| 1. |
- Abrahamsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Voice Therapy: A Comparison Between Individual and Group Therapy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997. ; 32:4, s. 437-442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. The primary aim of this clinical evaluation project is to study the effect of voice therapy given in the speech-language pathology clinic, as individual and group therapy, as well as finding out some of the reasons for not attending the recommended therapy. Method. All patients visiting the speech-language department during the study period were asked to participate in a clinical evaluation project. The project included filling out the questionnaire Swedish Voice Handicap Index (VHI-11) twice: at their first visit at the clinic, and approximately 1 year later. Depending on the degree of voice problems, the patients were offered either individual or group therapy. Result. The study included 187 patients at their first visit to the clinic and 109 patients at follow-up. All participants completed self-evaluation of voice function with the VHI-11 and separate questions regarding overall voice problems, hoarseness, and vocal fatigue. For the patients who responded to the follow-up survey, statistically significant improvements of self-perceived voice function were demonstrated in individual and group therapy. The improvement between the first visit and the follow-up was found to be of moderate to large effect size, with statistically significant improvements for both patients who attended individual therapy and those who attended group therapy. The most common reason for not attending the recommended voice therapy was lack of time. Conclusion. Individual and group therapy is effective, resulting in improved VHI-11 scores. The magnitude of improvement is similar when comparing individual and group therapy. Patients with higher scores of the VHI-11 were generally recommended individual voice therapy.
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| 2. |
- Andrade, Pedro Amarante, et al.
(författare)
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The Flow and Pressure Relationships in Different Tubes Commonly Used for Semi-occluded Vocal Tract Exercises
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Mosby-Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 30:1, s. 36-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This experimental study investigated the back pressure (Pback) versus flow (U) relationship for 10 different tubes commonly used for semi-occluded vocal tract exercises, that is, eight straws of different lengths and diameters, a resonance tube, and a silicone tube similar to a Lax Vox tube. All tubes were assessed with the free end in air. The resonance tube and silicone tube were further assessed with the free end under water at the depths from 1 to 7 cm in steps of 1 cm. The results showed that relative changes in the diameter of straws affect Pback considerably more compared with the same amount of relative change in length. Additionally, once tubes are submerged into water, Pback needs to overcome the pressure generated by the water depth before flow can start. Under this condition, only a small increase in Pback was observed as the flow was increased. Therefore, the wider tubes submerged into water produced an almost constant Pback determined by the water depth, whereas the thinner straws in air produced relatively large changes to Pback as flow was changed. These differences may be taken advantage of when customizing exercises for different users and diagnoses and optimizing the therapy outcome.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Björklund, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship Between Subglottal Pressure and Sound Pressure Level in Untrained Voices
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 30:1, s. 15-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Subglottal pressure (P-s) is strongly correlated with sound pressure level (SPL) and is easy to measure by means of commonly available equipment. The SPL/Ps ratio is strongly dependent on the efficiency of the phonatory apparatus and should be of great relevance to clinical practice. However, published normative data are still missing. Method. The subjects produced sequences of the syllable [pae], and P-s was measured as the oral pressure during the [p] occlusion. The P-s to SPL relationship was determined at four pitches produced by 16 female and 15 male healthy voices and analyzed by means of regression analysis. Average correlation between P-s and SPL, average SPL produced with a P-s of 10 cm H2O, and average SPL increase produced by a doubling of P-s were calculated for the female and for the male subjects. The significance of sex and pitch conditions was analyzed by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results. Pitch was found to be an insignificant condition. The average correlation between P-s and SPL was 0.83 and did not differ significantly between the female and male subjects. In female and male subjects, P-s = 10 cm H2O produced 78.1 dB and 80.0 dB SPL at 0.3 m, and a doubling of P-s generated 11.1 dB and 9.3 dB increase of SPL. Both these gender differences were statistically significant. Conclusions. The relationship between P-s and SPL can be reliably established from series of repetitions of the syllable [pae] produced with a continuously changing degree of vocal loudness. Male subjects produce slightly higher SPL for a given pressure than female subjects but gain less for a doubling of P-s. As these relationships appear to be affected by phonation type, it seems possible that in the future, the method can be used for documenting degree of phonatory hypofunction and hyperfunction.
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| 5. |
- Brännström, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Children's Subjective Ratings and Opinions of Typical and Dysphonic Voice After Performing a Language Comprehension Task in Background Noise.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4588 .- 0892-1997. ; 29:5, s. 624-630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Previous studies suggest that dysphonic voices are perceived more negatively than typical voices, and it is possible that vocal perception influences academic achievement and comprehension. This study assessed children's subjective ratings and opinions of a typical and dysphonic voice after performing a language comprehension task in background noise. It also explored if subjective ratings were related to performance in the comprehension task. Study Design Ninety-three 8-year-old children participated and were randomly allocated to two groups. Methods A digital version of the Test for Reception of Grammar, version 2 (TROG-2) was used. In TROG-2, the child listens to a sentence and then, out of four possible pictures, selects the picture that corresponds to the sentence content. Each sentence assesses a specific grammatical construction. Test instructions were recorded using one speaker with two different voice qualities (typical voice and provoked dysphonic voice). One group of children performed TROG-2 with the typical voice and the other with the dysphonic voice, both presented in a multitalker babble noise using earphones. All children rated their subjective perception of the voice. Results The dysphonic voice received poorer ratings than the typical voice. Children making more positive ratings of the voice performed better on earlier blocks in TROG-2, but only in the typical voice group. Conclusions Children perceived the dysphonic voice more negatively even when listening to the same speaker. Performance is related to the perception of the voice, but only when the perceptual load of the task-relevant stimuli is sufficiently low.
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| 6. |
- Dueppen, Abigail J., et al.
