| 1. |
- Jiménez Romanillos, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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Unpacking Behaviours : A Literature Study and Research Agenda on Consumer Behaviour in Packaging-Free Systems
- 2024
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era where food packaging plays a dual role in both reducing food waste and contributing to global packaging waste, this study presents an analysis of packaging-free systems. As governments and organizations attempt to address the environmental impact of single-use packaging, packaging-free alternatives have emerged as a promising solution. However, there is a need for a comprehensive assessment of environmental sustainability and its alignment with consumer behaviours and preferences in this growing type of grocery system. Considering this need, this study employs an integrative literature review process, selecting 51 research articles. This selection was classified into three principal areas: the characteristics of packaging-free services, the dynamics of consumer behaviour and patterns from a household perspective. This review evaluates the effectiveness of packaging-free systems, exploring the factors that drive consumer adoption, the obstacles to transitioning and the relevance of theoretical frameworks like the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and practice theory (PT) in understanding and assessing the sustainability of these alternatives. The result of this study is the identification of significant research gaps and opportunities, leading to a comprehensive research agenda. This agenda emphasizes the need for a more refined understanding of consumer classifications that extend beyond standard demographic metrics, delving into aspects like household structures, dietary preferences and regional variations. The study highlights the limited scope of existing literature by advocating for a holistic grocery analysis that blends packaging-free and conventional shopping practices to understand more realistic grocery scenarios, as not all products are available in packaging-free alternatives. It also underscores the importance of integrating environmental assessments with consumer behaviour studies to see the sustainability of the systems beyond reusable containers. Additionally, this research sheds light on the relatively unexplored area of online packaging-free services, questioning the sustainable implication of incorporating online alternatives in grocery practices, and suggests a broader application of theoretical frameworks, including activity theory (AT) as a new perspective to achieve a new understanding of these systems. Lastly, contributing to the overall understanding of packaging-free systems, the study concludes with a SWOT analysis that briefly identifies strengths in environmental sustainability and consumer awareness, balanced against weaknesses like data gaps and complex consumer decision-making processes.
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| 2. |
- Jiménez Romanillos, Elena, et al.
(författare)
-
Unpacking Behaviours: A Literature Study and Research Agenda on Consumer Behaviour in Packaging-Free Systems
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : WILEY. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era where food packaging plays a dual role in both reducing food waste and contributing to global packaging waste, this study presents an analysis of packaging-free systems. As governments and organizations attempt to address the environmental impact of single-use packaging, packaging-free alternatives have emerged as a promising solution. However, there is a need for a comprehensive assessment of environmental sustainability and its alignment with consumer behaviours and preferences in this growing type of grocery system. Considering this need, this study employs an integrative literature review process, selecting 51 research articles. This selection was classified into three principal areas: the characteristics of packaging-free services, the dynamics of consumer behaviour and patterns from a household perspective. This review evaluates the effectiveness of packaging-free systems, exploring the factors that drive consumer adoption, the obstacles to transitioning and the relevance of theoretical frameworks like the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and practice theory (PT) in understanding and assessing the sustainability of these alternatives. The result of this study is the identification of significant research gaps and opportunities, leading to a comprehensive research agenda. This agenda emphasizes the need for a more refined understanding of consumer classifications that extend beyond standard demographic metrics, delving into aspects like household structures, dietary preferences and regional variations. The study highlights the limited scope of existing literature by advocating for a holistic grocery analysis that blends packaging-free and conventional shopping practices to understand more realistic grocery scenarios, as not all products are available in packaging-free alternatives. It also underscores the importance of integrating environmental assessments with consumer behaviour studies to see the sustainability of the systems beyond reusable containers. Additionally, this research sheds light on the relatively unexplored area of online packaging-free services, questioning the sustainable implication of incorporating online alternatives in grocery practices, and suggests a broader application of theoretical frameworks, including activity theory (AT) as a new perspective to achieve a new understanding of these systems. Lastly, contributing to the overall understanding of packaging-free systems, the study concludes with a SWOT analysis that briefly identifies strengths in environmental sustainability and consumer awareness, balanced against weaknesses like data gaps and complex consumer decision-making processes.
