| 1. |
- Beiras, R., et al.
(författare)
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Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 360, s. 452-460
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Toxicity of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) of size ranges similar to their natural food to zooplanktonic organisms representative of the main taxa present in marine plankton, including rotifers, copepods, bivalves, echinoderms and fish, was evaluated. Early life stages (ELS) were prioritized as testing models in order to maximize sensitivity. Treatments included particles spiked with benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a hydrophobic organic chemical used in cosmetics with direct input in coastal areas. Despite documented ingestion of both virgin and BP-3 spiked microplastics no acute toxicity was found at loads orders of magnitude above environmentally relevant concentrations on any of the invertebrate models. In fish tests some effects, including premature or reduced hatching, were observed after 12 d exposure at 10 mg L-1 of BP-3 spiked PE-MP. The results obtained do not support environmentally relevant risk of microplastics on marine zooplankton. Similar approaches testing more hydrophobic chemicals with higher acute toxicity are needed before these conclusions could be extended to other organic pollutants common in marine ecosystems. Therefore, the replacement of these polymers in consumer products must be carefully considered.
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| 2. |
- Blum, Kristin M., 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Comprehensive assessment of organic contaminant removal from on-site sewage treatment facility effluent by char-fortified filter beds
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 361, s. 111-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The removal of organic contaminants from wastewater using cost-efficient and easily accessible methods have been increasingly studied in recent years. Most studies have focused on municipal sewage treatment plants; however, our study investigated treatment with char-fortified filter beds for on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs). OSSFs are commonly used in rural and semi-urban areas all over the world to treat wastewater to reduce eutrophication and water-related diseases. To screen for a wide range of organic contaminants in order to improve the understanding of wastewater treatment efficiency and molecular properties, samples were taken from an OSSF field study site that used three filter types: sand, char-fortified sand, and char-fortified gas concrete. First, we screened for organic contaminants with state-of-the-art gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based targeted and untargeted analysis and then we developed quantitative structure-property relationship models to find the key molecular features responsible for the removal of organic contaminants. We identified 74 compounds, of which 24 were confirmed with reference standards. Amongst these 74 compounds were plasticizers, UV stabilizers, fragrances, pesticides, surfactant and polymer impurities, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, and many biogenic compounds. Sand filters that are sometimes used as a last treatment step in OSSFs can remove hydrophobic contaminants. The addition of biochar significantly increases the removal of these and a few hydrophilic compounds (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, α = 0.05). Gas concrete did not appear to be suitable for the removal of organic contaminants. This study showed that, besides hydrophobic effects, biodegradation is the most important removal pathway in long-term field applications. However, further improvements are necessary to remove very hydrophilic contaminants as they were not removed with sand and biochar-fortified sand.
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| 3. |
- Cederlund, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Hot foam for weed control-Do alkyl polyglucoside surfactants used as foaming agents affect the mobility of organic contaminants in soil?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 314, s. 312-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) as a foaming agent during hot water weed control may influence the environmental fate of organic contaminants in soil. We studied the effects of the APG-based foaming agent NCC Spuma (C8-C10) on leaching of diuron, glyphosate, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sand columns. We also examined how APG concentration affected the apparent water solubility and adsorption of the herbicides and of the PAHs acenaphthene, acenaphthylene and fluorene. Application of APGs at the recommended concentration of 0.3% did not significantly affect leaching of any of the compounds studied. However, at a concentration of 1.5%, leaching of both diuron and glyphosate was significantly increased. The increased leaching corresponded to an increase in apparent water solubility of diuron and a decrease in glyphosate adsorption to the sand. However, APG addition did not significantly affect the mobility of PAHs even though their apparent water solubility was increased. These results suggest that application of APG-based foam during hot water weed control does not significantly affect the mobility of organic contaminants in soil if used according to recommendations. Moreover, they suggest that APGs could be useful for soil bioremediation purposes if higher concentrations are used.
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| 4. |
- Chen, Song, et al.
(författare)
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Incorporation of strontium and europium in crystals of α-calcium isosaccharinate
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 364, s. 309-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The final repository for short-lived, low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Sweden is built to act as a passive repository. Already within a few years after closure water will penetrate the repository and conditions of high alkalinity (pH 10.5―13.5) and low temperature (< 7 °C) will prevail. The mobility of radionuclides in the repository is dependent on the radionuclides distribution between solid and liquid phases. In the present work the incorporation of strontium (II) and europium (III) in α-calcium isosaccharinate (ISA) under alkaline conditions (pH ~10) at 5 °C and 50 °C have been studied. The results show that strontium and europium are incorporated into α-Ca(ISA)2 when crystallized both at 5 °C and 50 °C. Europium is incorporated to a greater extent than strontium. The highest incorporation of europium and strontium at 5 °C rendered the phase compositions Ca0.986Eu0.014(ISA)2 (2.4% of Eu(ISA)3 by mass) and Ca0.98Sr0.02(ISA)2 (2.2% of Sr(ISA)2 by mass). XPS spectra show that both trivalent and divalent Eu coexist in the Eu incorporated samples. Strontium ions were found to retard the elongated growth of the Ca(ISA)2crystals. The incorporation of Sr2+ and Eu3+ into the solid phase of Ca(ISA)2 is expected to contribute to a decreased mobility of these ions in the repository.
