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1.	Aljaradin, Mohammad, et al. (författare) Current situation of municipal solid waste landfills in Jordan 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 31:8, s. 1897-1898 Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract Jordan has seen a large increase in inhabitants over the past five decades as a result of a high population growth rate and forced migrations. Economic and cultural development has improved the standard of living and changed consumer habits, resulting in an increase in the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) over time. The rate of production of MSW has been estimated at about 1,964,284 ton annually with an average generation rate of 0.95 kg/ cap/day in urban and 0.85 kg/cap/day in rural areas (SWEEP, 2010) and is expected to reach 2.5 million ton by 2015. The major fraction of MSW composition is organic (Fig. 1), which implies a high moisture content value, as expected in a developing country where food is the major component of the solid waste stream (Abu Qdais, 2007). About 86% of the MSW is decomposable and recyclable, while the remainder is inert matter. The solid waste volume is still increasing at high rates due to the rapid population increase as well as the change in living standards and consumption patterns.
2.	Andersson, S., et al. (författare) Sulfur recirculation for increased electricity production in Waste-to-Energy plants 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 34:1, s. 67-78 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sulfur recirculation is a new technology for reducing boiler corrosion and dioxin formation. It was demonstrated in full-scale tests at a Waste to Energy plant in Goteborg (Sweden) during nearly two months of operation. Sulfur was recirculated as sulfuric acid from the flue gas cleaning back to the boiler, thus creating a sulfur loop. The new technology was evaluated by extensive measurement campaigns during operation under normal conditions (reference case) and operation with sulfur recirculation. The chlorine content of both fly ash and boiler ash decreased and the sulfur content increased during the sulfur recirculation tests. The deposit growth and the particle concentration decreased with sulfur recirculation and the dioxin concentration (I-TEQ) of the flue gas was reduced by approximately 25%. Sulfuric acid dew point measurements showed that the sulfuric acid dosage did not lead to elevated SO3 concentrations, which may otherwise induce low temperature corrosion. In the sulfur recirculation corrosion probe exposures, the corrosion rate decreased for all tested materials (16Mo3, Sanicro 28 and Inconel 625) and material temperatures (450 degrees C and 525 degrees C) compared to the reference exposure. The corrosion rates were reduced by 60-90%. Sulfur recirculation prevented the formation of transition metal chlorides at the metal/oxide interface, formation of chromate and reduced the presence of zinc in the corrosion products. Furthermore, measured corrosion rates at 525 degrees C with sulfur recirculation in operation were similar or lower compared to those measured at 450 degrees C material temperature in reference conditions, which corresponds to normal operation at normal steam temperatures. This implies that sulfur recirculation allows for higher steam data and electricity production without increasing corrosion.
3.	Andreas, Lale, et al. (författare) Steel slags in a landfill top cover : Experiences from a full-scale experiment 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 34:3, s. 692-701 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A full scale field study has been carried out in order to test and evaluate the use of slags from high-alloy steel production as the construction materials for a final cover of an old municipal landfill. Five test areas were built using different slag mixtures within the barrier layer (liner). The cover consisted of a foundation layer, a liner with a thickness of 0.7 m, a drainage layer of 0.3 m, a protection layer of 1.5 m and a vegetation layer of 0.25 m. The infiltration varied depending on the cover design used, mainly the liner recipe but also over time and was related to seasons and precipitation intensity. The test areas with liners composed of 50% electric arc furnace (EAF) slag and 50% cementitious ladle slag (LS) on a weight basis and with a proper consistence of the protection layer were found to meet the Swedish infiltration criteria of ⩽50 l (m2 a)−1 for final covers for landfills for non-hazardous waste: the cumulative infiltration rates to date were 44, 19 and 0.4 l (m2 a)−1 for A1, A4 and A5, respectively. Compared to the precipitation, the portion of leachate was always lower after the summer despite high precipitation from June to August. The main reason for this is evapotranspiration but also the fact that the time delay in the leachate formation following a precipitation event has a stronger effect during the shorter summer sampling periods than the long winter periods. Conventional techniques and equipment can be used but close cooperation between all involved partners is crucial in order to achieve the required performance of the cover. This includes planning, method and equipment testing and quality assurance.
4.	Arm, Maria, et al. (författare) Technical environmental long-term properties of industrial residues : summary of field and laboratory investigations 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:1, s. 101-107 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In Sweden, use of industrial residues is still hindered by concern for their long-term properties. A three-year research project was therefore initiated aiming to (1) identify the crucial processes of ageing related to the usefulness of residues in roads; (2) investigate the consequences of these processes for technical and environmental properties of the residues, and (3) propose a method for accelerated ageing to predict the long-term properties. This paper gives an overview of the project methodology, a summary of the test results and references to papers where further details are given. The project, running through 2006-2008, compared naturally aged samples of two residues used as sub-bases in existing asphalt paved roads with samples of fresh residues from producers' piles. Steel slag of electric arc furnace (EAF) type and municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash were chosen. The samples were thoroughly characterised in order to identify which ageing processes had been crucial. The results showed that: - Bottom ash from the pavement edge was more aged than bottom ash from the road centre. However, no difference in pH was found, instead the differences were caused by differences in water exposure. - Steel slag from the pavement edge showed traces of carbonation and leaching processes, whereas slag from the road centre was identical to fresh slag. - Water exposure to the subbase materials after ten years in an asphalt paved road was calculated to less than 0.1–0.5 litres per kg. - Ageing reactions in steel slag and MSWI bottom ash, ready for use, were too small to be verified by laboratory measurement of deformation properties under loaded conditions. An accelerated ageing test for steel slag was set up to achieve the carbonation (decrease in pH) and leaching that was observed in the pavement edge material. An accelerated ageing test for bottom ash was set up to achieve the pozzolan reactions that were observed in SEM analyses of in situ specimens. It is recommended to use uncrushed particles when properties of aged material are studied, in order to preserve the original particle surfaces.
5.	Bernstad, Anna, et al. (författare) A life cycle approach to the management of household food waste - A Swedish full-scale case study. 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 31, s. 1879-1896 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Environmental impacts from incineration, decentralised composting and centralised anaerobic digestion of solid organic household waste are compared using the EASEWASTE LCA-tool. The comparison is based on a full scale case study in southern Sweden and used input-data related to aspects such as source-separation behaviour, transport distances, etc. are site-specific. Results show that biological treatment methods - both anaerobic and aerobic, result in net avoidance of GHG-emissions, but give a larger contribution both to nutrient enrichment and acidification when compared to incineration. Results are to a high degree dependent on energy substitution and emissions during biological processes. It was seen that if it is assumed that produced biogas substitute electricity based on Danish coal power, this is preferable before use of biogas as car fuel. Use of biogas for Danish electricity substitution was also determined to be more beneficial compared to incineration of organic household waste. This is a result mainly of the use of plastic bags in the incineration alternative (compared to paper bags in the anaerobic) and the use of biofertiliser (digestate) from anaerobic treatment as substitution of chemical fertilisers used in an incineration alternative. Net impact related to GWP from the management chain varies from a contribution of 2.6kg CO(2)-eq/household and year if incineration is utilised, to an avoidance of 5.6kg CO(2)-eq/household and year if choosing anaerobic digestion and using produced biogas as car fuel. Impacts are often dependent on processes allocated far from the control of local decision-makers, indicating the importance of a holistic approach and extended collaboration between agents in the waste management chain.
