analyses and filtering methods produced a consistent, strongly supported topology in which (a) Enchytraeidae, Hirudinida, Hirudinea (here, Branchiobdellida plus Hirudinida), Lumbriculida, Lumbriculata (Lumbriculida plus Hirudinea), Phreodrilidae and Naididae are monophyletic, (b) a Parvidrilidae + Randiellidae clade is sister to the rest of Clitellata, (c) Phreodrilidae is sister to Naididae, (d) Haplotaxidae is non-monophyletic, with some haplotaxids grouping with Crassiclitellata + Moniligastridae, (e) the Phreodrilidae + Naididae clade is sister to all other clitellates except Parvidrilidae + Randiellidae and Capilloventridae, and (f) Lumbriculata is sister to the Crassiclitellata + Moniligastridae + Haplotaxidae (in part) clade. Ancestral habitat reconstructions and divergence time analysis suggested that the most recent common ancestor of Clitellata lived in freshwater during the Devonian (419-359 million years ago) and that all major extant clitellate lineages arose over the next similar to 150 million years, with multiple lineages subsequently returning to marine habitats or invading land. This study provides a phylogenetic framework for further investigation of the geological, environmental and biotic forces and genomic changes that may have impacted clitellate evolution and enabled several major habitat transitions within this group.
|
|
| 17. |
- Fang, Fang, et al.
(author)
-
Molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south Asian cyprinid genera Danio, Devario and Microrasbora (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:3, s. 237-256
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Molecular analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 159 species of the family Cyprinidae supports the subfamily Danioninae, of which Rasborinae is shown to be a junior synonym. Analysis of combined cytochrome b and a fragment of the nuclear rhodopsin gene from 68 species, including 43 species representing the subfamily Danioninae, supports phylogenetic distinctness of Danio and Devario. In the combined molecular analysis Microrasbora rubescens, Chela, Laubuca, Devario, and Inlecypris form a clade with M. gatesi, M. nana and M. kubotai being in sister group position to the rest. The sister group of this Devario clade is Danio. Inlecypris is synonymized with Devario. Microdevario, new genus, is proposed for M. gatesi, M. nana and M. kubotai, supported by morphological characters. In the cytochrome b analysis, M. rubescens falls outside Devario, and there is no morphological support for including M. rubescens in Devario. In the cytochrome b analysis Esomus+Danionella is the sister group of Danio and Devario clades, whereas in individual rhodopsin and combined analyses Esomus is the sister group of Danio, and of Danio and the Devario clade, respectively. Sundadanio presents at least one strong morphological synapomorphy with Danio, but is positioned in molecular trees either as a member of the Cyprininae or as sister group of the remaining Danioninae. In the morphological analysis, small-sized species grouped together based on shared reductions that are not necessarily synapomorphies. In the molecular analysis, small-sized species such as Danionella and Sundadanio possess long branches and their position varies, but they did not group together. This suggests morphological homoplasy, but phylogenetic positions are not well supported in the molecular analyses.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Fuchs, J., et al.
(author)
-
Miocene diversification of an open-habitat predatorial passerine radiation, the shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes: Laniidae)
- 2019
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 48:5, s. 571-588
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diversification of avifaunas associated with savannah and steppes appears to correlate with open habitats becoming available, starting in the Miocene. Few comparative analyses exist for families for which all species are predominantly adapted to these habitats. One such group is Laniidae (Passeriformes), which are small- to medium-sized predatory passerines known for their distinctive behaviour of impaling prey. We used multispecies coalescent-based and concatenation methods to provide the first complete species-level phylogeny for this group, as well as an estimate of the timing of diversification. Our analyses indicate that Laniidae as currently delimited is not monophyletic, as the genus Eurocephalus is not closely related to the remaining species. The two species currently assigned to the monotypic genera Urolestes and Corvinella are part of the same clade as the Lanius species, and we propose that they are included in the genus Lanius, making Laniidae monogeneric. The initial diversification of the clade is inferred to have occurred very rapidly, starting about 7.2-9.1 million years ago, timing depending on calibration method, but in either case coinciding with the expansion of C4 grasses. An African origin is inferred in the biogeographic analysis. In the redefined Laniidae, cooperative breeding is inferred to be restricted to a single clade, characterized by gregarious behaviour and rallying. Migratory behaviour evolved multiple times within the family.