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| 5. |
- Diesen, Veronica, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of cellulose degradation products on the mobility of Eu(III) in repositories for low and intermediate level radioactive waste
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 340, s. 384-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The deep repository for low and intermediate level radioactive waste SFR in Sweden will contain large amounts of cellulosic waste materials contaminated with radionuclides. Over time the repository will be filled with water and alkaline conditions will prevail. In the present study degradation of cellulosic materials and the ability of cellulosic degradation products to solubilize and thereby mobilise Eu(III) under repository conditions has been investigated. Further, the possible immobilization of Eu(III) by sorption onto cement in the presence of degradation products has been investigated. The cellulosic material has been degraded under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in alkaline media (pH: 12.5) at ambient temperature. The degradation was followed by measuring the total organic carbon (TOC) content in the aqueous phase as a function of time. After 173 days of degradation the TOC content is highest in the anaerobic artificial cement pore water (1547 mg/L). The degradation products are capable of solubilising Eu(III) and the total europium concentration in the aqueous phase was 900 μmol/L after 498 h contact time under anaerobic conditions. Further it is shown that Eu(III) is adsorbed to the hydrated cement to a low extent (<9 μmol Eu/g of cement) in the presence of degradation products.
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| 6. |
- Gobelius, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Calibration and application of passive sampling for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a drinking water treatment plant
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 362, s. 230-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to calibrate and apply polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) to examine 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). As a first step, the sampling rates (R-s) of 14 PFASs were determined in a laboratory calibration study for POCIS-WAX (weak-anion exchange) and POCIS-HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) (each with a surface area per mass of sorbent ratio of 227 cm(2) g(-1)). While most PFASs were still in the linear uptake phase during the 28-day calibration study, R-s ranged from 0.003 to 0.10 L d(-1) for POCIS-WAX and 0.00052 to 0.13 for POCIS-HLB. It is important to note that POCIS-WAX had higher R-s, for short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with a perfluorocarbon chain length of C3-C6 and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) compared with POCIS-HLB. Furthermore, R-s was significantly positively correlated with the sorbent-water partition coefficient (K-pw) for POCIS-WAX and POCIS-HLB (p < 0.0001). Use of POCIS-WAX and POCIS-HLB in the DWTP showed good agreement with composite water sampling. No removal of PFASs was observed in the full-scale DWTP. Overall, this is the first study of PFAS monitoring in a DWTP using two types of POCIS. The results demonstrate high suitability for future applications.
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| 7. |
- Gros Calvo, Meritxell, et al.
(författare)
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Screening and prioritization of micropollutants in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 328, s. 37-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comprehensive screening of micropollutants was performed in wastewaters from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) and urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sweden. A suspect screening approach, using high resolution mass spectrometry, was developed and used in combination with target analysis. With this strategy, a total number of 79 micropollutants were successfully identified, which belong to the groups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pesticides, phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results from this screening indicate that concentrations of micropollutants are similar in influents and effluents of OSSFs and WWTPs, respectively. Removal efficiencies of micropollutants were assessed in the OSSFs and compared with those observed in WWTPs. In general, removal of PFASs and PFRs was higher in package treatment OSSFs, which are based on biological treatments, while removal of PPCPs was more efficient in soil bed OSSFs. A novel comprehensive prioritization strategy was then developed to identify OSSF specific chemicals of environmental relevance. The strategy was based on the compound concentrations in the wastewater, removal efficiency, frequency of detection in OSSFs and on in silico based data for toxicity, persistency and bioaccumulation potential.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Henriques, Bruno, et al.
