| 1. |
- Andersson, Claes, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A complex networks approach to urban growth.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 1472-3409 .- 0308-518X. ; 38, s. 1941-1964
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Economic geography can be viewed as a large and growing network of interacting activities. This fundamental network structure and the large size of such systems makes the complex network approach an attractive model for growth dynamics modeling. In this paper the authors propose the use of complex networks for geographical modeling and demonstrate how such an application can be combined with a cellular model to produce output that is consistent with large-scale regularities such as power laws and fractality. Complex networks can provide a stringent framework for growth dynamic modeling where concepts from, for example, spatial interaction models and multiplicative growth models, can be combined with the flexible representation of land and behaviour found in cellular automata and agent-based models. In addition, there exists a large body of theory for the analysis of complex networks that have direct applications in urban geographic problems. The intended use of such models is twofold: (1) to address the problem of how the empirically observed hierarchical structure of settlements can be explained as a stationary property of a stochastic evolutionary process rather than as equilibrium points in a dynamic process, and, (2) to improve the predictive quality of applied urban modeling.
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| 2. |
- Borgström, Sara, 1977-
(författare)
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Patterns and challenges of urban nature conservation - a study of southern Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 41:11, s. 2671-2685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current, dominating strategy of nature conservation within urban landscapes is to formally protect remaining patches of unexploited nature in nature reserves. However, integration of nature conservation frameworks into urban planning requires reconsideration of key issues, such as why, where, and how to protect nature in a purposeful way. As part of that process I statistically evaluate current nature conservation in 209 municipalities in southern Sweden by analysing the number, size, age, and land cover patterns of 1869 nature reserves in relation to the degree of urbanisation. The analyses reveal that in urban municipalities the nature reserves are fewer, but larger, and have a higher diversity of land covers. Having large nature reserves may be especially important in urban landscapes, since it is often highly fragmented. The land cover compositions show no differences between urban and rural nature reserves. However, urban nature reserves differ more from their surroundings compared with rural nature reserves, according to the identified changes in representation of land cover types with an increasing degree of urbanisation. The most urgent future challenge identified is to develop urban nature conservation strategies that are integrated into the urban context including other green areas and built-up areas, the land-use history, and the requirements for local ecosystem services across the landscape.
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| 3. |
- Boyd, Emily
(författare)
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Governing the Clean Development Mechanism : global rhetoric versus local realities in carbon sequestration projects
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 41:10, s. 2380-2395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global agreements have proliferated in the past ten years. One of these is the Kyoto Protocol, which contains provisions for emissions reductions by trading carbon through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is a market-based instrument that allows companies in Annex I countries to offset their greenhouse gas emissions through energy and tree offset projects in the global South. I set out to examine the governance challenges posed by the institutional design of carbon sequestration projects under the CDM. I examine three global narratives associated with the design of CDM forest projects, specifically North-South knowledge politics, green developmentalism, and community participation, and subsequently assess how these narratives match with local practices in two projects in Latin America. Findings suggest that governance problems are operating at multiple levels and that the rhetoric of global carbon actors often asserts these schemes in one light, while the rhetoric of those who are immediately involved locally may be different. I also stress the alarmist's discourse that blames local people for the problems of environmental change. The case studies illustrate the need for vertical communication and interaction and nested governance arrangements as well as horizontal arrangements. I conclude that the global framing of forests as offsets requires better integration of local relationships to forests and their management and more effective institutions at multiple levels to link the very local to the very large scale when dealing with carbon sequestration in the CDM.
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| 4. |
- Ceccato, Vania, et al.
(författare)
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The geography of homicide in Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 2007
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 39:7, s. 1632-1653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors investigate geographical patterns of homicide in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The geography of crime in developing world cities has been an underresearched area in part because of the lack of good-quality, geocoded offence data. In the case of Sao Paulo the availability of a new digital police dataset has provided the opportunity to improve our understanding of its crime patterns. The authors report the testing of hypotheses about the spatial variation in homicide rates. This variation is explained by poverty, situational conditions determined by differences in land use, and processes that indicate links with the geography of drug markets and the availability of firearms.
