| 1. |
- Abdulsomad, Kamaruddin
(författare)
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The transformation of multinational corporations (MNCs) from an innovation perspective: Some notes on the theories of MNCs
- 2014
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - : Springer-Verlag London Ltd. - 0951-5666. ; 29:3, s. 415-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- MNCs have a long history of evolution. A hundred years of internationalization process has transformed MNC greatly due to the evolution of the motives and the way companies integrate and expand their business around the world. Rapid liberalization, globalization and technological change especially in information and communication technology (ICT) sector have again revolutionized the transformation of the MNCs even further. As a consequence, the traditional version of the ownership-specific, localization and internalization advantages O.L.I) paradigm and recent new theories of the MNCs are inadequate to explain the dynamics and the growing of the MNCs from developed and emerging economies. This paper argues that the traditional International Business Theories of MNCs should seek cooperation from an innovation perspective approach such as Rothwell's five generations of innovation process and open innovation approach proposed by Chesbrough in order to strengthen the theories of MNCs. Since both approaches emphasize the role of external factors such as the role of knowledge, expertise, university and networks which are lacking in the traditional resource-based theory. The combination of O.L.I paradigm and innovation approaches will certainly strengthen the capability of the MNCs theories to generalize about how MNCs from emerging economies are similar and dissimilar to more traditional MNCs from developed countries in the era of rapid globalization.
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| 2. |
- Backlund, G., et al.
(författare)
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Training young engineers to see
- 2012
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 27:4, s. 509-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This case study in the professional education of engineers is based on a Talent Programme at Combitech in Sweden, in association with the Royal Institute of Technology. The approach is based on use of the Dialogue Seminar Method. © 2011 The Author(s).
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| 3. |
- Croon Fors, Anna, 1967-
(författare)
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The Beauty of the beast : the matter of meaning in digitalization
- 2010
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 25:1, s. 27-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Digitalization reveals the world in new varieties and forms. This power to unveil not only transforms human outreach and actions, but also changes our conceptions; about whom we are, about our uses and about human horizons for sense-making. In this paper, I explore experience design and the aesthetic turn in contemporary research in human–computer interaction and interaction design. This rather recent interest in aesthetic experience is in my view a move away from a view of digitalization as instances of objects aligned in networks, with certain features, qualities and properties, towards an understanding of digitalization as a relation to the world, to itself, and to what it means to be human (e.g. Technology and the character of contemporary life. A philosophical inquiry. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984, Holding on to reality. The nature of information at the turn of the millennium. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999; Questioning technology. Routledge, New York, 1999; The question concerning technology and other essays. Harper and Row, New York, 1977; Technology and the lifeworld, from garden to earth. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1990). As such my attempt in this text is to outline a conceptual account concerning what it might mean to designate digitalization as experienced rather than as what we traditionally think of it—as a cause of what we perceive. The paper is based on some previous work suggesting that a focus on the beauty of digitalization (i.e. the beast) entails the possibility to investigate ambiguous meanings of digitalization, meanings that are intrinsic to digitalization but have so far received little or no attention. My suggestion is that there are aesthetic and/or sublime dimensions inherent in digitalization that involves the realization of meaning that are becoming increasingly important in both use and design of digital materials. Hence, the particular focus on aesthetics as implied by the title of this text refers to a pervasive quality harbouring meaning that through a phenomenological lens could be regarded as the material basis of digitalization. The paper concludes that it is crucial to conduct more thorough studies of the relationship between aesthetics and digitalization if we are truly interested in exploring the potential of digitalization in our lives.