(författare)
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Optimized graphene oxide foam with enhanced performance and high selectivity for mercury removal from water
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 301, s. 453-461
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work explores the preparation of three-dimensional graphene oxide macroscopic structures, shaped by self-assembling single graphene oxide (3DGO) sheets with control of its surface chemistry by combining with nitrogen functional groups (3DGON), or with nitrogen and sulphur functional groups (3DGOSN), and their application in the removal of mercury (Hg(II)) from aqueous solutions. The chemical structure of the materials was assessed by using different characterization techniques: SEM, XPS and BET. Adsorption studies conducted in Hg(II) contaminated ultra-pure water reveal the enhanced ability of 3DGON for the adsorption of this metal, when compared to the other GO foams. A small dose of 3DGON (10 mg L−1) allows to remove up to 96% of Hg(II) after 24 h of contact time, leading to a residual concentration in solution close to the guideline value for drinking water (1 μg L−1). The ability of this material to adsorb Hg (II) was evaluated relatively to different experimental parameters such as pH, sorbent dose, time and effect on different competing metal ions. Real application was also evaluated by testing its performance in two different natural matrices, river and sea water, with very promising results.
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| 11. |
- Henych, Jiri, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical warfare agent simulant DMMP reactive adsorption on TiO2/graphene oxide composites prepared via titanium peroxo-complex or urea precipitation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 359, s. 482-490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two water-based methods were used to produce TiO2/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with 1 and 2 wt.% GO. Both procedures exclude the use of organometallic precursors, as well as the high-pressure and high-temperature treatments, which facilitate pure and energy efficient synthesis amenable for larger scale synthesis. Nanocomposites with narrow (< 10 nm) and long spindle-like (< 100 nm) TiO2 nanoparticles supported on GO flakes were obtained (TiO2/GO), and their properties for reactive destruction of the organophosphorus simile chemical warfare agent (CWA) dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) were investigated by in situ DRIFTS spectroscopy. Both synthesis procedures yielded highly reactive nanocomposites with markedly different properties compared to similarly prepared pure TiO2 nanoparticles. GO also induced morphology and texture changes, which were observed to have a significant impact on the adsorption and reactivity of the nano composites, and which were strongly related to synthesis procedure. In particular, the reduction state of GO, as measured by Raman spectroscopy, was observed to play a major role for the reactivity of the TiO2/GO nano composites.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Kozyatnyk, Ivan, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Fractionation and size-distribution of metal and metalloid contaminants in a polluted groundwater rich in dissolved organic matter
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 318, s. 194-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the concentration levels, fractionation and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Ba, Hg and Pb) in a polluted groundwater from an industrial area in Northern Sweden. DOM was mainly recovered in the hydrophobic acidic and hydrophobic neutral sub-fractions (45 and 35%, respectively) while most metals were found in the acidic sub-fractions (46–93%) except for V, Fe and As, which were predominant in the basic sub-fractions (74–93%) and Cd in the neutral ones (50%). DOM exhibited a broad MWD in groundwaters, usually from 5 to 200 kDa and was dominated by high molecular weight hydrophobic acids, low molecular weight hydrophilic acids and hydrophilic neutral compounds. Most of the studied metals (Fe, Cr, Co, Sn, Ba, Hg) were associated with the high molecular weight DOM fraction (ca. 40–100 kDa). Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Ni interacted with a broad range of DOM size fractions but were still most abundant in the high molecular weight fraction. Few metal/metalloids (As, V and Cr in some cases) presented a very weak affinity for DOM and presumably existed predominantly as “free” inorganic ions in solution.
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| 14. |
- Lagerström, Maria, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of commercial and recreational vessels coated with banned organotin paint through screening of tin by portable XRF
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 362, s. 107-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most effective biocide used historically in antifouling paints is tributyltin (TBT). However, due to its extreme toxicity to non-target organisms and its persistence in the environment, the use of TBT and other organotin compounds (OTCs) was restricted in EU on leisure boats and ships in 1989 and 2003, respectively. Nevertheless, studies worldwide still report TBT to be released from both ships and leisure boats. Here, we present a new application for a field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) used for screening for organotin paint through measurements of tin (Sn) on leisure boats and ships. Measurements on ships built after the restrictions showed concentrations of up to 68 μg Sn/cm2, likely due to impurities of inorganic Sn, as shown through chemical analysis of 21 organotin-free paints. A threshold value of 100 μg Sn/cm2is suggested, where exceedance indicates presence of OTCs. Screening with the XRF method showed 10% of the commercial vessels (n = 30) and 23–29% of leisure boats (n = 693, investigated in this and in a previous study) to hold concentrations exceeding 100 μg Sn/cm2. The XRF technique presented here provides a useful tool for quick screening and identification of vessels holding banned organotin paint.
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| 15. |
- Larsson, Maja, et al.