6.	Bernstad, Anna (författare) Household food waste separation behavior and the importance of convenience. 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 34:7, s. 1317-1323 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Two different strategies aiming at increasing household source-separation of food waste were assessed through a case-study in a Swedish residential area (a) use of written information, distributed as leaflets amongst households and (b) installation of equipment for source-segregation of waste with the aim of increasing convenience food waste sorting in kitchens. Weightings of separately collected food waste before and after distribution of written information suggest that this resulted in neither a significant increased amount of separately collected food waste, nor an increased source-separation ratio. After installation of sorting equipment in households, both the amount of separately collected food waste as well as the source-separation ratio increased vastly. Long-term monitoring shows that results where longstanding. Results emphasize the importance of convenience and existence of infrastructure necessary for source-segregation of waste as important factors for household waste recycling, but also highlight the need of addressing these aspects where waste is generated, i.e. already inside the household.
7.	Bernstad, Anna, et al. (författare) Need for improvements in physical pretreatment of source-separated household food waste. 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 33:3, s. 746-754 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency in physical pretreatment processes of source-separated solid organic household waste. The investigation of seventeen Swedish full-scale pretreatment facilities, currently receiving separately collected food waste from household for subsequent anaerobic digestion, shows that problems with the quality of produced biomass and high maintenance costs are common. Four full-scale physical pretreatment plants, three using screwpress technology and one using dispergation technology, were compared in relation to resource efficiency, losses of nitrogen and potential methane production from biodegradable matter as well as the ratio of unwanted materials in produced biomass intended for wet anaerobic digestion. Refuse generated in the processes represent 13-39% of TS in incoming wet waste. The methane yield from these fractions corresponds to 14-36Nm(3)/ton separately collected solid organic household waste. Also, 13-32% of N-tot in incoming food waste is found in refuse. Losses of both biodegradable material and nutrients were larger in the three facilities using screwpress technology compared to the facility using dispersion technology.(1) Thus, there are large potentials for increase of both the methane yield and nutrient recovery from separately collected solid organic household waste through increased efficiency in facilities for physical pretreatment. Improved pretreatment processes could thereby increase the overall environmental benefits from anaerobic digestion as a treatment alternative for solid organic household waste.
8.	Bernstad, Anna, et al. (författare) Property-close source separation of hazardous waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment - A Swedish case study. 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 31, s. 536-543 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Through an agreement with EEE producers, Swedish municipalities are responsible for collection of hazardous waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). In most Swedish municipalities, collection of these waste fractions is concentrated to waste recycling centres where households can source-separate and deposit hazardous waste and WEEE free of charge. However, the centres are often located on the outskirts of city centres and cars are needed in order to use the facilities in most cases. A full-scale experiment was performed in a residential area in southern Sweden to evaluate effects of a system for property-close source separation of hazardous waste and WEEE. After the system was introduced, results show a clear reduction in the amount of hazardous waste and WEEE disposed of incorrectly amongst residual waste or dry recyclables. The systems resulted in a source separation ratio of 70wt% for hazardous waste and 76wt% in the case of WEEE. Results show that households in the study area were willing to increase source separation of hazardous waste and WEEE when accessibility was improved and that this and similar collection systems can play an important role in building up increasingly sustainable solid waste management systems.
9.	Bernstad, Anna, et al. (författare) Review of comparative LCAs of food waste management systems - Current status and potential improvements. 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Twenty-five comparative cycle assessments (LCAs) addressing food waste treatment were reviewed, including the treatment alternatives landfill, thermal treatment, compost (small and large scale) and anaerobic digestion. The global warming potential related to these treatment alternatives varies largely amongst the studies. Large differences in relation to setting of system boundaries, methodological choices and variations in used input data were seen between the studies. Also, a number of internal contradictions were identified, many times resulting in biased comparisons between alternatives. Thus, noticed differences in global warming potential are not found to be a result of actual differences in the environmental impacts from studied systems, but rather to differences in the performance of the study. A number of key issues with high impact on the overall global warming potential from different treatment alternatives for food waste were identified through the use of one-way sensitivity analyses in relation to a previously performed LCA of food waste management. Assumptions related to characteristics in treated waste, losses and emissions of carbon, nutrients and other compounds during the collection, storage and pretreatment, potential energy recovery through combustion, emissions from composting, emissions from storage and land use of bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers and eco-profiles of substituted goods were all identified as highly relevant for the outcomes of this type of comparisons. As the use of LCA in this area is likely to increase in coming years, it is highly relevant to establish more detailed guidelines within this field in order to increase both the general quality in assessments as well as the potentials for cross-study comparisons.
10.	Bernstad, Anna, et al. (författare) Separate collection of household food waste for anaerobic degradation - Comparison of different techniques from a systems perspective. 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 32:5, s. 806-815 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Four systems for household food waste collection are compared in relation the environmental impact categories eutrophication potential, acidification potential, global warming potential as well as energy use. Also, a hotspot analysis is performed in order to suggest improvements in each of the compared collection systems. Separate collection of household food waste in paper bags (with and without drying prior to collection) with use of kitchen grinders and with use of vacuum system in kitchen sinks were compared. In all cases, food waste was used for anaerobic digestion with energy and nutrient recovery in all cases. Compared systems all resulted in net avoidance of assessed environmental impact categories; eutrophication potential (-0.1 to -2.4kg NO(3)(-)eq/ton food waste), acidification potential (-0.4 to -1.0kg SO(2)(-)eq/ton food waste), global warming potential (-790 to -960kg CO(2)(-)eq/ton food waste) and primary energy use (-1.7 to -3.6GJ/ton food waste). Collection with vacuum system results in the largest net avoidence of primary energy use, while disposal of food waste in paper bags for decentralized drying before collection result in a larger net avoidence of global warming, eutrophication and acidification. However, both these systems not have been taken into use in large scale systems yet and further investigations are needed in order to confirm the outcomes from the comparison. Ranking of scenarios differ largely if considering only emissions in the foreground system, indicating the importance of taking also downstream emissions into consideration when comparing different collection systems. The hot spot identification shows that losses of organic matter in mechanical pretreatment as well as tank connected food waste disposal systems and energy in drying and vacuum systems reply to the largest impact on the results in each system respectively.