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| 4. |
- Dodig Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955
(författare)
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Cognitive revolution, virtuality and good life
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI and Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 28:3, s. 319-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are living in an era when the focus of human relationships with the world is shifting from execution and physical impact to control and cognitive/informational interaction. This emerging, increasingly informational world is our new ecology, an infosphere that presents the grounds for a cognitive revolution based on interactions in networks of biological and artificial, intelligent agents. After the industrial revolution, which extended the human body through mechanical machinery, the cognitive revolution extends the human mind/cognition through information-processing machinery. These novel circumstances come with new qualities and preferences demanding new conceptualizations. We have some work ahead of us to establish value systems and practices extended from the real to the increasingly virtual/info-computational. This paper first presents a current view of the virtual versus the real and then offers an interpretation framework based on an info-computational understanding of cognition in which agency implies computational processing of informational structures of the world as an infosphere. The notion of "good life" is discussed in light of different ideals of well-being in the infosphere, connecting virtuality as a space of potential and alternative worlds for an agent for whom the reality is a space of actual experiences, in the sense of Deleuze. Even though info-computational framework enables us to see both the real world and the diversity of virtual worlds in terms of computational processes on informational structures, based on a distinct layered cognitive architecture of all physical agents, there is clear difference between potential worlds of the virtual and actual agent's experiences made in the real. Info-computationalism enables insight into the mechanisms of infosphere and elucidates its importance as cognitively predominant environment and communication media. The conclusion is that by cocooning ourselves in an elaborate info-computational infrastructure of the virtual, we may be increasingly isolating ourselves from the reality of direct experience of the world. The biggest challenges of the cognitive revolution may not be technological but ethical. They are about the nature of being human and its values. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited.
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| 5. |
- Dolles, Harald, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship and the Carbon Market: Opportunities and Challenges for South African Entrepreneurs
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666. ; 29:3, s. 335-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Kyoto Protocol and its implementation brought forward issues of climate change and its mitigation strategy by national measures through the creation of market mechanisms in carbon trading. The trading of emission certificates has become an important trade commodity worldwide and its markets have diversified. While this opportunity has created new markets for entrepreneurs and actors that range from farmers to brokers, unequal involvement in most developing countries is noted. This has been mostly observed in those countries where entrepreneurship is often regarded as the cornerstone of economic growth and social improvement. South Africa has spearheaded other African countries in its implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects leading to carbon trading. Based on our research on South African entrepreneurship and its involvement in the carbon market, we conclude that albeit a number of opportunities, the biggest challenge for entrepreneurial participation in the carbon market remains in the nature and processes of CDM project implementation, the lack of a clear supportive system, limited access to financing and – more importantly – general ignorance of the trading opportunities by entrepreneurs. The complex nature of CDM projects themselves limits participation due to lack of the necessary skills on the national level leading to uneven distribution of CDM projects on provincial levels in South Africa. Recommendations are provided to overcome the obstacles and to promote entrepreneurial activity in the carbon market.
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| 6. |
- Fruchter, R, et al.
(författare)
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Distributing attention across multiple social worlds
- 2010
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 25:2, s. 169-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Being a member of both local and global teams requires constant distribution and re-distribution of attention, engagement, and intensive communication over synchronous and asynchronous channels with remote and local partners. We explore in this paper the increasing number of social worlds such participants distribute their attention to, how this affects their level of engagement and attention, and how the workspace, collaboration technologies, and interaction modes afford and constrain the communicative events. The use of information and collaboration technologies (ICT) shapes and reshapes work spaces, processes, and social interactions among team members, and team members reshape ICT and the way it is used. We use as a testbed the AEC Global Teamwork course established at Stanford in 1993 in collaboration with universities worldwide and provide examples from two sites—Stanford PBL Lab, California USA and Chalmers University, Goteborg Sweden. We used temporal analysis and qualitative methods of inquiry in order to study participants’ attention, how they used the site and the means, i.e., their social and material resources, to accomplish their interaction needs, and how they engaged throughout project reviews.
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| 7. |
- Fruchter, Renate, et al.