(författare)
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Vanadium bioavailability in soils amended with blast furnace slag
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 296, s. 158-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blast furnace (BF) slags are commonly applied as soil amendments and in road fill material. In Sweden they are also naturally high in vanadium. The aim of this study was to assess the vanadium bioavailability in BF slags when applied to soil. Two soils were amended with up to 29% BF slag (containing 800mgVkg-1) and equilibrated outdoors for 10 months before conducting a barley shoot growth assay. Additional soil samples were spiked with dissolved vanadate(V) for which assays were conducted two weeks (freshly spiked) and 10 months (aged) after spiking. The BF slag vanadium was dominated by vanadium(III) as shown by V K-edge XANES spectroscopy. In contrast, results obtained by HPLC-ICP-MS showed that vanadium(V), the most toxic vanadium species, was predominant in the soil solution. Barley shoot growth was not affected by the BF slag additions. This was likely due to limited dissolution of vanadium from the BF slag, preventing an increase of dissolved vanadium above toxic thresholds. The difference in vanadium bioavailability among treatments was explained by the vanadium concentration in the soil solution. It was concluded that the vanadium in BF slag is sparingly available. These findings should be of importance in environmental risk assessment.
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| 16. |
- Li, Xiangyang, et al.
(författare)
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Sub-lethal concentrations of heavy metals induce antibiotic resistance via mutagenesis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894. ; 369, s. 9-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that heavy metals facilitate the spread of bacterial drug-resistance in the environment. However, the actions and mechanisms of metals at relatively low sub-lethal levels (far below the minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC]) on antibiotic resistance remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of sub-lethal levels of heavy metals [Ag(I), Zn(II), and Cu(II)] on antibiotic resistance and explored the underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that sub-lethal levels of metal ions increased the mutation rates and enriched de novo mutants that exhibited significant resistance to multiple antibiotics. The resistant mutants exhibited hereditary resistance after 5-day of sub-culture. Whole-genome analysis revealed distinct mutations in genes involved in multiple drug and drug-specific resistance, as well as genes that are not associated with antibiotic resistance to data. The number and identities of genetic changes were distinct for mutants induced by different metals. This study provides evidence and mechanistic insights into the induction of antibiotic resistance by sub-lethal concentrations of heavy metals, which may enhance the emergence of antibiotic resistance in various environments. More consideration and regulations should be given to this potential health risk for long-standing and harmful heavy metals.
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| 17. |
- Lindroos, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Continuous removal of the model pharmaceutical chloroquine from water using melanin-covered Escherichia coli in a membrane bioreactor
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 365, s. 74-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental release and accumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products is a global concern in view of increased awareness of ecotoxicological effects. Adsorbent properties make the biopolymer melanin an interesting alternative to remove micropollutants from water. Recently, tyrosinase-surface-displaying Escherichia coli was shown to be an interesting self-replicating production system for melanin-covered cells for batch-wise absorption of the model pharmaceutical chloroquine. This work explores the suitability of these melanin-covered E. coli for the continuous removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater. A continuous-flow membrane bioreactor containing melanized E. coli cells was used for adsorption of chloroquine from the influent until saturation and subsequent regeneration. At a low loading of cells (10 g/L) and high influent concentration of chloroquine (0.1 mM), chloroquine adsorbed until saturation after 26 +/- 2 treated reactor volumes (39 +/- 3 L). The average effluent concentration during the first 20 h was 0.0018 mM, corresponding to 98.2% removal. Up to 140 +/- 6 mg chloroquine bound per gram of cells following mixed homo- and heterogeneous adsorption kinetics. In situ low pH regeneration released all chloroquine without apparent capacity loss over three consecutive cycles. This shows the potential of melanized cells for treatment of conventional wastewater or highly concentrated upstream sources such as hospitals or manufacturing sites.
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| 18. |
- Liu, Peng, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanically robust high flux graphene oxide - nanocellulose membranes for dye removal from water
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 371, s. 484-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) layer was fabricated on cellulose nanofiber (CNF) membrane to achieve robust crosslinker free layered membrane with synergistic water flux and separation performance. Unlike pristine cellulosic or GO membranes, GO-CNF hybrid membranes exhibited significantly improved mechanical stability in both dry and wet states. All membranes showed negative surface zeta potential. GO: CNF membrane (1:100) exhibited significantly high water flux (18,123 +/- 574 Lm(-2) h(-1) bar(-1)); higher than that of CNF membrane or the hydrophilic commercial reference membrane with comparable pore structure (Nylon 66, 0.2 mu m). We hypothyse that a unique surface structure of standing inserted GO nanosheets observed at low concentrations of GO contributes enormously to its ultrafast water permeability through creation of numerous water transport nanochannels. The aniosptropic layered membranes exhibited > 90% rejection of positively and negatively charged dyes through a combination of electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interactions and molecular size exclusion. Construction of an ultrathin GO layer on CNF offers a unique and efficient way to prepare highly functional, economical and scalable water purification membranes having significant advantage with respect to flux, mechanical stability and rejection of dyes compared to isotropic membrane with GO nanosheets randomly dispersed in the cellulose nanofibrous network.