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| 3. |
- Lindberg, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Tray forming operation of paperboard : A case study using implicit finite element analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 35:2, s. 183-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibility to perform advanced forming operations of initially plane paperboard paves the way to making products like food trays, plates, cups and other containers as a part of shifting towards a circular bioeconomy. As a part of the ongoing efforts of expanding the product range using paperboard, we performed analyses of the forming operation using simulations. An implicit non-linear finite element model is built to more accurately than previous studies simulate the tray forming process of paperboard. Two different commercial paperboards are investigated. The use of an implicit solver enabled the inclusion of the creasing pattern into the geometry of the paperboard blank resolving the formation of wrinkles during forming. The material data is extracted from tensile test curves of the investigated paperboards and was fitted accurately using Hill's plasticity with difference in tension and compression accounted for with subsequent failure evaluation. The results showed that the inclusion of the creases in the geometry is vital for getting a correct shape of the formed tray and important for decreasing the risk of failure. The results also showed that friction has a big impact on the formed shape and hence on the stress levels, and therefore supports the means of lowering friction between the blank holder and the blank during the tray forming operation. A stochastic approach is proposed to determine the probability of failure for the boards. The performed failure evaluation is consistent with the field observations. The developed approach enables more precise simulations of paperboard tray forming.
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| 4. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and finite element simulated box compression tests on paperboard packages at different moisture levels
- 2020
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finite element (FE) analyses can be used as a powerful tool in the package design process to study for instance stress and strain fields that arise during loading.An orthotropic linear elastic material model with a stress-based failure criterion was used to simulate box compression tests (BCT) of a paperboard package in the FE-solver LS-DYNA. Physical experiments were performed at 50, 70 and 90 % relative humidity (RH), respectively. The input parameters required for the simulations were calculated based on material characterization at standard climate (50 % RH and 23 °C) and a linear relation between mechanical material properties and moisture ratio established in earlier studies.The result showed that it was possible to accurately predict the load-compression curve of a BCT when moisture was accounted for. Furthermore, it was found that modelling of the mechanical properties of the creases are important for capturing the stiffness response of the package.To conclude, it was possible to predict the box compression strength and the linear stiffness response prior to the peak in the load-compression response at relevant moisture levels, by using the previously established linear relationship between moisture ratio and material properties. In addition to the moisture ratio at the preferred moisture level, the only material properties required were the in-plane strengths and stiffnesses, and the out-of-plane shear moduli at standard climate.
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| 5. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and finite element simulated box compression tests on paperboard packages at different moisture levels
- 2021
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 34:4, s. 229-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finite element (FE) analyses can be used as a powerful tool in the package design process to study for instance stress and strain fields that arise during loading. An orthotropic linear elastic material model with a stress-based failure criterion was used to simulate box compression tests (BCTs) of a paperboard package in the FE solver LS-Dyna. Physical experiments were performed at 50%, 70%, and 90% relative humidity (RH). The input parameters required for the simulations were calculated based on material characterization at standard climate (50% RH and 23°C) and a linear relation between mechanical material properties and moisture ratio established in earlier studies. The result showed that it was possible to accurately predict the load–compression curve of a BCT when moisture was accounted for. Furthermore, it was found that modelling of the mechanical properties of the creases are important for capturing the stiffness response of the package. To conclude, it was possible to predict the box compression strength and the linear stiffness response prior to the peak in the load–compression response at relevant moisture levels, by using the previously established linear relationship between moisture ratio and material properties. In addition to the moisture ratio at the preferred moisture level, the only material properties required were the in-plane strengths and stiffnesses, and the out-of-plane shear moduli at standard climate.
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| 6. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental quantification of differences in damage due to in-plane tensile test and bending of paperboard
- 2022
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 35:1, s. 69-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creasing is an essential process to convert paperboards into packages since it enables folding along well-defined lines. The creasing process relies on purpose-made damage that is initiated in the paperboard structure: delamination. However, creasing might also cause in-plane cracks, which must be avoided. In this laboratory study, three paperboards were creased at six different depths, respectively. Two mechanical tests were performed to characterize the creases at standard climate (23°C and 50% RH): 2-point folding, to examine the bending force and short-span in-plane tensile test to evaluate the strength. The results were normalized with the values for the uncreased boards, which gave the relative strength ratios: relative creasing strength (RCS) and relative tensile strength (RTS). When the relative strengths were evaluated against the normative shear strains, a creasing window was formed. This window has an upper limit given by the RTS values, corresponding to the in-plane cracks, and a lower limit given by the RCS values, corresponding to the delamination damage initiated in the paperboard during creasing. It was observed that both the RCS and RTS values exhibit a linear relation against normative shear strain. From this, it was concluded that performing tests at two creasing depths might be sufficient to estimate the lower, and upper, limits for the creasing window in future studies. Finally, the effect of moisture was investigated by creasing, folding and tensile testing at 23°C and 90% RH, which showed that moisture had no clear effect on the RCS or the RTS values.