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| 5. |
- Christophers, Brett, 1971-
(författare)
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The BBC, the creative class, and neoliberal urbanism in the north of England
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 40:10, s. 2313-2329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The author examines the BBC’s plans to move some of its key activities to Salford in the northwest of England. He develops a critique not so much of the plan to move, but of the specific proposals for that move (particularly as advanced by local parties in Salford) and of the economic-geographical claims assembled around them. To make these arguments, the author first identifies parallels between the proposals and Richard Florida’s ‘creative class’ formulations. He then draws on a range of critiques of the ‘creative class’ concept to contest the substance of the BBC-Salford plan—which, he argues, reproduces an entrenched neoliberal urban development agenda—and to question the premise that the move will create regional economic value more broadly. Framed against international research into creativity-led development agendas which has typically privileged metropolitan or regional actors, the author argues that, ultimately, the BBC’s proposals, while locally situated, are tightly bound up with national economics and politics.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Rikard, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Agglomeration mobility: Effects of localisation, urbanisation, and scale on job changes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : Pion. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 40, s. 2419-2434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following increased attention being paid to the importance of labour-market processes in relation to knowledge diffusion and learning, this study addresses the influence of agglomeration economies (localisation, urbanisation, and scale) on the propensity to change jobs between and within local labour markets. From the use of longitudinal individual data (1990 ^ 2002), controlling for factors such as age, sex, income, and social relations, the results show that the composition of regional economies influences labour-market dynamism. We identify two cases of intraregional agglomeration mobility, that is, positive effects on job mobility, due to the concentration of similar activities (localisation economies) and the size of the labour market (urbanisation economies). The results also show that localisation economies compensate for regional structural disadvantages connected to small population numbers, as localisation effects in small regions have a significantlypositive effect on intraregional job-mobility rates, even compared with localisation effects in large and diversified metropolitan areas. The results indicate that the concentration of similar activities may be useful for small regions, if high levels of job mobility are crucial for the transfer of knowledge and the performance of firms.
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| 7. |
- Ernstson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Weaving protective stories : connective practices to articulate holistic values in the Stockholm National Urban Park
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 41:6, s. 1460-1479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With rapid worldwide urbanization it is urgent that we understand processes leading to the protection of urban green areas and ecosystems. Although natural reserves are often seen as preserving 'higher valued' rather than 'lower valued' nature, it is more adequate to describe them as outcomes of selective social articulation processes. This is illustrated in the Stockholm National Urban Park. Despite strong exploitation pressure, a diverse urban movement of civil society organizations has managed to provide narratives able to explain and legitimize the need for protection-a 'protective story'. On the basis of qualitative data and building on theories of value articulation, social movements, and actor-networks, we show how activists, by interlacing artefacts and discourses from cultural history and conservation biology, managed to simultaneously link spatially separated green areas previously seen as disconnected, while also articulating the interrelatedness between the cultural and the natural history of the area. This connective practice constructed holistic values articulating a unified park, which heavily influenced the official framing of the park's values and which now help to explain the success of the movement. In contrast to historically top-down-led designation of natural reserves, we argue that the involvement of civil society in protecting nature (and culture) is on the rise. This nonetheless begs the question of who can participate in these value-creating processes, and we also strive to uncover constraining and facilitating factors for popular participation. Four such factors are suggested: (i) the number and type of artefacts linked to an area; (ii) the capabilities and numbers of activists involved; (iii) the access to social arenas; and (iv) the social network position of actors.