(författare)
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Quality and Readability of English-Language Internet Information for Voice Disorders
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 33:3, s. 290-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the readability and quality of English-language Internet information related to vocal hygiene, vocal health, and prevention of voice disorders. This study extends recent work because it evaluates readability, content quality, and website origin across broader search criteria than previous studies evaluating online voice material. Method. Eighty-five websites were aggregated using five different country-specific search engines. Websites were then analyzed using quality and readability assessments. The entire web page was evaluated; however, no information or links beyond the first page was reviewed. Statistical calculations were employed to examine website ratings, differences between website origin and quality and readability scores, and correlations between readability instruments. Result. Websites exhibited acceptable quality as measured by the DISCERN. However, only one website obtained the Health On the Net certification. Significant differences in quality were found among website origin, with government websites receiving higher quality ratings. Approximate educational levels required to comprehend information on the websites ranged from 8 to 9 years of education. Significant differences were found between website origin and readability measures with higher levels of education required to understand information on websites of nonprofit organizations. Conclusion. Current vocal hygiene, vocal health, and prevention of voice disorders websites were found to exhibit acceptable levels of quality and readability. However, highly rated Internet information related to voice care should be made more accessible to voice clients through Health On the Net certification.
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| 7. |
- Enflo, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing vocal fold contact criteria derived from audio and electroglottographic signals
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 30:4, s. 381-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Collision threshold pressure (CTP), i.e., the lowest subglottal pressure producing vocal fold contact during phonation, is a parameter likely to reflect relevant vocal fold properties. The amplitude of an electroglottographic (EGG) signal or the amplitude of its first derivative (dEGG) has been used as the criterion of such contact. Manual measurement of CTP is time-consuming, making the development of a simpler, alternative method desirable. In this investigation we compare CTP values automatically derived from the dEGG signal to values measured manually, and to values derived from a set of alternative parameters, some obtained from audio and some from EGG signals. One of the parameters was the novel EGG wavegram, which visualizes sequences of EGG or dEGG cycles, normalized with respect to period and amplitude. Raters with and without previous acquaintance with EGG analysis marked the disappearance of vocal fold contact in dEGG and in wavegram displays of /pa:/-sequences produced with continuously decreasing vocal loudness by seven singer subjects. Vocal fold contact was equally accurately identified in displays of dEGG amplitude as of wavegram. Automatically derived CTP values showed high correlation with those measured manually, and with those derived from the ratings of the visual displays. Seven other parameters were tested as criteria of such contact. Mainly due to noise in the EGG signal, most of them yielded CTP values differing considerably from those derived from the manual and the automatic methods, while the EGG spectrum slope showed a high correlation. The possibility of measuring CTP automatically seems promising for future investigations.
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| 8. |
- Gustafsson, J., et al.
(författare)
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Motor-Learning-Based Adjustment of Ambulatory Feedback on Vocal Loudness for Patients With Parkinson's Disease
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 30:4, s. 407-415
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate how the direct biofeedback on vocal loudness administered with a portable voice accumulator (VoxLog) should be configured, to facilitate an optimal learning outcome for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), on the basis of principles of motor learning. Study Design: Methodologic development in an experimental study. Methods: The portable voice accumulator VoxLog was worn by 20 participants with PD during habitual speech during semistructured conversations. Six different biofeedback configurations were used, in random order, to study which configuration resulted in a feedback frequency closest to 20% as recommended on the basis of previous studies. Results: Activation of feedback when the wearer speaks below a threshold level of 3dB below the speaker's mean voice sound level in habitual speech combined with an activation time of 500ms resulted in a mean feedback frequency of 21.2%. Conclusions: Settings regarding threshold and activation time based on the results from this study are recommended to achieve an optimal learning outcome when administering biofeedback on vocal loudness for individuals with PD using portable voice accumulators.
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| 9. |
- Hallqvist, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Soul and Musical Theater : A Comparison of Two Vocal Styles
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:2, s. 229-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phonatory and resonatory characteristics of nonclassical styles of singing have been rarely analyzed in voice research. Six professional singers volunteered to sing excerpts from two songs pertaining to the musical theater and to the soul styles of singing. Voice source parameters and formant frequencies were analyzed by inverse filtering tones, sung at the same fundamental frequencies in both excerpts. As compared with musical theater, the soul style was characterized by significantly higher subglottal pressure and maximum flow declination rate. Yet sound pressure level was lower, suggesting higher glottal resistance. The differences would be the effects of firmer glottal adduction and a greater frequency separation between the first formant and its closest spectrum partial in soul than in musical theater.
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| 10. |
- Han, Qichao, et al.
(författare)
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Duration, Pitch, and Loudness in Kunqu Opera Stage Speech
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Kunqu is a special type of opera within the Chinese tradition with 600 years of history. In it, stage speech is used for the spoken dialogue. It is performed in Ming Dynasty's mandarin language and is a much more dominant part of the play than singing. Stage speech deviates considerably from normal conversational speech with respect to duration, loudness and pitch. This paper compares these properties in stage speech conversational speech. Method. A famous, highly experienced female singer's performed stage speech and reading of the same lyrics in a conversational speech mode. Clear differences are found. Results. As compared with conversational speech, stage speech had longer word and sentence duration and word duration was less variable. Average sound level was 16 dB higher. Also mean fundamental frequency was considerably higher and more varied. Within sentences, both loudness and fundamental frequency tended to vary according to a low-high-low pattern. Conclusions. Some of the findings fail to support current opinions regarding the characteristics of stage speech, and in this sense the study demonstrates the relevance of objective measurements in descriptions of vocal styles.
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| 11. |
- Herbst, Christian T., et al.