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| 19. |
- Liu, Peng, et al.
(författare)
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Nanocelluloses and their phosphorylated derivatives for selective adsorption of Ag+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ from industrial effluents
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 294, s. 177-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential of nanoscaled cellulose and enzymatically phosphorylated derivatives as bio-adsorbents to remove metal ions (Ag+, Cu2+ and Fe3+) from model water and industrial effluents is demonstrated. Introduction of phosphate groups onto nanocelluloses significantly improved the metal sorption velocity and sorption capacity. The removal efficiency was considered to be driven by the high surface area of these nanomaterials as well as the nature and density of functional groups on the nanocellulose surface. Generally, in the solutions containing only single types of metal ions, the metal ion selectivity was in the order Ag+ > Cu2+ > Fe3+, while in the case of mixtures of ions, the order changed to Ag+ > Fe3+ > Cu2+, irrespective of the surface functionality of the nanocellulose. In the case of industrial effluent from the mirror making industry, 99% removal of Cu2+ and Fe3+ by phosphorylated nanocellulose was observed. The study showed that phosphorylated nanocelluloses are highly efficient biomaterials for scavenging multiple metal ions, simultaneously, from industrial effluents.
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| 20. |
- Lovreglio, Ruggiero, et al.
(författare)
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A dynamic approach for the impact of a toxic gas dispersion hazard considering human behaviour and dispersion modelling
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894. ; 318, s. 758-771
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The release of toxic gases due to natural/industrial accidents or terrorist attacks in populated areas can have tragic consequences. To prevent and evaluate the effects of these disasters different approaches and modelling tools have been introduced in the literature. These instruments are valuable tools for risk managers doing risk assessment of threatened areas. Despite the significant improvements in hazard assessment in case of toxic gas dispersion, these analyses do not generally include the impact of human behaviour and people movement during emergencies. This work aims at providing an approach which considers both modelling of gas dispersion and evacuation movement in order to improve the accuracy of risk assessment for disasters involving toxic gases. The approach is applied to a hypothetical scenario including a ship releasing Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) on a crowd attending a music festival. The difference between the results obtained with existing static methods (people do not move) and a dynamic approach (people move away from the danger) which considers people movement with different degrees of sophistication (either a simple linear path or more complex behavioural modelling) is discussed.
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| 21. |
- Mei, Nanxuan, et al.
(författare)
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Size-separated particle fractions of stainless steel welding fume particles – A multi-analytical characterization focusing on surface oxide speciation and release of hexavalent chromium
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 342, s. 527-535
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Welding fume of stainless steels is potentially health hazardous. The aim of this study was to investigate the manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) speciation of welding fume particles and their extent of metal release relevant for an inhalation scenario, as a function of particle size, welding method (manual metal arc welding, metal arc welding using an active shielding gas), different electrodes (solid wires and flux-cored wires) and shielding gases, and base alloy (austenitic AISI 304L and duplex stainless steel LDX2101). Metal release investigations were performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.3, 37°, 24 h. The particles were characterized by means of microscopic, spectroscopic, and electroanalytical methods. Cr was predominantly released from particles of the welding fume when exposed in PBS [3–96% of the total amount of Cr, of which up to 70% as Cr(VI)], followed by Mn, nickel, and iron. Duplex stainless steel welded with a flux-cored wire generated a welding fume that released most Cr(VI). Nano-sized particles released a significantly higher amount of nickel compared with micron-sized particle fractions. The welding fume did not contain any solitary known chromate compounds, but multi-elemental highly oxidized oxide(s) (iron, Cr, and Mn, possibly bismuth and silicon).
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| 22. |
- Nguyen Van, Toan, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication of highly sensitive and selective H2 gas sensor based on SnO2 thin film sensitized with microsized Pd islands
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 301, s. 433-442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrasensitive and selective hydrogen gas sensor is vital component in safe use of hydrogen that requires a detection and alarm of leakage. Herein, we fabricated a H2 sensing devices by adopting a simple design of planar–type structure sensor in which the heater, electrode, and sensing layer were patterned on the front side of a silicon wafer. The SnO2 thin film–based sensors that were sensitized with microsized Pd islands were fabricated at a wafer–scale by using a sputtering system combined with micro–electronic techniques. The thicknesses of SnO2 thin film and microsized Pd islands were optimized to maximize the sensing performance of the devices. The optimized sensor could be used for monitoring hydrogen gas at low concentrations of 25–250 ppm, with a linear dependence to H2 concentration and a fast response and recovery time. The sensor also showed excellent selectivity for monitoring H2 among other gases, such as CO, NH3, and LPG, and satisfactory characteristics for ensuring safety in handling hydrogen. The hydrogen sensing characteristics of the sensors sensitized with Pt and Au islands were also studied to clarify the sensing mechanisms.