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
- Gelang, Magnus, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogeny of babblers (Aves, Passeriformes): major lineages, family limits and classification
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:3, s. 225-236
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Babblers, family Timaliidae, have long been subject to debate on systematic position, family limits and internal taxonomy. In this study, we use five molecular regions to estimate the relationships among a large proportion of genera traditionally placed in Timaliidae. We find good support for five main clades within this radiation, and propose a new classification, dividing the babblers into the families Sylviidae and Timaliidae. Within the latter family, four subfamilies are recognized: Zosteropinae, Timaliinae, Pellorneinae and Leiothrichinae. Several taxa, previously not studied with molecular data, are phylogenetically placed within Sylviidae or Timaliidae. This is, however, not the case for the genus Pnoepyga, for which we propose the family name Pnoepygidae fam. n.
|
|
| 23. |
- Ghanavi, Hamid Reza, et al.
(author)
-
The (non) accuracy of mitochondrial genomes for family-level phylogenetics in Erebidae (Lepidoptera)
- 2022
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 51:6, s. 695-707
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of molecular data to study the evolutionary history of organisms has revolutionized the field of systematics. Now with the appearance of high throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies, more and more genetic sequence data are available. One of the important sources of genetic data for phylogenetic analyses has been mitochondrial DNA. The limitations of mitochondrial DNA for the study of phylogenetic relationships have been thoroughly explored in the age of single locus phylogenetic studies. Now with the appearance of genomic scale data, increasing number of mitochondrial genomes are available, leading to an increasing number of mitophylogenomic studies. Here, we assemble 47 mitochondrial genomes using whole genome Illumina short reads from representatives of the family Erebidae (Lepidoptera), in order to evaluate the accuracy of mitochondrial genome application in resolving deep phylogenetic relationships. We find that mitogenomes are inadequate for resolving subfamily-level relationships in Erebidae, but given good taxon sampling, we see its potential in resolving lower level phylogenetic relationships.
|
|
| 24. |
- Ghorbani, F., et al.
(author)
-
Densely sampled phylogenetic analyses of the Lesser Short-toed Lark (Alaudala rufescens) - Sand Lark (A. raytal) species complex (Aves, Passeriformes) reveal cryptic diversity
- 2020
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The taxonomy of the Lesser/Asian Short-toed Lark Alaudala rufescens-cheleensis complex has been debated for decades, mainly because of minor morphological differentiation among the taxa within the complex, and different interpretations of the geographical pattern of morphological characters among different authors. In addition, there have been few studies based on non-morphological traits. It has recently been suggested based on a molecular study of the lark family Alaudidae that the Sand Lark A. raytal is nested within this complex. We here analysed mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) from 130 individuals across the range of this complex (hereafter called Alaudala rufescens-raytal complex), representing all except two of the 18 currently recognized subspecies. We also analysed 11 nuclear markers from a subsample of these individuals, representing all of the clades found in the cyt b tree. Five primary clades were recovered, which confirmed that A. raytal is nested within this complex. Divergence time estimates among these five clades ranged from 1.76 to 3.16 million years (my; 95% highest posterior density [HPD] 1.0-4.51 my) or 1.99-2.53 my (95% HPD 0.96-4.3 my) in different analyses. Only four of the currently recognized subspecies were recovered as monophyletic in the cyt b tree. Our results call for a taxonomic revision, and we tentatively suggest that at least four species should be recognized, although we stress the need for an approach integrating molecular, morphological and other data that are not yet available.
|
|
| 25. |
- Goicoechea, Noemi, et al.