(författare)
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Tension between perceived collocation and actual geographical distribution in project teams
- 2010
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Ingår i: AI & Society, Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. ; 25:2, s. 183-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes an exploratory comparative study of knowledge workers and their challenges in high tech global project teams. More specifically we focus on the tension between perceived collocation and actual geographical distributed project work as a function of: (1) the demand to distribute and shift attention in multi-teaming, (2) virtuality i.e. number of virtual teams participants engage in, (3) the continuous adjustment and re-adjustment to new places they perform their activity, and (4) the collaboration technologies they use. We present the methodology for data collection that included semi-structured interviews, surveys, and on site shadowing of the project participants, and discuss the findings from the data analysis. The study is based on the bricks-bits-interaction framework. It is at the intersection of the design of physical spaces, i.e., bricks; rich digital information and collaboration technology (ICT) content, mobile devices and network infrastructures, i.e., bits, and emergent work practices, process, and new ways people behave in communicative events using the affordances of ICT augmented physical, virtual spaces and digital content, i.e., interaction.
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| 8. |
- Granström, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Turing's man : A dialogue
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 28:1, s. 21-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We can never emulate their meekness,soft servants of durable material:they live without pretensionin complicated relays and electrical circuits. Speed, docility are their strength. One asks: "What is 2 × 2?"-"Are you a machine?"They answer orrefuse to answer, depending on what you demand. There are, however, other machines as well,more abstract automatons, bolder and moreinaccessible,which eat their tape in mathematical formulae. They imitate in language. In infiniteloops, farther and farther back in their retreattowards more subtlealgorithms, more recursive functions. They are logical and describe themselves. As when a man with a hand-mirror pressed against his nosein front of a mirrorsees in infinite rows the same image multipliedin a shrinking, darkening corridor of glass. It is a Gödel theorem as good as any. He sees infinity,but what he does not see is his face.(From Göran Printz-Påhlsońs poem "The Turing Machine" published in Säg minns du skeppet Refanut? Samlade dikter 1950-1983 (1984) Bonniers, Stockholm).
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| 9. |
- Gullström, Charlie
(författare)
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Design Frictions
- 2011
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 27:1, s. 91-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fusion of architecture and media technology, video-mediated spaces facilitate collaborative practices across spatial extensions. This paper contributes an architectural perspective on presence design, exploring its potential to create architectural extensions that facilitate knowledge-sharing and remote presence. With the example of a mediated therapist, taken from the author’s design-led research (Gullström 2010), the paper illustrates spatial design concepts (e.g. mediated gaze, spatial montage, shared mediated space), which, unaddressed, may be said to impose friction, and thus impact negatively on the experience of witnessed mediated presence (Nevejan 2007). Mediated presence cannot be ensured by design, however, by acknowledging that certain features are related to spatial design, a presence designer can monitor them and, in effect, seek to reduce the ‘design friction’ that otherwise may inhibit e.g. trust and knowledge-sharing. It concludes that a presence-in-person paradigm prevails in our society, founded on the expectations of trust and knowledge-sharing between individuals, and hereby addresses the contribution from presence design to architectural practice – as well as the reciprocal contribution from architecture to presence design – given that mediated spaces currently provide viable alternatives for meetings and interactions, hence with a fundamental impact on all human practices.
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| 10. |
- Kiselev, Andrey, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Toward incorporating emotions with rationality into a communicative virtual agent
- 2011
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London, United Kingdom : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 26:3, s. 275-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the problem of human–computer interactions when the computer can interpret and express a kind of human-like behavior, offering natural communication. A conceptual framework for incorporating emotions with rationality is proposed. A model of affective social interactions is described. The model utilizes the SAIBA framework, which distinguishes among several stages of processing of information. The SAIBA framework is extended, and a model is realized in human behavior detection, human behavior interpretation, intention planning, attention tracking behavior planning, and behavior realization components. Two models of incorporating emotions with rationality into a virtual artifact are presented. The first one uses an implicit implementation of emotions. The second one has an explicit realization of a three-layered model of emotions, which is highly interconnected with other components of the system. Details of the model with implicit implementation of emotional behavior are shown as well as evaluation methodology and results. Discussions about the extended model of an agent are given in the final part of the paper.