(författare)
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Glottal Adduction and Subglottal Pressure in Singing
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 29:4, s. 391-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research suggests that independent variation of vocal loudness and glottal configuration (type and degree of vocal fold adduction) does not occur in untrained speech production. This study investigated whether these factors can be varied independently in trained singing and how subglottal pressure is related to average glottal airflow, voice source properties, and sound level under these conditions. A classically trained baritone produced sustained phonations on the endoscopic vowel [i:] at pitch D4 (approximately 294 Hz), exclusively varying either (a) vocal register; (b) phonation type (from "breathy" to "pressed" via cartilaginous adduction); or (c) vocal loudness, while keeping the others constant. Phonation was documented by simultaneous recording of videokymographic, electroglottographic, airflow and voice source data, and by percutaneous measurement of relative subglottal pressure. Register shifts were clearly marked in the electroglottographic wavegram display. Compared with chest register, falsetto was produced with greater pulse amplitude of the glottal flow, H1-H2, mean airflow, and with lower maximum flow declination rate (MFDR), subglottal pressure, and sound pressure. Shifts of phonation type (breathy/flow/neutral/pressed) induced comparable systematic changes. Increase of vocal loudness resulted in increased subglottal pressure, average flow, sound pressure, MFDR, glottal flow pulse amplitude, and H1-H2. When changing either vocal register or phonation type, subglottal pressure and mean airflow showed an inverse relationship, that is, variation of glottal flow resistance. The direct relation between subglottal pressure and airflow when varying only vocal loudness demonstrated independent control of vocal loudness and glottal configuration. Achieving such independent control of phonatory control parameters would be an important target in vocal pedagogy and in voice therapy.
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| 12. |
- Hägglund, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Voice Tremor in Patients With Essential Tremor : Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation of Caudal Zona Incerta
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 30:2, s. 228-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the caudal zona incerta (cZi) on voice tremor in patients with essential tremor (ET). Study Design. This is a prospective nonrandomized design with consecutive patients.Methods. Twenty-six patients operated with cZi DBS were evaluated under two conditions: without stimulation (Stim OFF) and with stimulation (Stim ON). Voice tremor was assessed on the basis of recordings of sustained vowel productions using a four-point rating scale in a blinded and randomized procedure. Averaged values of multiple assessments for each stimulus were used in statistical testing. The group of patients with voice tremor in Stim OFF was analyzed separately from the group of patients without voice tremor.Results. Voice tremor was significantly reduced on stimulation compared with off for the subgroup with initial voice tremor. Voice tremor prevalence was found to be 50% (13 patients). Individual differences in voice tremor outcome were noticeable. Six of the patients with voice tremor at baseline improved substantially by cZi DBS treatment.Conclusions. On the group level, voice tremor in patients with ET was found to reduce when stimulating the cZi. Bilateral stimulation was indicated to be more effective in reducing voice tremor than unilateral stimulation. However, individual voice tremor outcomes suggest that not all patients benefit from cZi DBS. Severity of voice tremor at baseline may not be a good predictor of voice tremor outcome after cZi DBS. Patients should be informed before surgery regarding individual differences in response to DBS treatment.
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| 13. |
- Johansson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptual Detection of Subtle Dysphonic Traits in Individuals with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using an Audience Response Systems Approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Reduced respiratory function following lower cervical spinal cord injuries (CSCIs) may indirectly result in vocal dysfunction. Although self-reports indicate voice change and limitations following CSCI, earlier efforts using global perceptual ratings to distinguish speakers with CSCI from noninjured speakers have not been very successful. We investigate the use of an audience response system-based approach to distinguish speakers with CSCI from noninjured speakers, and explore whether specific vocal traits can be identified as characteristic for speakers with CSCI. Methods. Fourteen speech-language pathologists participated in a web-based perceptual task, where their overt reactions to vocal dysfunction were registered during the continuous playback of recordings of 36 speakers (18 with CSCI, and 18 matched controls). Dysphonic events were identified through manual perceptual analysis, to allow the exploration of connections between dysphonic events and listener reactions. Results. More dysphonic events, and more listener reactions, were registered for speakers with CSCI than for noninjured speakers. Strain (particularly in phrase-final position) and creak (particularly in nonphrase-final position) distinguish speakers with CSCI from noninjured speakers. Conclusions. For the identification of intermittent and subtle signs of vocal dysfunction, an approach where the temporal distribution of symptoms is registered offers a viable means to distinguish speakers affected by voice dysfunction from non-affected speakers. In speakers with CSCI, clinicians should listen for presence of final strain and nonfinal creak, and pay attention to self-reported voice function and voice problems, to identify individuals in need for clinical assessment and intervention.
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| 14. |
- Karlsson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Voice Tremor Outcomes of Subthalamic Nucleus and Zona Incerta Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Parkinson Disease
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 33:4, s. 545-549
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: We aimed to study the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and caudal zona incerta (cZi) on level of perceived voice tremor in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).Study Design: This is a prospective nonrandomized design with consecutive patients.Methods: Perceived voice tremor was assessed in patients with PD having received either STN-DBS (8 patients, 5 bilateral and 3 unilateral, aged 43.1-73.6 years; median = 61.2 years) or cZi-DBS (14 bilateral patients, aged 39.0-71.9 years; median = 56.6 years) 12 months before the assessment. Sustained vowels that were produced OFF and ON stimulation (with simultaneous L-DOPA medication) were assessed perceptually in terms of voice tremor by two raters on a four-point rating scale. The assessments were repeated five times per sample and rated in a blinded and randomized procedure.Results: Three out of the 22 patients (13%) were concluded to have voice tremor OFF stimulation. Patients with PD with STN-DBS showed mild levels of perceived voice tremor OFF stimulation and a group level improvement. Patients with moderate/severe perceived voice tremor and cZi-DBS showed marked improvements, but there was no overall group effect. Six patients with cZi-DBS showed small increases in perceived voice tremor severity.Conclusions: STN-DBS decreased perceived voice tremor on a group level. cZi-DBS decreased perceived voice tremor in patients with PD with moderate to severe preoperative levels of the symptom.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- La, Filipa M. B., et al.