(author)
-
Recovering phylogenetic signal from frog mating calls
- 2010
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 39:2, s. 141-154
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Few studies have tried to analyse the phylogenetic information contained in frog mating calls. While some of those studies suggest that sexual selection deletes any phylogenetic signal, others indicate that frog calls do retain phylogenetic informative characters. Discordant results can be the outcome of disparate rates of character evolution and evolutionary plasticity of call characters in different groups of frogs, but also the result of applying different coding methods. No study to date has compared the relative performance of different coding methods in detecting phylogenetic signal in calls, hampering thus potential consilience between previous results. In this study, we analyse the strength of phylogenetic signal in 10 mating call characters of 11 related species of frogs belonging to three genera of Andean and Amazonian frogs (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantidae). We use six quantitative characters (number of notes per call, note length, call length, number of pulses per note, fundamental frequency and dominant frequency) and four qualitative ones (presence/absence of: pseudopulses, frequency modulation in notes, amplitude modulation in notes and amplitude modulation in pulses). We code quantitative characters using four different coding and scaling methods: (i) gap-coding, (ii) fixed-scale, (iii) step-matrix gap-weighting with between-characters scaling, and (iv) step-matrix gap-weighting with between-states scaling. All four coding methods indicate that frog calls contain phylogenetic information. These results suggest that divergent selection on frog mating calls may not always be strong enough to eliminate phylogenetic signal. However, coding methods strongly affect the amount of recoverable information. Step-matrix gap-weighting with between-characters scaling and gap-coding are suggested as the best methods available for coding quantitative characters of frog calls. Also, our results indicate that the arbitrariness in selecting character states and the method for scaling transitions weights, rather than the number of character states, is what potentially biases phylogenetic analyses with quantitative characters.
|
|
| 26. |
- Hamdan, B., et al.
(author)
-
A complex biogeographic history of diversification in Neotropical lancehead pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae)
- 2020
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 49:2, s. 145-158
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on the literature, we had predicted that the diversification within the Neotropical snake genus Bothrops occurred along a latitudinal gradient from north to south, with diversification into unoccupied niches through ecological opportunity, not correlated with geoclimatic events. Using a dated phylogeny and estimating likelihoods of ancestral states at cladogenesis events, we reconstructed ancestral areas and assessed major events of the diversification of Bothrops clades, and we also discuss systematic implications for this group. Based on the phylogeny we produced, B. lojanus was not considered as part of the genus Bothrops since the results recovered this species nested within the Bothrocophias clade. We infer that the diversification of the Miocene Bothrops pictus and Bothrops alternatus clades may be related to the uplift of the western slopes of the Andes and the Argentinian Patagonian Andes, respectively. The Pliocene Bothrops taeniatus and Bothrops osbornei clades may be related to the uplift of the eastern and northern Andes, respectively. The Plio-Pleistocene Bothrops neuwiedi clade may be related to the habitat transitions from a warmer and forested environment to a cooler and open landscape; the Bothrops jararaca (i.e. island endemic species) and Bothrops lanceolatus clades to over-water dispersal with island speciation; and Bothrops atrox clade to the appearance of the Panamanian land bridge. We found that a multitemporal and multidirectional history of diversification may be correlated with geoclimatic and dispersalist events. We argue that the vacant niche hypothesis by itself does not explain Bothrops diversification.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Härlin, Carina, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogeny of the eureptantic nemerteans revisited
- 2001
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 30:1, s. 49-58
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we revisit the phylogeny of the eureptantic nemerteans. Three species (Kameginemertes parmiornatus, Drepanophoriella histriana, and Polyschista curacaoensis), not present in the original analyses by Härlin & Sundberg (1995), are included, and in the light of the new results we discuss the phylogenetic taxonomy as well as biogeography of the Eureptantia. The biogeography is assessed by dispersal-vicariance analysis (Ronquist 1997), and the new phylogenetic taxonomy is based on developments (Härlin 1998b, 1999b; Härlin & Sundberg 1998) of nomenclatural ideas originally presented by de Queiroz & Gauthier (1990, 1992).