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| 7. |
- Marin, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Torsional and compression loading of paperboard packages : Experimental and FE analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Packaging technology & science. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 36:1, s. 31-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates torsional and compressive loading of a paperboard package. Finite element (FE) analyses simulating the tests were performed to improve understanding of the stresses and deformations in the paperboard during loading. A simple experimental characterization of the necessary material properties could be performed to represent the multi-ply paperboard as a single-ply structure. The results from the single-ply model were compared with a laminate model, and the differences between the models were small. Comparing experimental and FE simulations of box compression and torsion showed that the FE models could accurately predict the response curves. However, in the simulations, there was an overprediction of the maximum compressive force and maximum torque, which was expected since geometrical imperfections and the heterogeneous internal structure of the material were not accounted for in the material model or the FE model. Local yield lines formed at the onset of non-linearities in the package load–displacement curves. Therefore, the strength of the paperboard affects the maximum compressive strength and maximum torque, and the bending stiffness of the paperboard only had a minor effect. When a first local maximum was reached, the number of FE that reached the failure stress increased exponentially. The simulations also showed that box compression was not an effect of package height, but higher packages had a lower maximum torque. © 2022 The Authors.
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| 8. |
- Molina-Besch, Katrin, et al.
(författare)
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A simplified environmental evaluation tool for food packaging to support decision-making in packaging development
- 2020
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 33:4-5, s. 141-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Packaging developers in the food industry must consider several, sometimes conflicting, environmental requirements on packaging along with an already complex combination of marketing, logistics and production requirements. Existing methods for the environmental evaluation of packaging either focus on a limited amount of environmental packaging criteria (such as recyclability or renewable content) or rely on life cycle assessment methodology requiring expert competence. To support the food industry in their efforts toward developing product and packaging combinations that reduce the total environmental impact in food supply chains, this article presents a simplified environmental evaluation tool for food packaging. The presented tool was developed through an iterative process in a collaborative research project with the food industry. It evaluates packaging systems based on packaging criteria sorted into four areas that represent the life-cycle steps packaging material production, transport, household and end-of-life. A comparison of the tool results and screening LCA results for three packaging cases showed no major differences. From the practitioners' perspective, the main advantages of the suggested tool are that it does not require LCA-competence, that the required input data is commonly available in packaging development projects and that its overall structure invites several functions of the company to participate. The theoretical benefits of the suggested tool are that it allows for a parallel assessment of eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness criteria in a life cycle perspective and that it considers littering risk as well as the influence of packaging on food waste in households.
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| 9. |
- Pålsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Current state and research directions for disposable versus reusable packaging : a systematic literature review of comparative studies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - : Wiley. - 0894-3214 .- 1099-1522. ; 36:6, s. 391-409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of disposable and reusable packaging is a hot topic in policy and practice, but different studies have come to different conclusions on when each packaging type is the more sustainable alternative. The purpose of this paper is to map and review scientific literature that compares disposable and reusable packaging for food, beverages and e-commerce from a sustainability perspective. The methodology is a systematic literature review, which identifies 91 scientific papers. The paper describes and analyses the origin, characteristics and state of current knowledge and then proposes future research directions within five areas. It identifies and presents what is known in literature to achieve environmental and social sustainability, as well as circularity for disposable compared to reusable packaging. The review shows that the literature is to great extent qualitative, often studying individual products in a specific context. European studies dominate the current literature, and many of them revolve around a few types of products and packaging. Slightly under half of the studies use the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The review of these studies provides some indicative suggestions for when disposable and reusable packaging is environmentally preferable, but the number of LCA studies is too limited, and their content too fragmented to draw general conclusions about this. Overall, the review of 91 articles shows a great need for continued research that compares the environmental efficiency of disposable and reusable packaging. It also highlights the necessity for more knowledge to be able to clearly state under what conditions and in what contexts disposable and reusable packaging are the most sustainable options.
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| 10. |
- Robertsson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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A continuum damage model for creasing and folding of paperboard
- 2023
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Ingår i: Packaging Technology and Science. - 0894-3214. ; 36:12, s. 1037-1050
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A continuum damage framework is proposed for modelling the delamination process occurring in paperboard during mechanical loading. The main application of interest is line creasing and subsequent line folding used in package forming. To adequately capture creasing and folding, a continuum damage framework that uses a single isotropic damage variable that evolves with the plastic strains associated with out-of-plane shearing is used. The damage evolution is calibrated against folding experiments for a specific reference mesh, and a simple scaling strategy is proposed to reduce the inherent mesh dependency. To highlight the potential of the proposed model, an illustrative 3D example is considered where a paperboard sheet is creased by two plates and folded to resemble the corner of a package.
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