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| 23. |
- Ni, Gaofeng, et al.
(författare)
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Haloalkaliphilic microorganisms assist sulfide removal in a microbial electrolysis cell
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 363, s. 197-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several industrial processes produce toxic sulfide containing streams that are often scrubbed using caustic solutions. An alternative, cost effective sulfidetreatment method is bioelectrochemical sulfide removal. For the first time, a haloalkaliphilic sulfide-oxidizing microbial consortium was introduced to the anodic chamber of a microbial electrolysis cell operated at alkaline pH and with 1.0 M sodium ions. Under anode potential control, the highest sulfideremoval rate was 2.16 mM/day and chemical analysis supported that the electrical current generation was from the sulfide oxidation. Biotic operation produced a maximum current density of 3625 mA/m(2) compared to 210 mA/m2 while under abiotic operation. Furthermore, biotic electrical production was maintained for a longer period than for abiotic operation, potentially due to the passivation of the electrode by elemental sulfur during abiotic operation. The use of microorganisms reduced the energy input in this study compared to published electrochemical sulfide removal technologies. Sulfide-oxidizing populations dominated both the planktonic and electrode-attached communities with 16S rRNA gene sequences aligning within the genera Thioctikalivibrio, Thioalkaihnicrobium, and Desulfurivibrio. The dominance of the Desulfurivibrio-like population on the anode surface offered evidence for the first haloalkaliphilic bacterium able to couple electrons from sulfide oxidation to extracellular electron transfer to the anode.
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| 24. |
- Okkenhaug, Gudny, et al.
(författare)
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Antimony (Sb) and lead (Pb) in contaminated shooting range soils : Sb and Pb mobility and immobilization by iron based sorbents, a field study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 307, s. 336-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-arm shooting ranges often receive a significant input of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and antimony (Sb) from ammunition. The goal of the present study was to investigate the mobility, distribution and speciation of Pb and Sb pollution under field conditions in both untreated and sorbent-amended shooting range soil. Elevated Sb (19-349 mu g L-1) and Pb (7-1495 mu g Pb L-1) concentrations in the porewater of untreated soil over the four-year test period indicated a long-term Sb and Pb source to the adjacent environment in the absence of remedial measures. Mixing ferric oxyhydroxide powder (CFH-12) (2%) together with limestone (1%) into the soil resulted in an average decrease of Sb and Pb porewater concentrations of 66% and 97%, respectively. A similar reduction was achieved by adding 2% zerovalent iron (Fe) to the soil. The remediation effect was stable over the four-year experimental period indicating no remobilization. Water- and 1 M NH4NO3-extractable levels of Sb and Pb in field soil samples indicated significant immobilization by both treatments (89-90% for Sb and 89-99% for Pb). Results from sequential extraction analysis indicate fixation of Sb and Pb in less accessible fractions like amorphous iron oxides or even more crystalline and residual mineral phases, respectively. This work shows that amendment with Fe-based sorbents can be an effective method to reduce the mobility of metals both in cationic and anionic form in polluted shooting range soil.
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| 25. |
- Patel, Alok, Dr. 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Biodegradation of phenol via meta cleavage pathway triggers de novo TAG biosynthesis pathway in oleaginous yeast.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 340, s. 47-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phenol is reported to be one of the most toxic environmental pollutants present in the discharge of various industrial effluents causing a serious threat to the existing biome. Biodegradation of phenol by oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae HIMPA1 was found to degrade 1000mg/l phenol. The pathways for phenol degradation by both ortho and meta-cleavage were proposed by the identification of metabolites and enzymatic assays of ring cleavage enzymes in the cell extracts. Results suggest that this oleaginous yeast degrade phenol via meta-cleavage pathway and accumulates a high quantity of lipid content (64.92%; wt/wt) as compared to control glucose synthetic medium (GSM). Meta-cleavage pathway of phenol degradation leads to formation of pyruvate and acetaldehyde. Both these end products feed as precursors for de novo triacylglycerols (TAG) biosynthesis pathway which causes accumulation of TAG in the lipid droplets (LD) of 6.12±0.78μm grown on phenol while 2.38±0.52μm observed on GSM. This was confirmed by fluorescence microscopic images of BODIPY505-515nm stained live yeast cells. GC-MS analysis of extracted total lipid showed enhanced amount of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) which was as 51.87%, 58.33% and 62.98% in presence of 0.5, 0.75 and 1g/l of phenol.