|
|
| 29. |
- Härlin, Mikael
(author)
-
Taxonomic names and phylogenetic trees
- 1998
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 27:4, s. 381-390
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper addresses the issue of philosophy of names within the context of biological taxonomy, more specifically how names refer. By contrasting two philosophies of names, one that is based on the idea that names can be defined and one that they cannot be defined, I point out some advantages of the latter within phylogenetic systematics. Due to the changing nature of phylogenetic hypotheses, the former approach tends to rob taxonomy from its unique communicative value since a name that is defined refers to whatever fits the definition. This is particularly troublesome should the hypothesis of phylogenetic relationship change. I argue that, should we decide to accept a new phylogenetic hypothesis, it is also likely that our view of what to name may change. A system where names only refer acknowledge this, and accordingly leaves it open whether to keep a name (and accept the way it refers in the new hypothesis) or discard a name and introduce new names for the parts of the tree that we find scientifically interesting. One of the main differences between a phylogenetic system of definition (PSD) and a phylogenetic system of reference (PSR) is that the former is governed by laws of language while the latter by communicative needs of taxonomists. Thus, a PSR tends to give primacy to phylogenetic trees rather than phylogenetic definitions of names should our views of which phylogenetic hypothesis to accept change.
|
|
| 30. |
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
- Johanson, K.A., et al.
(author)
-
Testing the monophyly of the New Zealand and Australian endemic family Conoesucidae Ross based on combined molecular and morphological data (Insecta: Trichoptera: Sericostomatoidea)
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:6, s. 563-573
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conoesucidae (Trichoptera, Insecta) are restricted to SE Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. The family includes 42 described species in 12 genera, and each genus is endemic to either New Zealand or Australia. Although monophyly has been previously assumed, no morphological characters have been proposed to represent synapomorphies for the group. We collected molecular data from two mitochondrial genes (16S and cytochrome oxidase I), one nuclear gene (elongation factor 1-alpha) (2237-2277 bp in total), and 12 morphological characters to produce the first phylogeny of the family. We combined the molecular and morphological characters and performed both a maximum parsimony analysis and a Bayesian analysis to test the monophyly of the family, and to hypothesize the phylogeny among its genera. The parsimony analysis revealed a single most parsimonious tree with Conoesucidae being a monophyletic taxon and sistergroup to the Calocidae. The Bayesian inference produced a distribution of trees, the consensus of which is supported with posterior probabilities of 100% for 15 out of 22 possible ingroup clades including the most basal branch of the family, indicating strong support for a monophyletic Conoesucidae. The most parsimonious tree and the tree from the Bayesian analysis were identical except that the ingroup genus Pycnocentria changed position by jumping to a neighbouring clade. Based on the assumption that the ancestral conoesucid species was present on both New Zealand and Australia, a biogeographical analysis using the dispersal-vicariance criteria demonstrated that one or two (depending on which of the two phylogenetic reconstructions were applied) sympatric speciation events took place on New Zealand prior to a single, late dispersal from New Zealand to Australia.
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
|
|
| 35. |
- Kalthoff, Daniela C., et al.
(author)
-
Incisor enamel microstructure places New and Old World Eomyidae outside Geomorpha (Rodentia, Mammalia)
- 2022
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 51:4, s. 381-400
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lower incisor enamel microstructure of the fossil rodent family Eomyidae was believed to be three-layered and highly derived but rather uniform throughout the clade. Here, we describe a new four-layered schmelzmuster in Eomyidae consisting of a three-fold portio interna with longitudinal oriented, uniserial Hunter-Schreger bands and a one-fold portio externa, accounting for a unique enamel microstructure character combination in Rodentia. This new schmelzmuster type has developed early in eomyid evolution and is detectable already in the late Eocene (Chadronian) of North America. In European eomyids, it first occurs in the early Miocene (MN 3), implying that this four-layered schmelzmuster was not present in all members of the family but restricted to species included in Eomyini and some genera currently considered Eomyidae incertae sedis within Eomyidae. Additionally, our analysis recognizes three taxa with schmelzmuster divergent from all other eomyids. Incisor enamel microstructure does not advocate a close phylogenetic relationship of Eomyidae to either fossil or extant Heteromyidae and Geomyidae, nor to fossil Heliscomyidae and Florentiamyidae. Our results rather support the view that Eomyidae are placed outside Geomorpha.
|
|
| 36. |
- Kjaerandsen, Jostein
(author)
-
A revision of the Afrotropical genus Dhatrichia Mosely, 1948 (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae).