11.	Bernstad, Anna, et al. (författare) Tank-connected food waste disposer systems - Current status and potential improvements. 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 33:1, s. 193-203 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An unconventional system for separate collection of food waste was investigated through evaluation of three full-scale systems in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Ground food waste is led to a separate settling tank where food waste sludge is collected regularly with a tank-vehicle. These tank-connected systems can be seen as a promising method for separate collection of food waste from both households and restaurants. Ground food waste collected from these systems is rich in fat and has a high methane potential when compared to food waste collected in conventional bag systems. The content of heavy metals is low. The concentrations of N-tot and P-tot in sludge collected from sedimentation tanks were on average 46.2 and 3.9g/kg TS, equalling an estimated 0.48 and 0.05kgN-tot and P-tot respectively per year and household connected to the food waste disposer system. Detergents in low concentrations can result in increased degradation rates and biogas production, while higher concentrations can result in temporary inhibition of methane production. Concentrations of COD and fat in effluent from full-scale tanks reached an average of 1068mg/l and 149mg/l respectively over the five month long evaluation period. Hydrolysis of the ground material is initiated between sludge collection occasions (30days). Older food waste sludge increases the degradation rate and the risks of fugitive emissions of methane from tanks between collection occasions. Increased particle size decreases hydrolysis rate and could thus decrease losses of carbon and nutrients in the sewerage system, but further studies in full-scale systems are needed to confirm this.
12.	Biganzoli, Laura, et al. (författare) Aluminium recovery vs. hydrogen production as resource recovery options for fine MSWI bottom ash fraction 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 33:5, s. 1174-1181 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Waste incineration bottom ash fine fraction contains a significant amount of aluminium, but previous works have shown that current recovery options based on standard on-step Eddy Current Separation (ECS) have limited efficiency. In this paper, we evaluated the improvement in the efficiency of ECS by using an additional step of crushing and sieving. The efficiency of metallic Al recovery was quantified by measuring hydrogen gas production. The ash samples were also tested for total aluminium content with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). As an alternative to material recovery, we also investigated the possibility to convert residual metallic Al into useful energy, promoting H-2 gas production by reacting metallic Al with water at high pH. The results show that the total aluminium concentration in the <4 mm bottom ash fraction is on average 8% of the weight of the dry ash, with less than 15% of it being present in the metallic form. Of this latter, only 21% can be potentially recovered with ECS combined with crushing and sieving stages and subsequently recycled. For hydrogen production, using 10 M NaOH at 1 L/S ratio results in the release of 6-111 of H-2 gas for each kilogram of fine dry ash, equivalent to an energy potential of 118 kJ. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13.	Carlsson, My, et al. (författare) The effects of substrate pre-treatment on anaerobic digestion systems : a review 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 32:9, s. 1634-1650 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Focus is placed on substrate pre-treatment in anaerobic digestion (AD) as a means of increasing biogas yields using today’s diversified substrate sources. Current pre-treatment methods to improve AD are being examined with regard to their effects on different substrate types, highlighting approaches and associated challenges in evaluating substrate pre-treatment in AD systems and its influence on the overall system of evaluation. WWTP residues represent the substrate type that is most frequently assessed in pre-treatment studies, followed by energy crops/harvesting residues, organic fraction of municipal solid waste, organic waste from food industry and manure. The pre-treatment effects are complex and generally linked to substrate characteristics and pre-treatment mechanisms. Overall, substrates containing lignin or bacterial cells appear to be the most amendable to pre-treatment for enhancing AD. Approaches used to evaluate AD enhancement in different systems is further reviewed and challenges and opportunities for improved evaluations are identified.
14.	Cornelis, Geert, 1978, et al. (författare) Antimony leaching from MSWI bottom ash: Modelling of the effect of pH and carbonation 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 32:2, s. 278-286 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Development of treatment methods to reduce Sb leaching from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash, such as accelerated carbonation, is being complicated by insufficient understanding of Sb geochemistry. The leaching of antimonate (Sb(V)) and antimonite (Sb(III)) in MSWI bottom was studied as a function of pH and degree of carbonation. While total (Sb(V)+Sb(III)) leaching was lowest (1.2mgkg-1) at the natural pH (i.e. 10.6) of uncarbonated bottom ash, HPLC-ICP-MS analysis showed that acidification and carbonation increased Sb(V) leaching, but decreased Sb(III) leaching, probably because Sb(III)(OH)4- became less stable. PHREEQC geochemical modelling suggested that Sb(V) concentrations approached equilibrium with the romeites, i.e. calcium antimonates, Ca1.13Sb2(OH)0.26·0.74H2O at pH=10.6 and Ca[Sb(OH)6]2at pH=8. It is hypothesised that not interaction with ettringite but dissolution of romeite controls antimonate leaching in the pH range 8-11 in MSWI bottom ash, because while Ca is preferentially leached from romeite, the mineral structures containing more Ca at higher pH are less soluble. A model was proposed where acidification and carbonation both lead to lower Ca2+and/or hydroxyl concentration, which removes Ca2+and hydroxyls from the romeite structure and leads to comparably higher Sb(V) concentration in equilibrium with romeite. Sb solubility depends on pH and Ca2+availability in this model, which has implications for bottom ash valorisation and risk assessment. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
15.	Corvellec, Hervé, et al. (författare) The multiple market-exposure of waste management companies: A case study of two Swedish municipally owned companies. 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 32:9, s. 1722-1727 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper describes how the business model of two leading Swedish municipally owned solid waste management companies exposes them to four different but related markets: a political market in which their legitimacy as an organization is determined; a waste-as-material market that determines their access to waste as a process input; a technical market in which these companies choose what waste processing technique to use; and a commercial market in which they market their products. Each of these markets has a logic of its own. Managing these logics and articulating the interrelationships between these markets is a key strategic challenge for these companies.
16.	Dahlén, Lisa, et al. (författare) Pay as you throw : strengths and weaknesses of weight-based billing in household waste collection systems in Sweden 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:1, s. 23-31 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Householders' response to weight-based billing for the collection of household waste was investigated with the aim of providing decision support for waste management policies. Three questions were addressed: How much and what kind of information on weight-based billing is discernible in generic Swedish waste collection statistics? Why do local authorities implement weight-based billing, and how do they perceive the results? and, Which strengths and weaknesses of weight-based billing have been observed on the local level? The study showed that municipalities with pay-by-weight schemes collected 20% less household waste per capita than other municipalities. Surprisingly, no part of this difference could be explained by higher recycling rates. Nevertheless, the majority of waste management professionals were convinced that recycling had increased as a result of the billing system. A number of contradicting strengths and weaknesses of weight-based billing were revealed.
17.	De Windt, Laurent, et al. (författare) MSWI bottom ash used as basement at two pilot-scale roads : comparison of leachate chemistry and reactive transport modeling 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:2, s. 267-280 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The recycling of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as aggregates for road basement requires assessing the long-term evolution of leachate chemistry. The Dåva (Sweden) and Hérouville (France) pilot-scale roads were monitored during 6 and 10 years, respectively. Calculated saturation indices were combined to batch test modeling to set a simplified geochemical model of the bottom ash materials. A common reactive transport model was then applied to both sites. At Hérouville, pH and the concentration of most elements quickly drop during the first two years to reach a set of minimum values over 10 years. The decrease is less pronounced at Dåva. The evolutions of pH and major element concentrations are fairly well related to the following pH-buffering sequence: portlandite, C-S-H phases or pseudo-wollastonite and, finally, calcite in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. Al(OH)3, barite, ettringite and monohydrocalcite may also control leachate chemistry. Cu release is correctly modeled by DOM complexation and tenorite equilibrium. Temperature has no significant effect on the modeling of leachate chemistry in the range 5-30 °C, except at high pH. Effects at road edges and roadside slopes are important for the release of the less reactive elements and, possibly, for carbonation processes.