(författare)
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Contact Quotient Versus Closed Quotient : A Comparative Study on Professional Male Singers
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 29:2, s. 148-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. The term "closed quotient'' is frequently used for data derived both from inverse filtering and from electroglottography. In the former case, it is defined as the ratio between the closed phase and the period, as measured in flow glottograms (FLOGG), whereas in the latter case, it is defined as the time interval between the falling and rising parts of the electroglottogram (EGG), measured at some percentage of the peak-to-peak amplitude. The study aims at analyzing differences between EGG-and FLOGG-based closed quotients and their relationships with voice source parameters. Study Design. Comparative study. Methods. FLOGG- and EGG-based measures collected from five professional male singers were compared, under different pitch and loudness conditions. Results. Compared with the FLOGG-based quotient, the EGG-based quotient (i) varied more between subjects, (ii) presented greater values, (iii) varied less with subglottal pressure, (iv) varied less with the normalized amplitude quotient (ie, the ratio between the flow pulse amplitude and the product of period and maximum flow declination rate), and (v) varied less with the relative amplitude of the voice source fundamental. Conclusions. Although positively related, FLOGG- and EGG-based closed quotients differ and must not be confused.
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| 17. |
- La, Filipa M. B., et al.
(författare)
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Real-Time Visual Feedback of Airflow in Voice Training : Aerodynamic Properties of Two Flow Ball Devices
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Flow ball devices have been used as teaching tools to provide visual real-time feedback of airflow during singing. This study aims at exploring static back pressure and ball height as function of flow for two devices, marketed as flow ball and floating ball game. Study Design. This is a comparative descriptive study. Methods. A flow-driven vocal tract simulator was used to investigate the aerodynamic properties of these two devices, testing them for four different ball sizes. The flow range investigated was between 0 and 0.5 L/s. Audio, flow, pressure, and ball height were recorded. Results. The flow pressure profiles for both tested devices were similar to those observed in previous studies on narrow tubes. For lifting the ball, both devices had a flow and a pressure threshold. The tested floating ball game required considerably higher back pressure for a given flow as compared with the flow ball. Conclusions. Both tested devices have similar effects on back pressure as straws of 3.7 and 3.0 mm in diameter for the flow ball and the floating ball game, respectively. One might argue that both devices could be used as tools for practicing semi-occluded vocal tract exercises, with the additional benefit of providing real-time visual feedback of airflow during phonation. The flow threshold, combined with the flow feedback, would increase awareness of flow, rather than of pressure, during exercises using a flow ball device.
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| 18. |
- Lyberg-Åhlander, Viveka, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of Voice Disorders in the General Population, Based on the Stockholm Public Health Cohort
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997. ; 33:6, s. 900-905
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To investigate the prevalence of voice disorders in the general population. Study design: Analysis of data from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort. Methods: A public health survey was distributed to an open cohort of 114,538 adults >18 years of age in the area of Stockholm County, Sweden. The survey included one question about voice problems, estimating the extent of occurrence of voice problems, excluding voice problems during colds/upper airway infections. The question was tested for validity and reliability in n = 166 voice healthy individuals and n = 183 patients with benign voice lesions. The construct validity was tested against two established self-assessment questionnaires. The question was established to correspond to tiring, strain, and hoarseness. Prevalence of voice problems and correlations with age, gender, occupation, hearing, smoking, and socio-economic status were calculated. Results: The overall prevalence of voice disorders in the entire group was estimated to 16.9%, where 15.5% voice problems were rated to occur to a small extent and 1.4% to a great extent. Women were significantly more prone to report voice problems than men. The highest ratings of a great extent of voice problems were found in both women and men >85 years of age. As for occupation, the highest prevalence of voice problems was found in teaching and service occupations. Conclusions: The prevalence of voice problems was estimated to 16.9% in the entire group. Women reported significantly more voice problems than men and voice problems were significantly more common in ages >65. This study of self-reported voice problems in a general population is one of the largest of its kind.
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| 19. |
- Millgård, Moa, et al.
(författare)
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Flow Glottogram Characteristics and Perceived Degree of Phonatory Pressedness
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 30:3, s. 287-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Phonatory pressedness is a clinically relevant aspect of voice, which generally is analyzed by auditory perception. The present investigation aimed at identifying voice source and formant characteristics related to experts' ratings of phonatory pressedness. Study Design. Experimental study of the relations between visual analog scale ratings of phonatory pressedness and voice source parameters in healthy voices. Methods. Audio, electroglottogram, and subglottal pressure, estimated from oral pressure during /p/ occlusion, were recorded from five female and six male subjects, each of whom deliberately varied phonation type between neutral, flow, and pressed in the syllable /pae/, produced at three loudness levels and three pitches. Speech-language pathologists rated, along a visual analog scale, the degree of perceived phonatory pressedness in these samples. Results. The samples were analyzed by means of inverse filtering with regard to closed quotient, dominance of the voice source fundamental, normalized amplitude quotient, peak-to-peak flow amplitude, as well as formant frequencies and the alpha ratio of spectrum energy above and below 1000 Hz. The results were compared with the rating data, which showed that the ratings were closely related to voice source parameters. Conclusions. Approximately, 70% of the variance of the ratings could be explained by the voice source parameters. A multiple linear regression analysis suggested that perceived phonatory pressedness is related most closely to subglottal pressure, closed quotient, and the two lowest formants.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Ohlsson, Ann-Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Voice Disorders in Teacher Students-A Prospective Study and a Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997. ; 30:6, s. 755.e13-755.e24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Teachers are at risk of developing voice disorders, but longitudinal studies on voice problems among teachers are lacking. The aim of this randomized trial was to investigate long-term effects of voice education for teacher students with mild voice problems. In addition, vocal health was examined prospectively in a group of students without voice problems. Methods. First-semester students answered three questionnaires: one about background factors, one about voice symptoms (Screen6), and the Voice Handicap Index. Students with voice problems according to the questionnaire results were randomized to a voice training group or a control group. At follow-up in the sixth semester, all students answered Screen6 again together with four questions about factors that could have affected vocal health during their teacher education. The training group and the control group also answered the Voice Handicap Index a second time. Results. At follow-up, 400 students remained in the study: 27 in the training group, 54 in the control group, and 319 without voice problems at baseline. Voice problems had decreased somewhat more in the training group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). However, subgroup analyses showed significantly larger improvement among the students in the group with complete participation in the training program compared with the group with incomplete participation. Of the 319 students without voice problems at baseline, 14% had developed voice problems. Conclusions. Voice problems often develop in teacher students. Despite extensive dropout, our results support the hypothesis that voice education for teacher students has a preventive effect.