- 2004
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 33:2, s. 131-185
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Five previously described species of Dhatrichia Mosely, 1948 are recognized: D. inasa Mosely, 1948 from Yemen; D. bipunctata Statzner, 1977 from Zaire; D. lerabae (Gibon, Guenda & Coulibaly, 1994) comb. n. from Burkina Faso and Ghana; and D. cinyra Wells & Andersen, 1995 and D. divergenta Wells & Andersen, 1995 from Tanzania. A sixth species D. feredougoubae Gibon, 1987 from the Ivory Coast and Ghana is transferred to Microptila Ris, 1897 comb. n. In addition, nine new species are described and illustrated as males: D. ankasaensis sp. n., D. botiensis sp. n., D. hunukani sp. n., D. minuta sp. n., D. paraminuta sp. n. and D. wliensis sp. n. from Ghana, D. anderseni sp. n. from Tanzania, and D. madagascarensis sp. n. and D. giboni sp. n. from Madagascar. Females are associated, described and illustrated for all species, except D. inasa and D. giboni. The larvae and pupae of D. ankasaensis, D. hunukani, D. lerabae, D. minuta and D. wliensis are described and illustrated as the first known immatures of the genus. Keys to known larvae, pupae, males and females are provided. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus revealed four species groups. The most plesiomorphous taxa are West African, followed by East African and Malagasian taxa. A sister group relationship between the Eburneo–Ghanean and the Sudanian biogeographical regions is encountered twice. Among several possible sister taxa, the sister group turned out to be Kumanskiella Harris & Flint, 1992 and Microptila Ris, 1897 in part, combined. Implications for generic classification and biogeography are outlined. A morphometric principal component analysis revealed good separation of the sexes by the number and shape of antennal segments, and by eye size. Other measures are strongly dependent on overall size, and show best separation of females between species and species groups. A functional fit between male inferior appendages and secondary sexual characters in female sternite VIII is demonstrated for all species with associated females.
|
|
| 37. |
- Klinth, Mårten, 1990, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogeny and species delimitation of North European Lumbricillus (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)
- 2017
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256. ; 46:1, s. 96-110
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The enchytraeid genus Lumbricillus comprises about 80 described species of clitellate worms, which are up to a few centimetres long, and they mostly inhabit the littoral zone of nontropical marine and brackish waters world-wide. The phylogeny of this genus is poorly studied, but previous work has suggested that Lumbricillus is a non-monophyletic group. In this study, species boundaries and the phylogeny of this genus is re-assessed using more than 300 DNA-barcoded specimens (using COI mtDNA), part of which was also sequenced for two additional mitochondrial and four nuclear molecular markers. Statistical and coalescent based applications were used for the delimitation of a total of 24 species, of which 20 were identified as belonging to 17 described morphospecies; one morphospecies was found to be a complex of four delimited species, and another four delimited species could not be matched with any described species. Furthermore, gene trees, concatenation and multispecies coalescent based species trees were estimated using Bayesian inference. The estimated phylogenies confirm a non-monophyletic Lumbricillus as L. semifuscus is clearly excluded from the genus. Furthermore, the placement of a monophyletic clade consisting of L. arenarius, L. dubius, and an unidentified species varies between analyses; they are either found as the sister-group to the genus Grania or as sister-group to the remaining Lumbricillus, where the latter relationship is supported by the multispecies coalescent, which we consider as the most reliable method.