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| 26. |
- Punzi, Marisa, et al.
(författare)
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Combined anaerobic-ozonation process for treatment of textile wastewater : Removal of acute toxicity and mutagenicity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 292, s. 52-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel set up composed of an anaerobic biofilm reactor followed by ozonation was used for treatment of artificial and real textile effluents containing azo dyes. The biological treatment efficiently removed chemical oxygen demand and color. Ozonation further reduced the organic content of the effluents and was very important for the degradation of aromatic compounds, as shown by the reduction of UV absorbance. The acute toxicity toward Vibrio fischeri and the shrimp Artemia salina increased after the biological treatment. No toxicity was detected after ozonation with the exception of the synthetic effluent containing the highest concentration, 1. g/l, of the azo dye Remazol Red. Both untreated and biologically treated textile effluents were found to have mutagenic effects. The mutagenicity increased even further after 1. min of ozonation. No mutagenicity was however detected in the effluents subjected to longer exposure to ozone. The results of this study suggest that the use of ozonation as short post-treatment after a biological process can be beneficial for the degradation of recalcitrant compounds and the removal of toxicity of textile wastewater. However, monitoring of toxicity and especially mutagenicity is crucial and should always be used to assess the success of a treatment strategy. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
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| 27. |
- Qian, Yan, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification for total demethylation potential of environmental samples utilizing the EGFP reporter gene
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 306, s. 278-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract The demethylation potential of pollutants is arguably an innate component of their toxicity in environmental samples. A method was developed for determining the total demethylation potential of food samples (TDQ). The demethylation epigenetic toxicity was determined using the Hep G2 cell line transfected with pEGFP-C3 plasmids containing a methylated promoter of the EGFP reporter gene. The total demethylation potential of the sample extracts (the 5-AZA-CdR demethylation toxic equivalency) can be quantified within one week by using a standard curve of the 5-AZA-CdR demethylation agent. To explore the applicability of TDQ for environmental samples, 17 groundwater samples were collected from heavy polluted Kuihe river and the total demethylation potentials of the sample extracts were measured successfully. Meaningful demethylation toxic equivalencies ranging from 0.00050 to 0.01747 μM were found in all groundwater sample extracts. Among 19 kinds of inorganic substance, As and Cd played important roles for individual contribution to the total demethylation epigenetic toxicity. The TDQ assay is reliable and fast for quantifying the DNA demethylation potential of environmental sample extracts, which may improve epigenetic toxicity evaluations for human risk assessment, and the consistent consuming of groundwater alongside the Kuihe river pose unexpected epigenetic health risk to the local residents.
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| 28. |
- Shakeri Yekta, Sepehr, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Speciation of Sulfur and Metals in Biogas Reactors - Implications for Cobalt and Nickel Bio-uptake Processes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 324, s. 110-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article deals with the interrelationship between overall chemical speciation of S, Fe, Co, and Ni in relation to metals bio-uptake processes in continuous stirred tank biogas reactors (CSTBR). To address this topic, laboratory CSTBRs digesting sulfur(S)-rich stillage, as well as full-scale CSTBRs treating sewage sludge and various combinations of organic wastes, termed co-digestion, were targeted. Sulfur speciation was evaluated using acid volatile sulfide extraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Metal speciation was evaluated by chemical fractionation, kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Relative Fe to S content is identified as a critical factor for chemical speciation and bio-uptake of metals. In reactors treating sewage sludge, quantity of Fe exceeds that of S, inducing Fe-dominated conditions, while sulfide dominates in laboratory and co-digestion reactors due to an excess of S over Fe. Under sulfide-dominated conditions, metals availability for microorganisms is restricted due to formation of metal-sulfide precipitates. However, aqueous concentrations of different Co and Ni species were shown to be sufficient to support metal acquisition by microorganisms under sulfidic conditions. Concentrations of free metal ions and labile metal complexes in aqueous phase, which directly participate in bio-uptake processes, are higher under Fe-dominated conditions. This in turn enhances metal adsorption on cell surfaces and bio-uptake rates.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Sun, Zhendong, et al.