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| 23. |
- Opheim, Leif Runar, et al.
(författare)
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Hyaluronan in Human Vocal Folds in Smokers and Nonsmokers : A Histochemical Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 30:3, s. 255-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To study the hyaluronan occurrence in human vocal folds, with special regards to gender and smoking and to discuss the implications of findings.STUDY DESIGN: This is a descriptive/morphologic study.METHODS: Sixteen cadaveric vocal folds from eight individuals between 58 and 90 years old (six women and two men) were removed and studied morphologically. Three of the individuals had been cigarette smokers. A direct method for hyaluronan histochemistry using a hyaluronan-binding protein probe (HABP) was used to visualize the polysaccharide. Five examiners performed an analysis of the intensities of hyaluronan staining, independently.RESULTS: We observed intense hyaluronan staining of the vocal folds of which those from women stained considerably stronger than those from men. Stratified squamous epithelium stained for hyaluronan in all sections, whereas respiratory epithelium only stained weakly or not at all. The highest accumulation of hyaluronan occurred subepithelially in the lamina propria, corresponding to Reinke's space. It was observed that vocal folds from smokers were more intensively stained than those from nonsmokers.CONCLUSIONS: Hyaluronan is found in all layers of the human vocal fold. Contradictory to earlier studies, hyaluronan was visualized in squamous epithelium, where it may function as an impact protector. The occurrence of hyaluronan in smokers may have implications in the development of vocal fold inflammation and tumor initiation as hyaluronan is an important molecule in these processes.
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| 24. |
- Selamtzis, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of the relationship between electroglottogram waveform, fundamental frequency, and sound pressure level using clustering
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:4, s. 393-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although it has been shown in previous research (Orlikoff, 1991; Henrich et al, 2005; Kuang et al, 2014; Awan, 2015) that there exists a relationship between the electroglottogram (EGG) waveform and the acoustic signal, this relationship is still not fully understood. To investigate this relationship, the EGG and acoustic signals were measured for four male amateur choir singers who each produced eight consecutive tones of increasing and decreasing vocal intensity. The EGG signals were processed cycle-synchronously to obtain the discrete Fourier transform, and the data were used as an input to a clustering algorithm. The acoustic signal was analyzed in terms of sound pressure level (dB SPL) and fundamental frequency (f(o)) of vibration, and the results of both EGG and acoustic analysis were depicted on a two-dimensional plane with f(o) on the x-axis and SPL on the y-axis. All the subjects were seen to have a weak, near-sinusoidal EGG waveform in their lowest SPL range, whereas increase in SPL coincided with progressive enrichment in harmonic content of the EGG waveforms. The results of the clustering were additionally used to classify waveforms across subjects to enable inter-subject comparisons and assessment of individual strategies of exploring the f(o)-SPL dimensions. In these male subjects, the EGG waveform shape appeared to vary with SPL and to remain essentially constant with f(o) over one octave.
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| 25. |
- Sundberg, Johan
(författare)
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Flow Glottogram and Subglottal Pressure Relationship in Singers and Untrained Voices
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 32:1, s. 23-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article combines results from three earlier investigations of the glottal voice source during phonation at varying degrees of vocal loudness (1) in five classically trained baritone singers (Sundberg et al., 1999), (2) in 15 female and 14 male untrained voices (Sundberg et al., 2005), and (3) in voices rated as hyperfunctional by an expert panel (Millgard et al., 2015). Voice source data were obtained by inverse filtering. Associated subglottal pressures were estimated from oral pressure during the occlusion for the consonant /p/. Five flow glottogram parameters, (1) maximum flow declination rate (MFDR), (2) peak-to-peak pulse amplitude, (3) level difference between the first and the second harmonics of the voice source, (4) closed quotient, and (5) normalized amplitude quotient, were averaged across the singer subjects and related to associated MFDR values. Strong, quantitative relations, expressed as equations, are found between subglottal pressure and MFDR and between MFDR and each of the other flow glottogram parameters. The values for the untrained voices, as well as those for the voices rated as hyperfunctional, deviate systematically from the values derived from the equations.