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| 8. |
- Fransson, Urban, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Leisure home ownership, access to nature, and health: a longitudinal study of urban residents in Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 41, s. 82-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can societies ensure urban residents' access to health-promoting green spaces while also pursuing the benefits of densification? Evidence of a relationship between leisure home ownership and health can inform efforts to resolve this dilemma. Using longitudinal register data, we assessed the prospective association between ownership of a leisure home and early retirement for health reasons among 42 588 adults residing in high-density Swedish urban municipalities. The research design included controls for ‘drift’ of unhealthy people into particular residential circum-stances, and other potential alternative explanations for the association of focal interest. After adjustment for age, socioeconomic position, and type of primary housing, logistic regression analysis revealed that men with a leisure home had lower odds of early retirement for health reasons than men who did not own a leisure home. Among women, leisure home ownership interacted with socioeconomic position; in contrast to nonowners, women who owned a leisure home had higher odds of early retirement for health reasons if they also had higher levels of education and employment income. The associations we have uncovered provide additional insight on the relationship between access to natural environments and health, and they warrant consideration in efforts to resolve the densification dilemma.
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| 9. |
- Hertin, J., et al.
(författare)
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Rationalising the policy mess? : Ex ante policy assessment and the utilisation of knowledge in the policy process
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 41:5, s. 1185-1200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Procedures for the ex ante assessment of public policies are currently in vogue across the OECD. Their design is typically informed by a rational-instrumental model of problem solving, which assumes that knowledge is collected, evaluated, and then translated straightforwardly into ‘better policies’. But this model has been little affected by more than three decades of academic research which has demonstrated that the reality of everyday policy making is far messier. In this paper we analyse whether the uptake of ex ante assessment of policies is nonetheless capable of creating opportunities for policy deliberation and learning informed by new assessment knowledge. Drawing on an analysis of policy assessment procedures in three countries and the European Union, we find that there are several ways in which assessment knowledge is used in the policy process. Moreover, we argue that policy learning occurs despite, rather than because of, the instrumental design of new assessment procedures, which tends to act as a barrier to open deliberation and knowledge utilisation.
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| 10. |
- Moodysson, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining spatial patterns of innovation: analytical and synthetic modes of knowledge creation in the Medicon Valley life-science cluster
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environment & Planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 40:5, s. 1040-1056
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors address the dichotomy around 'proximate' and 'distant' learning processes by looking specifically at the characteristics of the knowledge-creation process. By way of suggesting an alternative conceptualization to the well-known tacit-codified knowledge dichotomy, they propose a distinction between 'analytical' and 'synthetic' modes of knowledge creation. Analytical knowledge creation refers to the understanding and explaining of features of the (natural) world. Synthetic knowledge creation refers to the design or construction of something to attain functional goals. By applying this framework to qualitative empirics from the Medicon Valley life-science cluster, the authors demonstrate the complementarity of globally distributed analytical knowledge creation and locally oriented synthetic knowledge creation.
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| 11. |
- Musterd, Sako, et al.
(författare)
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Are immigrants' earnings influenced by the characteristics of their neighbours?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 40:4, s. 785-805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences in immigrant economic trajectories have been attributed to a wide variety of factors. One of these is the local spatial context where immigrants reside. This spatial context assumes special salience in light of expanding public exposure to and scholarly interest in the potential impacts of spatial concentrations of immigrants. A crucial question is whether immigrants' opportunities are influenced by their neighbours. In this paper we contribute statistical evidence relevant to answering this vital question. We develop multiple measures of the spatial context in which immigrants reside and assess their contribution to the average earnings of immigrant individuals in the three large Swedish metropolitan areas, controlling for individual and regional labour-market characteristics. We use unusually rich longitudinal information about Swedish immigrants during the 1995-2002 period. We find evidence that immigrant men and women paid a substantial penalty during 1999-2002 if in 1999 they resided in areas where a substantial number of their neighbours were members of the same ethnic group. The evidence suggests that own-group concentrations can initially pay dividends for immigrants, but these benefits quickly turn into net disadvantages over time.
