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Sökning: L773:0956 053X OR L773:1879 2456 > (2020-2024)

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1.
  • Amjad, Um-e-Salma, et al. (författare)
  • Catalytic cracking of polystyrene pyrolysis oil: Effect of Nb2O5 and NiO/Nb2O5 catalyst on the liquid product composition
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 141, s. 240-250
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The catalytic cracking of polystyrene pyrolysis oil was investigated over a Nb2O5 and a NiO/Nb2O5 catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. First, the pyrolysis of two different polystyrene feedstock (polystyrene foam and polystyrene pellet) was carried out in a semi-batch reactor, and the resulting polystyrene pellets pyrolysis oil was selected for catalytic cracking reaction because of its high liquid yield (85%). Catalytic cracking experiments were then performed at different temperatures (350–500 °C) using Nb2O5 or NiO/Nb2O5 catalyst. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of liquid product obtained from the catalytic cracking process showed that the dimers in the pyrolysis oil were converted to monomers during the catalytic cracking process. The catalytic cracking results also showed that the NiO/Nb2O5 catalyst (having slightly higher acidic sites) had slightly higher activity for monomer conversion than the Nb2O5 catalyst (having less acidic sites). X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, pyridine Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NH3 Temperature Programmed Desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the catalyst. The highest catalytic cracking activity was observed at 400 °C with the Nb2O5 catalyst with 4% toluene, 6% ethylbenzene, approximately 50% styrene, 13% α-methyl styrene, and only 6% of dimers in the liquid oil. The increase in temperature positively affected the yield of gases during catalytic cracking process.
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2.
  • Andreasi Bassi, Susanna, et al. (författare)
  • A life cycle assessment framework for large-scale changes in material circularity
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 135, s. 360-371
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Increasing material circularity is high on the agenda of the European Union in order to decouple environmental impacts and economic growth. While life cycle assessment (LCA) is useful for quantifying the associated environmental impacts, consistent LCA modeling of the large-scale changes arising from policy targets addressing material circularity (i.e., recycled content and recycling rate) is challenging. In response to this, we propose an assessment framework addressing key steps in LCA, namely, goal definition, functional unit, baseline versus alternative scenario definition, and modeling of system responses. Regulatory and economic aspects (e.g., trends in consumption patterns, market responses, market saturation, and legislative side-policies affecting waste management) are emphasized as critical for the identification of potential system responses and for supporting regulatory interventions required to reach the intended environmental benefits. The framework is recommended for LCA studies focusing on system-wide consequences where allocation between product life cycles is not relevant; however, the framework can be adapted to include allocation. The application of the framework was illustrated by an example of implementing a policy target for 2025 of 70% recycled content in PET trays in EU27+1. It was demonstrated that neglecting large-scale market responses and saturation lead to an overestimation of the environmental benefits from the policy target and that supplementary initiatives are required to achieve the full benefits at system level.
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3.
  • Bagheri, Marzieh, et al. (författare)
  • Introducing hydrothermal carbonization to sewage sludge treatment systems—a way of improving energy recovery and economic performance?
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 170, s. 131-143
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) can mitigate the disposal costs of sewage sludge in a wastewater treatment plant. This study analyzes the impact of integrating HTC with anaerobic digestion (AD) and combustion from a combined energy and economic performance perspective. Net energy balance and investment opportunity are investigated for a number of technical scenarios considering i) different combinations of the technologies: AD + HTC, AD + thermal dryer + combustion, and AD + HTC + combustion, ii) different options for HTC process water treatment: wet oxidation (WO) + AD, and direct return to AD, and iii) different products: heat-only, heat and electricity, hydrochar, and phosphorus.The results show trade-offs between investment cost, self-supplement of heat, and output electricity when WO is used. In AD + HTC, net heat output decreases compared to the reference plant, but avoided disposal costs and hydrochar revenue result in profitable investment when the process water is directly returned to the AD. Although HTC has a lower heat demand than the thermal dryer, replacing the thermal dryer with HTC is only possible when AD, HTC, and combustion are connected, or when WO covers HTC’s heat demand. HTC may impair the electricity production because of the necessity for a high-temperature heat source, whereas the thermal dryer can utilize a low-temperature heat source. In conclusion, energy advantages of HTC in AD + HTC + combustion are insufficient to provide a promising investment opportunity due to high investment costs of HTC. The investment opportunity improves by co-combustion of hydrochar and external sludge.
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4.