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| 26. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Respiratory and Acoustical Differences Between Belt and Neutral Style of Singing.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 29:4, s. 418-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Belt is a style of singing commonly used in nonclassical genres. Its respiratory, phonatory, and resonatory characteristics are unclear. DESIGN: Basic research. METHODS: Six female singers, professionally performing in the belt styles since many years, sang an excerpt of a song in belt and nonbelt/neutral style, two times with the lyrics and two times replacing the lyrics with /pae/ syllables. On separate channels, recordings were made of audio, oral pressure, and rib cage and abdominal wall movements, as picked up by respiratory inductive plethysmography. Lung volume and breathing patterns during inhalation and phonation were normalized with respect to duration and averaged. Voice source was analyzed in terms of flow glottograms derived from the audio signal by inverse filtering. RESULTS: Belt was produced with higher pressures and yielded higher sound levels, but no consistent breathing pattern was observed, neither for the belt, nor for the neutral style. Voice source differences suggested that belt was produced with firmer glottal adduction than neutral. Also, in four of the singers, the first formant was closer to a spectrum harmonic in belt than in neutral. CONCLUSIONS: Belt style of singing is not associated with a characteristic breathing behavior but is produced with higher subglottal pressures, higher sound levels, and firmer glottal adduction than a neutral style of singing.
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| 27. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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The "Overdrive" Mode in the "Complete Vocal Technique" : A Preliminary Study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Mosby Inc.. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:5, s. 528-535
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- "Complete Vocal Technique," or CVT, is an internationally widespread method for teaching voice. It classifies voicing into four types, referred to as " vocal modes," one of which is called "Overdrive." The physiological correlates of these types are unclear. This study presents an attempt to analyze its voice source and formant frequency characteristics. A male and a female expert of CVT sang a set of "Overdrive" and falsetto tones on the syllable /p ae/. The voice source could be analyzed by inverse filtering in the case of the male subject. Results showed that subglottal pressure, measured as the oral pressure during /p/ occlusion, was low in falsetto and high in "Overdrive", and it was strongly correlated with each of the voice source parameters. These correlations could be described in terms of equations. The deviations from these equations of the different voice source parameters for the various voice samples suggested that "Overdrive" phonation was produced with stronger vocal fold adduction than the falsetto tones. Further, the subject was also found to tune the first formant to the second partial in "Overdrive" tones. The results support the conclusion that the method used, to compensate for the influence of subglottal pressure on the voice source, seems promising to use for analyses of other CVT vocal modes and also for other types of phonation.
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| 28. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Voice Source Variation Between Vowels in Male Opera Singers
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Mosby Inc.. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The theory of nonlinear source-filter interaction predicts that the glottal voice source should be affected by the frequency relationship between formants and partials. An attempt to experimentally verify this theory is presented. Study design: Glottal voice source and electrolaryngograph (ELG) signal differences between vowels were analyzed in vowel sequences, sung at four pitches with the same degree of vocal loudness by professional opera singers. In addition, the relationships between such differences and the frequency distance between the first formant (F1) and its closest partial were examined. Methods: A digital laryngograph microprocessor was used to simultaneously record audio and ELG signals. The former was inverse filtered, and voice source parameters and formant frequencies were extracted. The amplitude quotient of the derivative of the ELG signal (AQdELG) and the contact quotient were also compared. Results: A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between vowels, for contact quotient at four pitches and for maximum flow declination rate (MFDR) at three pitches. For other voice source parameters, differences were found at one or two pitches only. No consistent correlation was found between MFDR and the distance between F1 and its closest partial. Conclusions: The glottal voice source tends to vary between vowels, presumably because of source-filter interaction, but the variation does not seem to be dependent on the frequency distance between F1 and its closest partial.
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| 29. |
- Szabo, Annika, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Vocal Behavior in Environmental Noise : Comparisons Between Work and Leisure Conditions in Women With Work-related Voice Disorders and Matched Controls
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 32:1, s. 126.e23-126.e38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: This study aimed to assess vocal behavior in women with voice-intensive occupations to investigate differences between patients and controls and between work and leisure conditions with environmental noise level as an experimental factor. Methods: Patients with work-related voice disorders, 10 with phonasthenia and 10 with vocal nodules, were matched regarding age, profession, and workplace with 20 vocally healthy colleagues. The sound pressure level of environmental noise and the speakers’ voice, fundamental frequency, and phonation ratio were registered from morning to night during 1 week with a voice accumulator. Voice data were assessed in low (≀55 dBA), moderate, and high (\textgreater70 dBA) environmental noise levels. Results: The average environmental noise level was significantly higher during the work condition for patients with vocal nodules (73.9 dBA) and their controls (73.0 dBA) compared with patients with phonasthenia (68.3 dBA) and their controls (67.1 dBA). The average voice level and the fundamental frequency were also significantly higher during work for the patients with vocal nodules and their controls. During the leisure condition, there were no significant differences in average noise and voice level nor fundamental frequency between the groups. The patients with vocal nodules and their controls spent significantly more time and used their voices significantly more in high–environmental noise levels. Conclusions: High noise levels during work and demands from the occupation impact vocal behavior. Thus, assessment of voice ergonomics should be part of the work environmental management. To reduce environmental noise levels is important to improve voice ergonomic conditions in communication-intensive and vocally demanding workplaces.