|
|
| 38. |
- Koblmuller, Stephan, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogeographic structure and gene flow in the scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis (Teleostei, Perciformes, Cichlidae) in southern Lake Tanganyika
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:3, s. 257-268
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the most fragmented habitats in freshwater lakes is the rocky littoral zone, where the already richly structured habitat is frequently interspersed with more pronounced barriers such as sandy bays, river estuaries and deep slopes. Although habitat fragmentation generally constrains the dispersal of specialized rock-dwelling species, patterns of population structure vary in sympatric taxa due to species-specific traits. In the present study, we examine the phylogeographic and population genetic structure of Perissodus microlepis, a presumptively highly mobile scale-eating cichlid fish endemic to Lake Tanganyika with a lake-wide distribution in the rocky littoral zone and no obvious geographical colour variation. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of six populations in the southern end of the lake suggests isolation by distance along rocky shoreline. Across a large muddy bay, a phylogeographic break indicates that environmental barriers restrict gene flow even in this highly mobile species. Restricted dispersal across the bay is not necessarily a consequence of an intrinsic propensity to avoid sand, but may be connected with the association between P. microlepis and other rock-dwelling fish, which the scale-eaters mimic and intermingle in order to be able to approach other fish to rip off scales from their bodies.
|
|
| 39. |
- Koehler, Joern, et al.
(author)
-
Systematics of Andean gladiator frogs of the Hypsiboas pulchellus species group (Anura, Hylidae)
- 2010
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 39:6, s. 572-590
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We revisit the taxonomic status of Andean species and populations of frogs of the Hypsiboas pulchellus group using multiple lines of evidence potentially indicative of evolutionary lineage divergence in anurans: differences in qualitative morphological or bioacoustic character states, no overlap in quantitative characters of advertisement calls, and monophyly of gene genealogies. We found qualitative and quantitative morphological characters to be extremely variable among species and populations of the group and thus of very limited use in assessing lineage divergence. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and cytochrome b sequences resolved highly supported clades that are in concordance with bioacoustic differences. The results support the specific distinctness of most nominal species recognized in the group, including the Bolivian Hypsiboas balzani and Hypsiboas callipleura, two species that were considered to be synonymous, and revealed the presence of an undescribed species from southern Peru, which is here described as Hypsiboas gladiator sp. n. In contrast, Hypsiboas andinus and Hypsiboas riojanus were mutually paraphyletic, and showed no differences in morphology and acoustic characters. Consequently, we regard the former as a junior synonym of the latter. However, we discovered that populations of H. riojanus from central Bolivia exhibit some degree of genetic differentiation and advertisement call differences with respect to Argentine populations, but sampling of these Bolivian populations is too sparse to draw taxonomic conclusions. Our phylogenetic results support the hypothesis that ancestral lineages of the Andean H. pulchellus group experienced successive splitting events along a latitudinal gradient from north to south.
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
- Kullberg, Morgan, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogenetic analysis of 1.5 Mbp and platypus EST data refute the Marsupionta hypothesis and unequivocally support Monotremata as sister group to Marsupialia/Placentalia
- 2008
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 37:2, s. 115-127
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The extant mammalian groups Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia are, according to the ‘Theria’ hypothesis, traditionally classified into two subclasses. The subclass Prototheria includes the monotremes and subclass Theria marsupials and placental mammals. Based on some morphological and molecular data, an alternative proposition, the Marsupionta hypothesis, favours a sister group relationship between monotremes and marsupials to the exclusion of placental mammals. Phylogenetic analyses of single genes and even multiple gene alignments have not yet been able to conclusively resolve this basal mammalian divergence. We have examined this problem using one data set composed of expressed sequence tags (EST) and another containing 1 510 509 nucleotide (nt) sites from 1358 inferred cDNA genomic sequences. All analyses of the concatenated sequences unambiguously supported the Theria hypothesis. The Marsupionta hypothesis was rejected with high statistical confidence from both data sets. In spite of the strong support for Theria, a non-negligible number of single genes supported either of the two alternative hypotheses. The divergence between monotremes and therian mammals was estimated to have taken place 168–178 Mya, a dating compatible with the fossil record. Considering the long common evolutionary branch of therians, it is surprising that sequence data from many thousand amino acid sites were needed to conclusively resolve their relationship to monotremes. This finding draws attention to other mammalian divergences that have been taken as unequivocally settled based on much smaller alignments. EST data provide a comprehensive random sample of protein coding sequences and an economic way to produce large amounts of data for phylogenetic analysis of species for which genomic sequences are not yet available.