18.	Diener, Silvia, et al. (författare) Accelerated carbonation of steel slags in a landfill cover construction 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:1, s. 132-139 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Steel slags from high-alloyed tool steel production were used in a full scale cover construction of a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. In order to study the long-term stability of the steel slags within the final cover, a laboratory experiment was performed. The effect on the ageing process, due to i.e. carbonation, exerted by five different factors resembling both the material characteristics and the environmental conditions is investigated. Leaching behaviour, acid neutralization capacity and mineralogy (evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction, XRD, and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, TG/DTA) are tested after different periods of ageing under different conditions.Samples aged for 3 and 10 months were evaluated in this paper. Multivariate data analysis was used for data evaluation. The results indicate that among the investigated factors, ageing time and carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere were able to exert the most relevant effect. However, further investigations are required in order to clarify the role of the temperature.
19.	Dimitriou, Ioannis, et al. (författare) Landfill leachate treatment with willows and poplars - Efficiency and plant response 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30, s. 2137-2145 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
20.	Donaj, Pawel J., et al. (författare) Pyrolysis of polyolefins for increasing the yield of monomers' recovery 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 32:5, s. 840-846 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Pyrolysis of plastic waste is an alternative way of plastic recovery and could be a potential solution for the increasing stream of solid waste. The objective of this work was to increase the yield the gaseous olefins (monomers) as feedstock for polymerization process and to test the applicability of a commercial Ziegler-Natta (Z-N): TiCI4/MgCl2 for cracking a mixture of polyolefins consisted of 46% wt. of low density polyethylene (LDPE), 30% wt. of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and 24% wt. of polypropylene (PP). Two sets of experiments have been carried out at 500 and 650 C via catalytic pyrolysis (1% of Z-N catalyst) and at 650 and 730 degrees C via only-thermal pyrolysis. These experiments have been conducted in a lab-scale, fluidized quartz-bed reactor of a capacity of 1-3 kg/h at Hamburg University. The results revealed a strong influence of temperature and presence of catalyst on the product distribution. The ratios of gas/liquid/solid mass fractions via thermal pyrolysis were: 36.9/48.4/15.7% wt. and 42.4/44.7/13.9% wt. at 650 and 730 degrees C while via catalytic pyrolysis were: 6.5/89.0/4.5% wt. and 54.3/41.9/3.8% wt. at 500 and 650 degrees C, respectively. At 650 degrees C the monomer generation increased by 55% up to 23.6% wt. of total pyrolysis products distribution while the catalyst was added. Obtained yields of olefins were compared with the naphtha steam cracking process and other potentially attractive processes for feedstock generation. The concept of closed cycle material flow for polyolefins has been discussed, showing the potential benefits of feedstock recycling in a plastic waste management.
21.	Elgh-Dalgren, Kristin, et al. (författare) Re-cycling of remediated soil : evaluation of leaching tests as tools for characterization 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Pergamon Press. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:2, s. 215-224 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In Sweden, leaching tests with deionized water (D.W.) are frequently utilized in risk assessment, but implementation of these results to evaluate the risk of spreading in the environment is difficult. One problem is that most leaching procedures only consider heavy metals release, whereas organic pollutants are left out. The aim of the present study was to assess the possible pollutant mitigation in four remediated soils, three with heavy metals and one with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), utilizing three different leaching solutions: D.W., a weak ionic solution (0.001 M CaCl2) and an artificially made soil water (ASW). In general, batch leaching implied larger contaminant removal than column leaching, possibly due to the more rough treatment of the soil particles, and guidelines would at times be exceeded by batch leaching but not column leaching. Utilization of CaCl2 was found to release much less heavy metal than D.W., whereas the metals mobilized by ASW were removed from solution by the filtration of soil leachates. Low molecular weight PAH was most efficiently mobilized by CaCl2, while D.W. worked better for high molecular weight PAH. Despite very low initial PAH-concentrations, tap- and groundwater criteria were exceeded by all leaching solutions.
22.	Eriksson, Ola, et al. (författare) Multiple system modelling of waste management 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:12, s. 2620-2630 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Due to increased environmental awareness, planning and performance of waste management has become more and more complex. Therefore waste management has early been subject to different types of modelling. Another field with long experience of modelling and systems perspective is energy systems. The two modelling traditions have developed side by side, but so far there are very few attempts to combine them. Waste management systems can be linked together with energy systems through incineration plants. The models for waste management can be modelled on a quite detailed level whereas surrounding systems are modelled in a more simplistic way. This is a problem, as previous studies have shown that assumptions on the surrounding system often tend to be important for the conclusions. In this paper it is shown how two models, one for the district heating system (MARTES) and another one for the waste management system (ORWARE), can be linked together. The strengths and weaknesses with model linking are discussed when compared to simplistic assumptions on effects in the energy and waste management systems. It is concluded that the linking of models will provide a more complete, correct and credible picture of the consequences of different simultaneous changes in the systems. The linking procedure is easy to perform and also leads to activation of project partners. However, the simulation procedure is a bit more complicated and calls for the ability to run both models.
23.	Gentil, Emmanuel C., et al. (författare) Models for waste life cycle assessment : Review of technical assumptions 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:12, s. 2636-2648 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract A number of waste life cycle assessment (LCA) models have been gradually developed since the early 1990s, in a number of countries, usually independently from each other. Large discrepancies in results have been observed among different waste LCA models, although it has also been shown that results from different LCA studies can be consistent. This paper is an attempt to identify, review and analyse methodologies and technical assumptions used in various parts of selected waste LCA models. Several criteria were identified, which could have significant impacts on the results, such as the functional unit, system boundaries, waste composition and energy modelling. The modelling assumptions of waste management processes, ranging from collection, transportation, intermediate facilities, recycling, thermal treatment, biological treatment, and landfilling, are obviously critical when comparing waste LCA models. This review infers that some of the differences in waste LCA models are inherent to the time they were developed. It is expected that models developed later, benefit from past modelling assumptions and knowledge and issues. Models developed in different countries furthermore rely on geographic specificities that have an impact on the results of waste LCA models. The review concludes that more effort should be employed to harmonise and validate non-geographic assumptions to strengthen waste LCA modelling.