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| 30. |
- Södersten, M., 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Natural Voice Use in Patients With Voice Disorders and Vocally Healthy Speakers Based on 2 Days Voice Accumulator Information From a Database
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 29:5, s. 646.e1-646.e9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives and Study DesignInformation about how patients with voice disorders use their voices in natural communicative situations is scarce. Such long-term data have for the first time been uploaded to a central database from different hospitals in Sweden. The purpose was to investigate the potential use of a large set of long-term data for establishing reference values regarding voice use in natural situations.MethodsVoxLog (Sonvox AB, Umeå, Sweden) was tested for deployment in clinical practice by speech-language pathologists working at nine hospitals in Sweden. Files from 20 patients (16 females and 4 males) with functional, organic, or neurological voice disorders and 10 vocally healthy individuals (eight females and two males) were uploaded to a remote central database. All participants had vocally demanding occupations and had been mond for more than 2 days. The total recording time was 681 hours and 50 minutes. Data itoreon fundamental frequency (F0, Hz), phonation time (seconds and percentage), voice sound pressure level (SPL, dB), and background noise level (dB) were analyzed for each recorded day and compared between the 2 days. Variations across each day were measured using coefficients of variation.ResultsAverage F0, voice SPL, and especially the level of background noise varied considerably for all participants across each day. Average F0 and voice SPL were considerably higher than reference values from laboratory recordings.ConclusionsThe use of a remote central database and strict protocols can accelerate data collection from larger groups of participants and contribute to establishing reference values regarding voice use in natural situations and from patients with voice disorders. Information about activities and voice symptoms would supplement the objective data and is recommended in future studies.
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| 31. |
- Tuomi, Lisa, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Voice Range Profile and Health-related Quality of Life Measurements Following Voice Rehabilitation After Radiotherapy; a Randomized Controlled Study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 The Voice Foundation.Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of voice rehabilitation in patients treated with radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer. Method: A total of 42 patients with laryngeal cancer who are treated with radiotherapy with curative intent participated in a randomized controlled study. The collected data were voice range profiles (VPRs) and patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments for measurement of self-perceived communication function (Swedish Self-Evaluation for Communication Experiences after Laryngeal cancer (S-SECEL)) and health related quality of life (HRQL) (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30/Head and Neck module). Data were collected 1 month (pre voice rehabilitation), 6 months, and 12 months postradiotherapy. Of the patients, 19 received voice rehabilitation, whereas 23 constituted a control group. Results: There were several statistically significant improvements in the study group concerning the HRQL and self-perceived communication function. The largest improvements occurred between occasions 1 (prevoice rehabilitation) and 2 (6-month postradiotherapy) and then remained constant. VRP area demonstrated a statistically significant difference when comparing changes over time, where the study group improved more than the control group. Conclusion: HRQL and self-perceived communication function showed improvement in the study group and trends of impairment in the control group. This result might suggest that it would be beneficial for the patients as well as in a health economic perspecitve, to receive voice rehabilitatiom to make a faster improvement of the HRQL and self-perceived communication function.
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| 32. |
- Uloza, Virgilijus, et al.
(författare)
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Combined Use of Standard and Throat Microphones for Measurement of Acoustic Voice Parameters and Voice Categorization
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 29:5, s. 552-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary: Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability of the measurements of acoustic voice parameters obtained simultaneously using oral and contact (throat) microphones and to investigate utility of combined use of these microphones for voice categorization.Materials and Methods. Voice samples of sustained vowel /a/ obtained from 157 subjects (105 healthy and 52 pathological voices) were recorded in a soundproof booth simultaneously through two microphones: oral AKG Perception 220 microphone (AKG Acoustics, Vienna, Austria) and contact (throat) Triumph PC microphone (Clearer Communications, Inc, Burnaby, Canada) placed on the lamina of thyroid cartilage. Acoustic voice signal data were measured for fundamental frequency, percent of jitter and shimmer, normalized noise energy, signal-to-noise ratio, and harmonic-to-noise ratio using Dr. Speech software (Tiger Electronics, Seattle, WA).Results. The correlations of acoustic voice parameters in vocal performance were statistically significant and strong (r = 0.71–1.0) for the entire functional measurements obtained for the two microphones. When classifying into healthy-pathological voice classes, the oral-shimmer revealed the correct classification rate (CCR) of 75.2% and the throat-jitter revealed CCR of 70.7%. However, combination of both throat and oral microphones allowed identifying a set of three voice parameters: throat-signal-to-noise ratio, oral-shimmer, and oral-normalized noise energy, which provided the CCR of 80.3%.Conclusions. The measurements of acoustic voice parameters using a combination of oral and throat microphones showed to be reliable in clinical settings and demonstrated high CCRs when distinguishing the healthy and pathological voice patient groups. Our study validates the suitability of the throat microphone signal for the task of automatic voice analysis for the purpose of voice screening. Copyright © 2014 The Voice Foundation.
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| 33. |
- Warhurst, Samantha, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptual and Acoustic Analyses of Good Voice Quality in Male Radio Performers
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 31:2, s. 259.e1-259.e12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesGood voice quality is an asset to professional voice users, including radio performers. We examined whether (1) voices could be reliably categorized as good for the radio and (2) these categories could be predicted using acoustic measures.Participants and MethodsMale radio performers (n = 24) and age-matched male controls performed “The Rainbow Passage” as if presenting on the radio. Voice samples were rated using a three-stage paired-comparison paradigm by 51 naive listeners and perceptual categories were identified (Study 1), and then analyzed for fundamental frequency, long-term average spectrum, cepstral peak prominence, and pause or spoken-phrase duration (Study 2).ResultsStudy 1: Good inter-judge reliability was found for perceptual judgments of the best 15 voices (good for radio category, 14/15 = radio performers), but agreement on the remaining 33 voices (unranked category) was poor. Study 2: Discriminant function analyses showed that the SD standard deviation of sounded portion duration, equivalent sound level, and smoothed cepstral peak prominence predicted membership of categories with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.328).ConclusionsRadio performers are heterogeneous for voice quality; good voice quality was judged reliably in only 14 out of 24 radio performers. Current acoustic analyses detected some of the relevant signal properties that were salient in these judgments. More refined perceptual analysis and the use of other perceptual methods might provide more information on the complex nature of judging good voices.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Whitling, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Time Voice Accumulation During Work, Leisure, and a Vocal Loading Task in Groups With Different Levels of Functional Voice Problems
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997. ; 31:2, s. 1-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The study aimed to examine the vocal behavior and self-assessed vocal health in women with varying everyday vocal load and functional voice problems, including patients with functional dysphonia, in three conditions: work, leisure, and a vocal loading task (VLT). Study Design: This is a longitudinal controlled, clinical trial. Methods: Fifty (n = 50) female subjects were tracked during 7 days' voice accumulation accompanied by a voice health questionnaire, containing general assessments with visual analogue scale and specific voice health questions. Subjects were divided into four vocal subgroups according to everyday vocal load and functional vocal complaints. Accumulation time was divided into three conditions: a VLT, work, and leisure. The following behavioral parameters were measured: (1) relative phonation time (%), (2) phonatory sound pressure/voice level (dB sound pressure level), (3) ambient noise level (dB sound pressure level), and (4) phonatory fundamental frequency (Hz). Results: Patients with functional dysphonia reported significantly higher specific voice problems across conditions and worse general voice problems during work and leisure than other groups. Women with high everyday vocal load and voice complaints showed higher phonation times and fundamental frequency during work than voice healthy controls. They also reported the highest incidence of general voice problems in the VLT. Conclusions: Vocal loading relates to prolonged phonation time at high fundamental frequencies. Patients with functional dysphonia experience general and specific voice problems permanently, whereas women with everyday vocal load and voice complaints recover during leisure. This may explain why the latter group does not seek voice therapy.