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
- Kånneby, Tobias, 1981-, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems
- 2013
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 42:1, s. 88-105
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chaetonotidae is the largest family within Gastrotricha with almost 400 nominal species represented in both freshwater and marine habitats. The group is probably non-monophyletic and suffers from a troubled taxonomy. Current classification is to a great extent based on shape and distribution of cuticular structures, characters that are highly variable. We present the most densely sampled molecular study so far where 17 of the 31 genera belonging to Chaetonotida are represented. Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches based on 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA are used to reconstruct relationships within Chaetonotidae. The use of cuticular structures for supra-specific classification within the group is evaluated and the question of dispersal between marine and freshwater habitats is addressed. Moreover, the subgeneric classification of Chaetonotus is tested in a phylogenetic context. Our results show high support for a clade containing Dasydytidae nested within Chaetonotidae. Within this clade, only three genera are monophyletic following current classification. Genera containing both marine and freshwater species never form monophyletic clades and group with other species according to habitat. Marine members of Aspidiophorus appear to be the sister group of all other Chaetonotidae and Dasydytidae, indicating a marine origin of the clade. Halichaetonotus and marine Heterolepidoderma form a monophyletic group in a sister group relationship to freshwater species, pointing towards a secondary invasion of marine environments of these taxa. Our study highlights the problems of current classification based on cuticular structures, characters that show homoplasy for deeper relationships.
|
|
| 47. |
- Källersjö, M., et al.
(author)
-
Evaluation of ITS rDNA as a complement to mitochondrial gene sequences for phylogenetic studies in freshwater mussels: an example using Unionidae from north-western Europe
- 2005
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 34:4, s. 415-424
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mitochondrial inheritance in the Unionidae is complex since mitochondria can be inherited from both parents. An increased rate of recombination could lead to erroneous homology assessments, which could cause problems for phylogenetic reconstruction. For this reason we investigated the possibility of using a nuclear marker, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, for phylogenetic studies in the Unionidae, as a complement and comparison to two of the most widely used mitochondrial genes today. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) was sequenced from 72 specimens representing six of the seven species of Unionidae mussels occurring in NW Europe: Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, U. crassus, Anodonta anatina, A. cygnea and Pseudanodonta complanata. Sequences from Margaritifera margaritifera were used as an outgroup. The ITS sequences of all species were found to have low intragenomic and infraspecific variation. Compared to mitochondrial genes (16S and COI) they show an intermediate genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses produce tree topologies that are congruent with those resulting from analyses of the mitochondrial sequences. Likewise, an incongruence length difference (ILD) test showed no significant incongruence between data sets, indicating that if recombination has occurred it has not produced any conflicting patterns. Best-resolved and supported trees are obtained when gaps are treated as a fifth character state. A combined analysis of the three gene regions shows that Unio crassus and U. pictorum are more closely related than either to U. tumidus. Pseudanodonta is nested within Anodonta as sister taxon to A. cygnea. Advice on how to best preserve mussel material for DNA studies is provided.
|
|
| 48. |
- Liao, Te-Yu, et al.