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| 12. |
- Niedomysl, Thomas
(författare)
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Residential preferences for interregional migration in Sweden: demographic, socio-economic and geographical determinants
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 1472-3409. ; 40:5, s. 1109-1131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy makers are showing increasing interest in factors that make places attractive for prospective new residents. This paper focuses on residential preferences for interregional migration and aims to explore what place attributes people would value highly if they considered migrating. Special attention is given to differences in preferences between population subgroups in terms of demographic, socioeconomic, and geographical determinants. An ambitious prestudy with 390 respondents was carried out to ascertain relevant place attributes for the main study. The main study was carried out via a survey sent to a national sample of 5000 Swedes, of whom approximately 53% took part. The results give valuable information on how demographic, socioeconomic, and geographical aspects determine residential preferences in Sweden, and make some contributions to methodological issues on researching preferences in a migration context.
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| 13. |
- Normark, Daniel, 1974
(författare)
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Tending to Mobility: Intensities of Staying at the Petrol Station
- 2006
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Ingår i: Environment & Planning A. - : SAGE Publications. ; 38:2, s. 241-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports a study of ongoing social activities at a petrol station. Petrol stations constitute a nexus for mobility. Through ethnographic observations the author tests how the continuous flow of vehicles, commodities, money, and people are sustained and made accountable. The fieldwork demonstrates that, despite its transitory character, the petrol station offers a wide spectrum of ‘duration of stay’. The station was used while being-on-the-way as well as providing a possibility to disembark from automobility, that is, being-off-the-way. However, the most important finding is that the station tends to mobility, from the production and recognition of fluency, the constant negotiation and articulation work of situations, to continuous maintenance and repair of movement. Accomplishing a flow of people, vehicles, money, and commodities is a complex and delicate task requiring subtle negotiation between staff and visitors as well as among visitors themselves. A negotiation supported and hampered by available materialities of the place.
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| 14. |
- Rohracher, Harald, 1965-
(författare)
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Intermediaries and the Governance of Choice : The Case of Green Electricity Labelling
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : Pion. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 41:8, s. 2014-2028
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is about the reframing of electricity markets as a strategically oriented nonstate governance activity of intermediary organisations. In particular, it is centred on the establishment of ‘green’ electricity labels by environmental and other nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) as an attempt to establish and shape a market for green electricity. Such labels serve as a ‘boundary object’ between electricity generators, suppliers, consumers, and regulators, and are analysed as the creation of new sociotechnical arrangements around green electricity generation and use. The analysis also shows that private governance initiatives of this kind are highly interdependent with state regulatory systems. NGOs have played a vital role in defining and negotiating such standards, enrolling and aligning supply-side and demand-side actors, communicating with a wider public and building trust for the respective products, establishing links with regulators, and shaping policies for renewable electricity at national and European levels. The cases of electricity labelling investigated are an example of new political strategies of civil society intermediary organisations in an increasingly market-driven environment.
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| 15. |
- Trippl, Michaela, et al.
(författare)
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How to turn the fate of old industrial areas: a comparison of cluster-based renewal processes in Styria and the Saarland
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment & Planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X. ; 41:5, s. 1217-1233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to explore the role of regional innovation systems and clusters in the economic recovery of old industrial regions. We draw a distinction between three types of cluster-based renewal: an innovation-oriented adjustment of mature clusters (incremental change); the emergence of new agglomerations in established industries (diversification); and the rise of knowledge-intensive and high-technology activities (radical change). In the empirical part of the paper we compare cluster-based recovery processes in the regions of Styria and the Saarland. It is shown that Styria rebuilt its regional innovation system more successfully, enabling the innovation-oriented adjustment of a mature cluster, the rise of a new cluster in an established industry, and the emergence of knowledge-intensive activities. In the Saarland, in contrast, the regional innovation system has been more specialised, which has resulted in weak performance with respect to incremental change and diversification and high performance regarding radical change.
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