(författare)
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Butylated hydroxyanisole isomers induce distinct adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) isomers, as the widely used anthropogenic antioxidants in food, have been revealed to induce endocrine disrupting effects, while the mechanism how BHA isomers regulate the lipogenic differentiation remains to be elucidated. Using 3T3-L1 differentiation model, the effects of BHA isomers, including 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) and their mixture (BHA), on adipogenesis were tested. The results showed that 3-BHA and BHA promoted adipocyte differentiation and enhanced the cellular lipid accumulation through the regulation of the transcriptional and protein levels of the adipogenetic biomarkers, while 2-BHA had no effect. The effective window for 3-BHA induced lipogenesis was the first four days during 3T3-L1 differentiation. BHA isomers showed no binding affinities for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). Instead, the upstream of PPAR gamma signaling pathway, i.e. the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), upregulation of CAAT/enhancer-binding proteins beta (C/EBP beta) and elevated cell proliferation during postconfluent mitosis stage were induced by 3-BHA exposure. Altogether, this study revealed the adipogenic effect of 3-BHA through interference with the upstream events of the PPAR gamma signaling pathway. The authorized usage of BHA as food additives and its occurrence in human sera can potentially contribute to the incidence of obesity, which is of high concern.
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| 32. |
- Suresh, Prashanth, et al.
(författare)
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Arsenic adsorption by iron-aluminium hydroxide coated onto macroporous supports : Insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy and comparison with granular ferric hydroxides
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 302, s. 166-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper evaluates the arsenic adsorption characteristics of a macroporous polymer coated with coprecipitated iron-aluminium hydroxides (MHCMP). The MHCMP adsorbent-composite fits best with a pseudo-second order model for As(III) and a pseudo-first order kinetic model for As(V). The MHCMP shows a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.3 and 49.6 mgAs/g adsorbent for As(III) and As(V) ions respectively, and adsorption followed the Langmuir model. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure showed that binding of As(III) ions were confirmed to take place on the iron hydroxides coated on the MHCMP, whereas for As(V) ions the binding specificity could not be attributed to one particular metal hydroxide. As(III) formed a bidentate mononuclear complex with Fe sites, whereas As(V) indicated on a bidentate binuclear complex with Al sites or monodentate with Fe sites on the adsorbent. The column experiments were run in a well water spiked with a low concentration of As(III) (100 mu g/L) and a commercially available adsorbent (GEH (R) 102) based on granular iron-hydroxide was used for comparison. It was found that the MHCMP was able to treat 7 times more volume of well water as compared to GEH (R) 102, maintaining the threshold concentration of less than 10 mu gAs/L, indicating that the MHCMP is a superior adsorbent.
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| 33. |
- Sörengård, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Stabilization and solidification remediation of soil contaminated with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 367, s. 639-646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Remediation methods for soils contaminated with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are urgently needed to protect the surrounding environment and drinking water source areas from pollution. In this study, the stabilization and solidification (S/S) technique was tested on aged PFAS-contaminated soil that were artificially spiked with 14 PFAS. To further reduce leaching of PFASs in S/S-treated soil, seven different additives were tested at 2% concentration: powdered activated carbon (PAC), Rembind, pulverized zeolite, chitosan, hydrotalcite, bentonite, and calcium chloride. Standardized leaching tests on S/S-treated soil revealed that leaching of 13 out of 14 target PFASs (excluding perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBA)) was reduced by, on average, 70% and 94% by adding PAC and Rembind (R). Longer-chained PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which is considered persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, were stabilized by 99.9% in all S/S treatments when PAC or Rembind was used as an additive. The S/S stabilization efficiency depended on PFAS perfluorocarbon chain length and functional group, e.g., it increased on average by 11-15 % per CF3-moeity and was on average 49% higher for the perfluorosulfonates (PFCAs) than the perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs). Overall, the S/S treatment with active carbon-based additives showed excellent performance in reducing leaching of PFASs, without marked loss of physical matrix stability.
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| 34. |
- Zhang, Man, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-responsive, tough and reversible hydrogels with tunable swelling property
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 322, s. 499-507
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel family of multi-responsive, tough, and reversible hydrogels were prepared by the combination of dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding interaction and slightly chemical cross-linking, using monomers of acrylonitrile, sodium allylsulfonate and itaconic acid. Reversible gel-sol transition was achieved by the flexible conversion of the dipole-dipole interactions between acrylonitrile-acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile-sodium thiocyanate, and the hydrogels could freely form desired shapes. The dipole dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions improved the mechanical strength of the hydrogels with a compressive stress of 2.38 MPa. Meanwhile, the hydrogels sustained cyclic compressive tests with 60% strain, and exhibited excellent elastic property. The hydrogels were sensitive to pH and ionic strength, and could keep their perfect spherical structures without any obvious cracks even after immersing in strong ionic strength (or pH) solution for several reversible cycles. Furthermore, the hydrogels were recycled for environmental pollution remediation, and showed great potential to be applied in water treatments and other related fields.
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