24.	Guerrero, Lilliana Abarca, et al. (författare) Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:1, s. 220-232 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities' authorities in developing countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated to its management, the lack of understanding over a diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handling system functioning. An analysis of literature on the work done and reported mainly in publications from 2005 to 2011, related to waste management in developing countries, showed that few articles give quantitative information. The analysis was conducted in two of the major scientific journals, Waste Management Journal and Waste Management and Research. The objective of this research was to determine the stakeholders' action/behavior that have a role in the waste management process and to analyze influential factors on the system, in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries in 4 continents. A combination of methods was used in this study in order to assess the stakeholders and the factors influencing the performance of waste management in the cities. Data was collected from scientific literature, existing data bases, observations made during visits to urban areas, structured interviews with relevant professionals, exercises provided to participants in workshops and a questionnaire applied to stakeholders. Descriptive and inferential statistic methods were used to draw conclusions. The outcomes of the research are a comprehensive list of stakeholders that are relevant in the waste management systems and a set of factors that reveal the most important causes for the systems' failure. The information provided is very useful when planning, changing or implementing waste management systems in cities. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
25.	Gustafsson, Anna, 1980, et al. (författare) Recycling of high purity selenium from CIGS solar cell waste materials 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 34:10, s. 1775-1782 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) is a promising material in thin film solar cell production. Tomake CIGS solar cells more competitive, both economically and environmentally, in comparison to otherenergy sources, methods for recycling are needed. In addition to the generally high price of the material,significant amounts of the metals are lost in the manufacturing process. The feasibility of recyclingselenium from CIGS through oxidation at elevated temperatures was therefore examined. Duringoxidation gaseous selenium dioxide was formed and could be separated from the other elements, whichremained in solid state. Upon cooling, the selenium dioxide sublimes and can be collected as crystals.After oxidation for 1 h at 800 C all of the selenium was separated from the CIGS material. Two differentreduction methods for reduction of the selenium dioxide to selenium were tested. In the first reductionmethod an organic molecule was used as the reducing agent in a Riley reaction. In the second reductionmethod sulphur dioxide gas was used. Both methods resulted in high purity selenium. This proves thatthe studied selenium separation method could be the first step in a recycling process aimed at thecomplete separation and recovery of high purity elements from CIGS.
26.	Gustavsson, L., et al. (författare) Treatment of sludge containing nitro-aromatic compounds in reed-bed mesocosms : Water, BOD, carbon and nutrient removal 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 32:1, s. 104-109 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Since the mid-1970s, Sweden has been depositing 1 million ton d.w sludge/year, produced at waste water treatment plants. Due to recent legislation this practice is no longer a viable method of waste management. It is necessary to improve existing and develop new sludge management techniques and one promising alternative is the dewatering and treatment of sludge in constructed wetlands. The aim of this study was to follow reduction of organic carbon, BOD and nutrients in an industrial sludge containing nitro-aromatic compounds passing through constructed small-scale wetlands, and to investigate any toxic effect such as growth inhibition of the common reed Phragmites australis. The result showed high reduction of all tested parameters in all the outgoing water samples, which shows that constructed wetlands are suitable for carbon and nutrient removal. The results also showed that P. australis is tolerant to xenobiotics and did not appear to be affected by the toxic compounds in the sludge. The sludge residual on the top of the beds contained low levels of organic carbon and is considered non-organic and could therefore be landfilled. Using this type of secondary treatment method, the amount of sludge could be reduced by 50-70%, mainly by dewatering and biodegradation of organic compounds.
27.	Hagelqvist, Alina, 1980- (författare) Batchwise mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of secondary sludge from pulp and paper industry and municipal sewage sludge 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:4, s. 820-824 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Residues from forest-industry wastewater-treatment systems are treated as waste at many pulp and paper mills. These organic substances have previously been shown to have potential for production of large quantities of biogas. There is concern, however, that the process would require expensive equipment because of the slow degradation of these substances. Pure non-fibrous sludge from forest industry showed lower specific methane production during mesophilic digestion for 19 days, 53 ± 26 Nml/g of volatile solids as compared to municipal sewage sludge, 84 ± 24 Nml/g of volatile solids. This paper explores the possibility of using anaerobic co-digestion with municipal sewage sludge to enhance the potential of methane production from secondary sludge from a pulp and paper mill. It was seen in a batch anaerobicdigestion operation of 19 days that the specific methane production remained largely the same for municipal sewage sludge when up to 50% of the volatile solids were replaced with forest-industry secondary sludge. It was also shown that the solid residue from anaerobic digestion of the forest-industry sludge should be of suitable quality to use for improving soil quality on lands that are not used for food production.
28.	Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, et al. (författare) Characterization of municipal solid waste temporary storage sites : Risks posed to surrounding areas as a consequence of fire incidents 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:11, s. 2296-2306 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this study temporary storage sites of municipal solid waste were characterized based on their potential social, health and environmental impacts as a consequence of spontaneous fires, by employing Boolean as well as weighted-linear-combination approaches in connection with various fuzzy set functions of population density around the storage sites. Sweden was used as the case study and data from 105 storage sites were analysed; of these, 38 were identified to be posing high risk for downwind residing population. Furthermore, during the past 10 years, the fire frequency and the average population residing within a radius of 1, 2, and 3 km were found to be comparatively higher for storage sites owned by private ompanies than for those owned by municipalities. The study provided first-cut information of poorly sited temporary storage sites and can help in formalizing the comprehensive risk analysis in the future.
29.	Ivo Achu, Nges, et al. (författare) Benefits of supplementing an industrial waste anaerobic digester with energy crops for increased biogas production. 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 32:1, s. 53-59 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Currently, there is increasing competition for waste as feedstock for the growing number of biogas plants. This has led to fluctuation in feedstock supply and biogas plants being operated below maximum capacity. The feasibility of supplementing a protein/lipid-rich industrial waste (pig manure, slaughterhouse waste, food processing and poultry waste) mesophilic anaerobic digester with carbohydrate-rich energy crops (hemp, maize and triticale) was therefore studied in laboratory scale batch and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) with a view to scale-up to a commercial biogas process. Co-digesting industrial waste and crops led to significant improvement in methane yield per ton of feedstock and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio as compared to digestion of the industrial waste alone. Biogas production from crops in combination with industrial waste also avoids the need for micronutrients normally required in crop digestion. The batch co-digestion methane yields were used to predict co-digestion methane yield in full scale operation. This was done based on the ratio of methane yields observed for laboratory batch and CSTR experiments compared to full scale CSTR digestion of industrial waste. The economy of crop-based biogas production is limited under Swedish conditions; therefore, adding crops to existing industrial waste digestion could be a viable alternative to ensure a constant/reliable supply of feedstock to the anaerobic digester.
30.	Jeihanipour, Azam, 1982, et al. (författare) A novel process for ethanol or biogas production from cellulose in blended-fibers waste textiles 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:12, s. 2504-2509 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A novel process has been developed for separation of the cellulose, i.e. cotton and viscose, from blended-fibers waste textiles. An environmentally friendly cellulose solvent, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was used in this process for separation and pretreatment of the cellulose. This solvent was mixed with blended-fibers textiles at 120 degrees C and atmospheric pressure to dissolve the cellulose and separate it from the undissolved non-cellulosic fibers. Water was then added to the solution in order to precipitate the cellulose, while both water and NMMO were reused after separation by evaporation. The cellulose was then either hydrolyzed by cellulase enzymes followed by fermentation to ethanol, or digested directly to produce biogas. The process was verified by testing 50/50 polyester/cotton and 40/60 polyester/viscose-blended textiles. The polyesters were purified as fibers after the NMMO treatments, and up to 95% of the cellulose fibers were regenerated and collected on a filter. A 2-day enzymatic hydrolysis and 1-day fermentation of the regenerated cotton and viscose resulted in 48 and 50 g ethanol/g regenerated cellulose, which were 85% and 89% of the theoretical yields, respectively. This process also resulted in a significant increase of the biogas production rate. While untreated cotton and viscose fibers were converted to methane by respectively, 0.02% and 1.91% of their theoretical yields in 3 days of digestion, the identical NMMO-treated fibers resulted into about 30% of yield at the same period of time.