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| 11. |
- Mouwitz, Lars, 1949
(författare)
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A Poem for an Empty Spot
- 2013
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666. ; 28:1, s. 75-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The background to the "Poem for an Empty Spot" is a creepy feeling that there is something questionable with the motive and deeper driving forces for the efforts to declare that mind is something else than it is. As a scientist using mathematics I have learned the importance to take deep feelings seriously, and not only trust on deduction and routine solutions. Our deep feelings serve as pathfinders, and as pre-paradigmatic signs they are important to notice. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited.
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| 12. |
- Park, Sang-Chul, 1959
(författare)
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Innovation policy and strategic value for building a cross-border cluster in Denmark and Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: AI and Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 29:3, s. 363-375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a knowledge-based economy, the role of regions is regarded as very significant for creating and dispersing knowledge. Particularly, geographical clusters of firms in a single sub-national region and cross-border regions may contribute to transmitting certain kinds of knowledge between and among firms. In addition, markets prefer to favor specialized firms with a coherent body of knowledge when knowledge creation and the use of new knowledge become increasingly important for maintaining and improving a firm's competitiveness. This means that regional policy makers may not interfere directly with markets and firms when the process of globalization pushes national economies into a world of learning and innovation because the institutional framework for market exchange favors knowledge exchange in a globalizing economic system. This paper argues how a cross-border cluster in the Öresund region between Denmark and Sweden has been created, and which strategies it focuses on in order to strengthen its competitiveness and to generate a further development that aims to become a global innovative cluster. Moreover, it discuses whether the Nordic cross-border cluster, the Medicon Valley is a unique approach in the EU context or not. Finally, it argues how it has created technology innovation as well as contributed to the regional economic growth. © 2013 Springer-Verlag London.
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| 13. |
- Ratkić, Adrian
(författare)
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Images of reflection : on the meanings of the word reflection in different learning contexts
- 2012
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 28:3, s. 339-349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reflection is today a watchword in manylearning contexts. Experience is said to be transformed toknowledge when we reflect on it, university students areexpected to acquire the ability to reflect critically, and wewant practitioners to be reflective practitioners in order toimprove their professional practice. If we consider whatpeople mean when they talk about reflection in practice, wewill discover that they often mean different things. Moreover,their conceptions of reflection are guided by imagesrather than by definitions. This paper explores six distinctimages of reflection and discusses the consequences ofadopting one or more of these images in learning situations:(1) dedoublement, (2) analogical thinking, (3) mirror,(4) experiment, (5) puzzle solving, (6) criss-crossing alandscape. Reflective thinking can be improved if we aresensible of what we are reflecting about and according towhich image of reflection we are doing it, since the stepbetween using an image and seeing this image as a modelis short. Using models, in turn, implies knowing theirlimits.
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| 14. |
- Åberg, Sven
(författare)
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Circumvention : On judgement as practical action
- 2012
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Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer London. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article is based on material from a series of Dialogue Seminars conducted with teachers at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm. Descriptions of processes within the master/apprentice relationships serve as an empirical base for further reflections on the nature of practical knowledge and how practical and artistic judgement can be developed.Problems of performance cannot always be attacked head-on by discussing them directly, so a linguistic circumvention of the problem often takes place. The creation of a language agreement where metaphors and figures acquire a situation-bound meaning is an example of this kind of circumvention. This situational language agreement is created within a field of tension between teacher and student. The teachers’ judgmental process of how and when to use language within this tension field is seen as a general example of a practitioners internal balancing in the actual moment of performance. The article argues that personal judgement involves an ability to balance several incompatible extremes of approach. To gain an overview of the forces affecting a practitioner, it may be helpful to see the practitioner as handling an array of mutually exclusive poles. The image of ‘paradoxical fields’ is offered as an expression of the practitioner’s movement between these poles. Examples of paradoxical fields include planning/spontaneity in a musical performance, breadth/depth in a students’ development and the tension between lyrics and music of a song.
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