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| 36. |
- Whitling, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Recovery From Heavy Vocal Loading in Women With Different Degrees of Functional Voice Problems
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997. ; 31:5, s. 1-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type of Study: This is a longitudinal, case-control clinical trial. Objectives: This study aims to track recovery time following a vocal loading task (VLT) imposing vocal fatigue and to explore if patients with functional dysphonia (FD) are worse affected by vocal loading, and if these patients take longer than others to recover. Methods: Fifty (n = 50) female participants in four vocal subgroups on a spectrum of everyday vocal loading and functional voice complaints, including n = 20 patients with FD, took part in a clinical VLT, inflicting vocal fatigue through loud speech in ambient noise. Short-term recovery was explored through self-assessment of unspecified voice problems every 15 minutes for 2 hours following loading. Long-term recovery was tracked through self-assessments of specific voice symptoms during 3 days following vocal loading. Effects of heavy vocal loading were evaluated through voice recordings, long-time-average spectrum, perceptual assessments, and assessments of digital imaging performed pre- and post vocal loading. Results: Patients with FD did not return to baseline for unspecified voice problems within 2 hours of vocal loading and were worse affected by vocal loading than other groups. Women with high everyday vocal loading with no voice complaints identified vocal loading more evidently than other groups. Long-term recovery took 7-20 hours for all groups. Conclusions: Short-term recovery is slower for patients with FD and these patients are worse affected by a VLT than others.
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| 37. |
- Wistbacka, Greta, et al.
(författare)
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Resonance Tube Phonation in Water-the Effect of Tube Diameter and Water Depth on Back Pressure and Bubble Characteristics at Different Airflows
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 32:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives:. Resonance tube phonation with tube end in water is a voice therapy method in which the patient phonates through a glass tube, keeping the free end of the tube submerged in water, creating bubbles. The purpose of this experimental study was to determine flow-pressure relationship, flow thresholds between bubble types, and bubble frequency as a function of flow and back volume. Methods. A flow-driven vocal tract simulator was used for recording the back pressure produced by resonance tubes with inner diameters of 8 and 9 mm submerged at water depths of 0-7 cm. Visual inspection of bubble types through video recording was also performed. Results. The static back pressure was largely determined by the water depth. The narrower tube provided a slightly higher back pressure for a given flow and depth. The amplitude of the pressure oscillations increased with flow and depth. Depending on flow, the bubbles were emitted from the tube in three distinct types with increasing flow: one by one, pairwise, and in a chaotic manner. The bubble frequency was slightly higher for the narrower tube. An increase in back volume led to a decrease in bubble frequency. Conclusions. This study provides data on the physical properties of resonance tube phonation with the tube end in water. This information will be useful in future research when looking into the possible effects of this type of voice training.
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| 38. |
- Yang, Yang, et al.
(författare)
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Tuning Features of Chinese Folk Song Singing : A Case Study of Hua'er Music
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Voice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-1997 .- 1873-4588. ; 29:4, s. 426-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. The learning and teaching of different singing styles, such as operatic and Chinese folk singing, was often found to be very challenging in professional music education because of the complexity of varied musical properties and vocalizations. By studying the acoustical and musical parameters of the singing voice, this study identified distinctive tuning characteristics of a particular folk music in China-Hua'er music-to inform the ineffective folk singing practices, which were hampered by the neglect of inherent tuning issues in music. Methods. Thirteen unaccompanied folk song examples from four folk singers were digitally audio recorded in a sound studio. Using an analyzing toolkit consisting of Praat, PeakFit, and MS Excel, the fundamental frequencies (F-0) of these song examples were extracted into sets of "anchor pitches" mostly used, which were further divided into 253 F-0 clusters. The interval structures of anchor pitches within each song were analyzed and then compared across 13 examples providing parameters that indicate the tuning preference of this particular singing style. Results. The data analyses demonstrated that all singers used a tuning pattern consisting of five major anchor pitches suggesting a nonequal-tempered bias in singing. This partly verified the pentatonic scale proposed in previous empirical research but also argued a potential misunderstanding of the studied folk music scale that failed to take intrinsic tuning issues into consideration. Conclusions. This study suggests that, in professional music training, any tuning strategy should be considered in terms of the reference pitch and likely tuning systems. Any accompanying instruments would need to be tuned to match the underlying tuning bias.
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