31.	Jones, Frida C., et al. (författare) The presence of zinc in Swedish waste fuels 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:12, s. 2675-2679 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Zinc (Zn) is a chemical element that has gained more attention lately owing to its possibility to form corrosive deposits in large boilers, such as Waste-to-Energy plants. Zn enters the boilers in many different forms and particularly in waste, the amount of Zn is hard to determine due to both the heterogeneity of waste in general but also due to the fact that little is yet published specifically about the Zn levels in waste. This study aimed to determine the Zn in Swedish waste fuels by taking regular samples from seven different and geographically separate waste combustion plants over a 12-month period. The analysis shows that there is a relation between the municipal solid waste (MSW) content and the Zn-content; high MSW-content gives lower Zn-content. This means that waste combustion plants with a higher share of industrial and commercial waste and/or building and demolition waste would have a higher share of Zn in the fuel. The study also shows that in Sweden, the geographic location of the plant does not have any effect on the Zn-content. Furthermore, it is concluded that different seasons appear not to affect the Zn concentrations significantly. In some plants there was a clear correlation between the Zn-content and the content of other trace metals.
32.	Jones, Frida, et al. (författare) The presence of zinc in Swedish waste fuels 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:12, s. 2675-2679 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
33.	Juul, Nina, et al. (författare) Challenges when performing economic optimization of waste treatment: a review 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:9, s. 1918-25 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Strategic and operational decisions in waste management, in particular with respect to investments in new treatment facilities, are needed due to a number of factors, including continuously increasing amounts of waste, political demands for efficient utilization of waste resources, and the decommissioning of existing waste treatment facilities. Optimization models can assist in ensuring that these investment strategies are economically feasible.Various economic optimization models for waste treatment have been developed which focus on different parameters. Models focusing on transport are one example, but models focusing on energy production have also been developed, as well as models which take into account a plant's economies of scale, environmental impact, material recovery and social costs. Finally, models combining different criteria for the selection of waste treatment methods in multi-criteria analysis have been developed.A thorough updated review of the existing models is presented, and the main challenges and crucial parameters that need to be taken into account when assessing the economic performance of waste treatment alternatives are identified. The review article will assist both policy-makers and model-developers involved in assessing the economic performance of waste treatment alternatives. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
34.	Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al. (författare) Phosphorus Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:6, s. 1403-1410 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The potential of phosphorus (P) recycling from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residue is investigated. Vast and ever increasing amounts of incineration residues are produced worldwide; these are an environmental burden, but also a resource, as they are a major sink for the material flows of society. Due to strict environmental regulations, in combination with decreasing landfilling space, the disposal of the MSWI residues is problematic. At the same time, resource scarcity is recognized as a global challenge for the modern world, and even more so for future generations. This paper reports on the methods and efficiency of P extraction from MSWI fly ash by acid and base leaching and precipitation procedures. Phosphorus extracted from the MSWI residues generated each year could meet 30 % of the annual demand for mineral phosphorus fertiliser in Sweden, given a recovery rate of 70 % achieved in this initial test. The phosphorus content of the obtained product is slightly higher than in sewage sludge, but due to the trace metal content it is not acceptable for application to agricultural land in Sweden, whereas application in the rest of the EU would be possible. However, it would be preferable to use the product as a raw material to replace rock phosphate in fertilizer production. Further development is currently underway in relation to procedure optimization, purification of the phosphorus product, and the simultaneous recovery of other resources.
35.	Kangsepp, P., et al. (författare) Filter-based treatment of leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residues of end-of-life vehicles and white goods 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:2, s. 236-245 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A pilot plant was set up to treat leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residues of end-of-life vehicles and white goods. The treatment plant consisted of aeration and sedimentation steps for pre-treatment, and a filter. The plant was designed to simultaneously remove various types of pollutants. The efficiencies of pre-treatment and of the main treatment step were investigated over a period of 3 years at the landfill site. By continuous aeration of the leachate the concentrations of Fe and Mn were reduced by 55% and 49%, respectively. By prolonged sedimentation suspended solid content was noticeably reduced (72%). in the filter, consisting of a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash as a treatment medium, very high reduction of polar organic compounds, e.g. phenol (74%), o-and p-cresol (91%), and 2,4-dimethylphenol (73%), high average reduction of metals, e.g. Pb (78%), Fe (74%), Cu (73%), Mn (56%), Sn (55%), and Zn (47%), and good average reduction of DOC (26%), Tot-N (23%) and NH4-N (46%) were achieved. Sixty non-polar compounds in the leachate, identified by GC-MS screening, occurred at trace level. Most of them were considerably reduced in the filter.
36.	Karagiannidis, A., et al. (författare) A multi-criteria assessment of scenarios on thermal processing of infectious hospital wastes : A case study for Central Macedonia 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:2, s. 251-262 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
37.	Kardol, Paul (författare) Emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases during combined pre-composting and vermicomposting of duck manure 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 34, s. 1546-1552 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Combined pre-composting and vermicomposting has shown potential for reclamation of solid wastes, which is a significant source of ammonia (NH3), and greenhouse gases (GHG), including nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Earthworms and amendments may both affect physico-chemical characteristics that control gas-producing processes, and thus affect NH3 and GHG emissions. Here, we used two-way ANOVA to test the effects of addition of reed straw and combined addition of reed straw and zeolite on NH3 and GHG emissions during pre-composting of duck manure, either with or without a follow-up phase of vermicomposting. Results showed that cumulative N2O, CH4, and CO2 emissions during pre-composting and vermicomposting ranged from 92.8, 5.8, and 260.6 mg kg(-1) DM to 274.2, 30.4, and 314.0 mg kg(-1) DM, respectively. Earthworms and amendments significantly decreased N2O and CH4 emissions. Emission of CO2 was not affected by earthworms, but increased in responses to addition of reed straw. Cumulative NH3 emission ranged from 3.0 to 8.1 g kg(-1) DM, and was significantly decreased by reed straw and zeolite addition. In conclusion, combined pre-composting and vermicomposting with reed straw and zeolite addition would be strongly recommended in mitigating emissions of N2O, CH4, and NH3 from duck manure. Moreover, this method also provides nutrient-rich products that can be used as a fertilizer. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
38.	Karlfeldt Fedje, Karin, 1977, et al. (författare) Element associations in ash from waste combustion in fluidized bed 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:7, s. 1273-1279 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The incineration of MSW in fluidized beds is a commonly applied waste management practice. The composition of the ashes produced in a fluidized bed boiler has important environmental implications as potentially toxic trace elements may be associated with ash particles and it is therefore essential to determine the mechanisms controlling the association of trace elements to ash particles, including the role of major element composition. The research presented here uses micro-analytical techniques to study the distribution of major and trace elements and determine the importance of affinity-based binding mechanisms in separate cyclone ash particles from MSW combustion. Particle size and the occurrence of Ca and Fe were found to be important factors for the binding of trace elements to ash particles, but the binding largely depends on random associations based on the presence of a particle when trace elements condensate in the flue gas. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
39.	Krook, Joakim, 1977-, et al. (författare) Developing a monitoring method facilitating continual improvements in the sorting of waste at recycling centres 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:1, s. 32-40 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Beneficial use of waste relies on efficient systems for collection and separation. In Sweden, a bring system involving recycling centres for collection of bulky, electr(on)ic and hazardous waste has been introduced. A significant share of this waste is incorrectly sorted, causing downstream environmental implications. At present, however, there is a lack of affordable and accurate monitoring methods for providing the recycling centres with the necessary facts for improving the sorting of waste. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the usability of a simplified and potentially more suitable waste monitoring method for recycling centres. This method is based on standardised observations where the occurrence of incorrect sorting is monitored by taking digital pictures of the waste which then are analysed according to certain guidelines. The results show that the developed monitoring method could offer a resource-efficient and useful tool for proactive quality work at recycling centres, involving continuous efforts in developing and evaluating measures for improved sorting of waste. More research is however needed in order to determine to what extent the obtained results from the monitoring method are reliable.