(author)
-
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Rasbora (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
- 2010
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 39:2, s. 155-176
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A phylogenetic analysis was conducted based on 35 cyprinid taxa, including 29 species of Rasbora, and 41 morphological characters. A strict consensus tree from four equally parsimonious trees recovered rasborins as a monophyletic group characterized by (i) presence of dark supra-anal pigment and subpeduncular streak, (ii) 5–6 branched anal-fin rays, (iii) dorsal-fin insertion 1–3 scales behind pelvic-fin insertion, (iv) lateral process of second vertebra more or less straight, (v) 1–5 more abdominal than caudal vertebrae, (vi) absence of foramen in anterior wall of horizontal limb of the cleithrum, (vii) presence of rasborin process on epibranchial 4, and (viii) interhyal well ossified. Rasbora sensu stricto can be distinguished from all other rasborin genera by the presence of an opercular canal. Four new genera, viz. Brevibora, n. gen., Kottelatia, n, gen., Rasbosoma, n. gen. and Trigonopoma, n. gen., are recognized and described.
|
|
| 49. |
- Lindqvist, Charlotte, et al.
(author)
-
The Laptev Sea walrus Odobenus rosmarus laptevi: an enigma revisited
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:2, s. 113-127
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) is in some current systematic schemes divided into three subspecies: O. r. rosmarus in the North Atlantic, O. r. divergens in the North Pacific and O. r. laptevi in the Laptev Sea. These three subspecies have been described as differing in body size, but the taxonomic status of O. r. laptevi is disputed. The current study applies molecular and morphometric methods to assess the taxonomic status of O. r. laptevi and to analyse the systematic and phylogeographic relationships between the three purported walrus subspecies. Tusk length and tusk circumference were measured from the few skulls available of O. r. laptevi, and the obtained values were within the ranges reported for Pacific walruses. Thus, morphologically, subspecies status for O. r. laptevi is not supported according to the Amadon Mayr '75% rule'. Phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networks based on mitochondrial nucleotide sequence data of NADH dehydrogenase 1, 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I and the D-loop of the control region of the historic O. r. laptevi bone material and contemporary O. r. rosmarus and O. r. divergens showed that the Laptev Sea walrus groups with individuals from the North Pacific. Thus, the mitochondrial sequence data do not support the recognition of three walrus subspecies as reciprocally monophyletic evolutionary units with independent evolutionary histories. Only O. r. rosmarus and O. r. divergens meet this criterion with the present sampling. Accordingly, we recommend that Odobenus r. laptevi be abandoned and the Laptev walrus instead be recognized as the westernmost population of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus r. divergens. However, further research is recommended to assess whether the Laptev walrus could be considered as a significant unit in terms of conservation and management, since it is unique in several ecological parameters.
|
|
| 50. |
- Martin, P., et al.
(author)
-
Integrative species delimitation and phylogeny of the branchiate worm Branchiodrilus (Clitellata, Naididae)
- 2018
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256. ; 47:6, s. 727-742
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The clitellate branchiate genus Branchiodrilus presently includes three nominal species with a mainly tropical distribution. A recent molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Naidinae suggested that species complexes may occur within the genus. In order to delimit species, we studied a total of 91 Branchiodrilus specimens collected in Asia, Africa and Europe; the genus is introduced in the latter area. We used an integrative approach, where genetic data were analysed for 42 specimens (single-locus and multiple-locus methods) and then compared with patterns shown by morphology. Ten Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units could be identified within Branchiodrilus, potentially representing 10 different species. Most of the delimited species are genetically well separated. In contrast, morphological scrutiny identified only three non-overlapping clusters of specimens, one of them grouping all specimens from the Palaearctic region and belonging to the same species. Other morphological groups are mostly consistent with the biogeographic distribution of species. The Oriental region harbours six species and might be the centre of origin from which Branchiodrilus species have dispersed and radiated. Two other species are present in the Afrotropical region, among them B.cleistochaeta newly obtained from the type locality and genetically characterized, but the presence of B.hortensis in Africa is queried. The taxonomic relevance of the morphological criteria traditionally used to distinguish nominal species is useless at the species level. B.hortensis and B.semperi are now considered as species inquirenda. To document the genital organs of species remains highly desirable, although hardly practicable for this species complex with a primarily asexual reproductive mode.
|
|