40.	Krook, Joakim, et al. (författare) Landfill mining : A critical review of two decades of research 2012 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 32:3, s. 513-520 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Landfills have historically been seen as the ultimate solution for storing waste at minimum cost. It is nowa well-known fact that such deposits have related implications such as long-term methane emissions,local pollution concerns, settling issues and limitations on urban development. Landfill mining has beensuggested as a strategy to address such problems, and in principle means the excavation, processing,treatment and/or recycling of deposited materials. This study involves a literature review on landfill miningcovering a meta-analysis of the main trends, objectives, topics and findings in 39 research paperspublished during the period 1988–2008. The results show that, so far, landfill mining has primarily beenseen as a way to solve traditional management issues related to landfills such as lack of landfill space andlocal pollution concerns. Although most initiatives have involved some recovery of deposited resources,mainly cover soil and in some cases waste fuel, recycling efforts have often been largely secondary. Typically,simple soil excavation and screening equipment have therefore been applied, often demonstratingmoderate performance in obtaining marketable recyclables. Several worldwide changes and recentresearch findings indicate the emergence of a new perspective on landfills as reservoirs for resourceextraction. Although the potential of this approach appears significant, it is argued that facilitating implementationinvolves a number of research challenges in terms of technology innovation, clarifying theconditions for realization and developing standardized frameworks for evaluating economic and environmentalperformance from a systems perspective. In order to address these challenges, a combination ofapplied and theoretical research is required.
41.	Kumpiene, Jurate, et al. (författare) Carbon speciation in ash, residual waste and contaminated soil by thermal and chemical analyses 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:1, s. 18-25 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Carbon in waste can occur as inorganic (IC), organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) each having distinct chemical properties and possible environmental effects. In this study, carbon speciation was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical degradation tests and the standard total organic carbon (TOC) measurement procedures in three types of waste materials (bottom ash, residual waste and contaminated soil). Over 50% of the total carbon (TC) in all studied materials (72% in ash and residual waste, and 59% in soil) was biologically non-reactive or EC as determined by thermogravimetric analyses. The speciation of TOC by chemical degradation also showed a presence of a non-degradable C fraction in all materials (60% of TOC in ash, 30% in residual waste and 13% in soil), though in smaller amounts than those determined by TGA. In principle, chemical degradation method can give an indication of the presence of potentially inert C in various waste materials, while TGA is a more precise technique for C speciation, given that waste-specific method adjustments are made. The standard TOC measurement yields exaggerated estimates of organic carbon and may therefore overestimate the potential environmental impacts (e.g. landfill gas generation) of waste materials in a landfill environment.
42.	Kängsepp, Pille, et al. (författare) Filter-based treatment of leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residues of end-of-life vehicles and white goods. 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456 .- 0956-053X. ; 30, s. 236-245 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A pilot plant was set up to treat leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residues of end-of-life vehicles and white goods. The treatment plant consisted of aeration and sedimentation steps for pre-treatment, and a filter. The plant was designed to simultaneously remove various types of pollutants. The efficiencies of pre-treatment and of the main treatment step were investigated over a period of 3 years at the landfill site. By continuous aeration of the leachate the concentrations of Fe and Mn were reduced by 55% and 49%, respectively. By prolonged sedimentation suspended solid content was noticeably reduced (72%). In the filter, consisting of a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash as a treatment medium, very high reduction of polar organic compounds, e.g. phenol (74%), o-and p-cresol (91%), and 2,4-dimethylphenol (73%), high average reduction of metals, e.g. Pb (78%), Fe (74%), Cu (73%), Mn (56%), Sn (55%), and Zn (47%), and good average reduction of DOC (26%), Tot-N (23%) and NH(4)-N (46%) were achieved. Sixty non-polar compounds in the leachate, identified by GC-MS screening, occurred at trace level. Most of them were considerably reduced in the filter.
43.	Lalander, Cecilia, et al. (författare) Hygienic quality of faeces treated in urine diverting vermicomposting toilets 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33, s. 2204-2210 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract On-site sanitation solutions have gained much interest in recent years. One such solution is the urine diverting vermicomposting toilet (UDVT). This study evaluated the hygienic quality of the composted material in six UDVTs in operation in France. Samples were taken from three sampling positions in each toilet, with increasing distance from the fresh material. The concentration of Salmonella spp., Enterococcus spp., thermotolarent coliforms and coliphages were analysed and plotted against a number of variables. The variables found to have the greatest impact was the pH (for Enterococcus spp. and thermotolarent coliforms (TTC)) and time since last maintenance (coliphages). The pH was found to correlate with the material maturity. The current practise of maintenance can cause recontamination of the stabilised material and increase the risk of regrowth of pathogenic microorganisms. A modification in the maintenance procedure, in which a fourth maturation point is introduced, would eliminate this risk. UDVTs were found to be a good on-site sanitation option as the maintenance requirement is small and the system effectively reduced odour and concentration of pathogen and indicator organisms in human waste while keeping the accumulation of material down to a minimum. If the vermicompost is to be used for crops consumed raw, an additional sanitisation step is recommended. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
44.	Larsson, Kristian, 1982, et al. (författare) Dissolution and characterization of HEV NiMH batteries 2013 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 33:3, s. 689-698 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Metal recovery is an essential part of the recycling of hybrid electric vehicle battery waste and the first step in a hydrometallurgical treatment is dissolution of the solid material. The properties of separated battery electrode materials were investigated. Focus was put on both the solid waste and then the dissolution behaviour. The cathode contains metallic nickel that remains undissolved when utilizing non-oxidizing conditions such as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid in combination with a low oxygen atmosphere. In these conditions the cathode active electrode material is fully dissolved. Not dissolving the nickel metal saves up to 37% of the acid consumption for the cathode electrode material. In the commonly used case of oxidizing conditions the nickel metal dissolves and a cobalt-rich phase remains undissolved from the cathode active material. For the anode material a complete and rapid dissolution can be achieved at mild conditions with hydrochloric, nitric or sulphuric acid. Optimal parameters for all cases of dissolution was pH 1 with a reaction time of approximately >= 20,000 s.
45.	Laurent, Alexis, et al. (författare) Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems - Part I: Lessons learned and perspectives. 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 34:3, s. 573-588 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract The continuously increasing solid waste generation worldwide calls for management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of systems, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool, which can contribute to answer that call. But how, where and to which extent has it been applied to solid waste management systems (SWMSs) until now, and which lessons can be learnt from the findings of these LCA applications? To address these questions, we performed a critical review of 222 published LCA studies of SWMS. We first analysed the geographic distribution and found that the published studies have primarily been concentrated in Europe with little application in developing countries. In terms of technological coverage, they have largely overlooked application of LCA to waste prevention activities and to relevant waste types apart from household waste, e.g. construction and demolition waste. Waste management practitioners are thus encouraged to abridge these gaps in future applications of LCA. In addition to this contextual analysis, we also evaluated the findings of selected studies of good quality and found that there is little agreement in the conclusions among them. The strong dependence of each SWMS on local conditions, such as waste composition or energy system, prevents a meaningful generalisation of the LCA results as we find it in the waste hierarchy. We therefore recommend stakeholders in solid waste management to regard LCA as a tool, which, by its ability of capturing the local specific conditions in the modelling of environmental impacts and benefits of a SWMS, allows identifying critical problems and proposing improvement options adapted to the local specificities.
46.	Laurent, Alexis, et al. (författare) Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems - Part II: Methodological guidance for a better practice. 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 34:3, s. 589-606 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly used in waste management to identify strategies that prevent or minimise negative impacts on ecosystems, human health or natural resources. However, the quality of the provided support to decision- and policy-makers is strongly dependent on a proper conduct of the LCA. How has LCA been applied until now? Are there any inconsistencies in the past practice? To answer these questions, we draw on a critical review of 222 published LCA studies of solid waste management systems. We analyse the past practice against the ISO standard requirements and the ILCD Handbook guidelines for each major step within the goal definition, scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation phases of the methodology. Results show that malpractices exist in several aspects of the LCA with large differences across studies. Examples are a frequent neglect of the goal definition, a frequent lack of transparency and precision in the definition of the scope of the study, e.g. an unclear delimitation of the system boundaries, a truncated impact coverage, difficulties in capturing influential local specificities such as representative waste compositions into the inventory, and a frequent lack of essential sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Many of these aspects are important for the reliability of the results. For each of them, we therefore provide detailed recommendations to practitioners of waste management LCAs.
47.	Lindmark, Johan, et al. (författare) The effects of different mixing intensities during anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 34:8, s. 1391-1397 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Mixing inside an anaerobic digester is often continuous and is not actively controlled. The selected mixing regime can however affect both gas production and the energy efficiency of the biogas plant. This study aims to evaluate these effects and compare three different mixing regimes, 150 RPM and 25 RPM continuous mixing and minimally intermittent mixing for both digestion of fresh substrate and post-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The results show that a lower mixing intensity leads to a higher biogas production rate and higher total biogas production in both cases. 25 RPM continuous mixing and minimally intermittent mixing resulted in similar biogas production after process stabilization, while 150 RPM continuous mixing resulted in lower production throughout the experiment. The lower gas production at 150 RPM could not be explained by the inhibition of volatile fatty acids. Cumulative biogas production until day 31 was 295. ±. 2.9, 317. ±. 1.9 and 304. ±. 2.8. N. ml/g VS added during digestion of fresh feed and 113. ±. 1.3, 134. ±. 1.1 and 130. ±. 2.3. N. ml/g VS added during post digestion for the 150 RPM, 25 RPM and minimally mixed intensities respectively. As well as increasing gas production, optimal mixing can improve the energy efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process.
48.	Lindqvist, Jan-Erik (författare) Technical and environmental long-term properties of industrial residues - of field and laboratory investigations 2011 Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:1, s. 101-107 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
49.	Monster, J. G., et al. (författare) Quantifying methane emission from fugitive sources by combining tracer release and downwind measurements - A sensitivity analysis based on multiple field surveys 2014 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 34:8, s. 1416-1428 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Using a dual species methane/acetylene instrument based on cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), the dynamic plume tracer dispersion method for quantifying the emission rate of methane was successfully tested in four measurement campaigns: (1) controlled methane and trace gas release with different trace gas configurations, (2) landfill with unknown emission source locations, (3) landfill with closely located emission sources, and (4) comparing with an Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument using multiple trace gasses for source separation. The new real-time, high precision instrument can measure methane plumes more than 1.2 km away from small sources (about 5 kg h(-1)) in urban areas with a measurement frequency allowing plume crossing at normal driving speed. The method can be used for quantification of total methane emissions from diffuse area sources down to 1 kg per hour and can be used to quantify individual sources with the right choice of wind direction and road distance. The placement of the trace gas is important for obtaining correct quantification and uncertainty of up to 36% can be incurred when the trace gas is not co-located with the methane source. Measurements made at greater distances are less sensitive to errors in trace gas placement and model calculations showed an uncertainty of less than 5% in both urban and open-country for placing the trace gas 100 m from the source, when measurements were done more than 3 km away. Using the ratio of the integrated plume concentrations of tracer gas and methane gives the most reliable results for measurements at various distances to the source, compared to the ratio of the highest concentration in the plume, the direct concentration ratio and using a Gaussian plume model. Under suitable weather and road conditions, the CRDS system can quantify the emission from different sources located close to each other using only one kind of trace gas due to the high time resolution, while the FTIR system can measure multiple trace gasses but with a lower time resolution.
50.	Mostaghel, Sina, et al. (författare) Metallurgical use of glass fractions from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) 2010 Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 30:1, s. 140-144 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Within the European Union, it is estimated that between 8 and 9 million tonnes of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) arises annually, of which television sets and computers account for an important part. Traditionally, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) have been used for TVs and computer monitors, but are rapidly being replaced by flat-screen technology. Only part of the discarded CRT glass is being recycled. Primary smelters use large amounts of silica flux to form iron-silicate slag, and can, in most cases, tolerate lead input. Use of discarded CRT glass in copper smelting is a potential alternative for utilization of the glass.The mineralogical composition of a slag sampled during ordinary slag praxis has been compared with that of a mixture of slag and CRT glass when re-melted and slowly cooled. Slag (iron-silicate slag) from Boliden Mineral AB, Sweden, was used for the experiments. Slag and glass have been mixed in various proportions: pure slag, pure glass, 90% slag-10% glass and 65% slag-35% glass, and heated in an inert atmosphere up to 1400 °C in a Netzsch Thermal Analysis (TA) instrument. The re-melted material has been analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine changes in mineralogical composition after mixing with glass.The results show that the main mineralogical component of the slag is fayalite; the CRT glass is amorphous. The main crystalline phases of the slag do not change with addition of glass. An amorphous phase appears when the addition of glass is increased, which gives the sample a different structure.

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