  • Barbato, Paula Martina, et al. (författare)
  • Quality degradation in glass recycling: substitutability model proposal
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 182, s. 124-131
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The sustainability assessment of waste management systems requires tools capable of evaluating material quality degradation during recycling. Existing research has predominantly focused on the development of substitutability models for plastics, leaving a gap in addressing other materials like glass. Glass is commonly regarded as endlessly recyclable, even though its actual recyclability depends on several crucial factors, such as colour and pollutant contamination. Many Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies in this field assume a one-to-one substitution coefficient, neglecting material deterioration and inaccurately representing real-world scenarios. This study proposes and assesses a substitutability model for glass, aiming to measure the replacement extent between virgin materials and recycled crushed glass (cullet). The methodology is based on two key factors: technical quality substitutability, considering impurities and colour contaminations in cullet, and market applicability, accounting for market demand. Once formulated, the model was applied to a European case study on glass waste treatment. Two scenarios were considered: one assuming complete substitution between cullet and raw materials, the other incorporating quality degradation. Findings indicate that, accounting for quality degradation, only 83% of cullet effectively replaces raw materials, resulting in a decrease of the benefit associated with recycling of 13–23% for the different examined impact categories, compared to complete replacement assumption. This underscores the importance of considering quality deterioration in glass recycling impact assessments.
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5.
  • Behjat, Marta, 1991, et al. (författare)
  • Environmental assessment of phosphorus recovery from dairy sludge: A comparative LCA study
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 187, s. 50-60
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Phosphate rock is a finite, non-renewable mineral resource that is used primarily in fertiliser production. The scarcity and the increasing demand for this finite material led the European Commission to include it in the critical raw material list in 2014. As a consequence, efforts have been directed towards enhancing material use efficiency, initiating recycling efforts, and formulating waste policies to mitigate the criticality of raw materials. Interest in the development of technologies for nutrient recovery from organic waste streams has increased in recent years, and dairy processing sludge (DPS) is a potential input waste stream. Although the recovery of P from DPS can contribute to more circular flows of nutrients in society, it has to be assessed whether there are also overall environmental gains. This paper reports on a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the environmental impacts of three scenarios for phosphorus (P) recovery involving hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and struvite precipitation and a comparison to a reference drying scenario. HTC produces a solid fraction (hydrochar), and a liquid fraction (process water) and in one of the scenarios (Scenario 3), leaching the hydrochar for additional P recovery is considered. From the process water as well as from the hydrochar leachate, P is precipitated in the form of struvite. Scenarios 1 and 2 both consider HTC and struvite production with the only difference that the hydrochar is used as a fuel instead of as a fertilizer in the latter case, and Scenario 3 adds leaching of the hydrochar with subsequent struvite production and considers that hydrochar is used as a fuel. In the fourth (reference) scenario, dewatering and drying of DPS is considered. The recovered product use in agriculture was not assessed at this stage. The assessment of the emerging technologies in Scenarios 1–3 was done by studying the technologies in early stages of development but modelling them as more developed in the future. Additional functions beyond the functional unit of one kg of P recovered were handled through a system expansion by substitution approach. This way, the system was credited for calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) production in all scenarios and for wood chips production in Scenarios 2 and 3. Looking at net outcomes for all scenarios, the life cycle impact indicator results for scenario 2 are lower than the other scenarios in several impact categories. Large gains in scenario 2 are related to the avoided production of wood chips.
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6.
  • Benavente, Veronica, et al. (författare)
  • Co-hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae and digested sewage sludge : Assessing the impact of mixing ratios on the composition of primary and secondary char
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 174, s. 429-438
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The role of microalgae cultivation in wastewater treatment and reclamation has been studied extensively, as has the potential utility of the resulting algal biomass. Most methods for processing such biomass generate solid residues that must be properly managed to comply with current sustainable resource utilization requirements. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) can be used to process both individual wet feedstocks and mixed feedstocks (i.e., co-HTC). Here, we investigate co-HTC using microalgae and digested sewage sludge as feedstocks. The objectives were to (i) study the material's partitioning into solid and liquid products, and (ii) characterize the products’ physicochemical properties. Co-HTC experiments were conducted at 180–250°C using mixed microalgae/sewage sludge feedstocks with the proportion of sewage sludge ranging from 0 to 100 %. Analyses of the hydrochar composition and the formation and composition of secondary char revealed that the content of carbonized material in the product decreased as the proportion of sewage sludge in the feedstock increased under fixed carbonization conditions. The properties of the hydrochars and the partitioning of material between the liquid phase and the hydrochar correlated linearly with the proportion of microalgae in mixed feedstocks, indicating that adding sewage sludge to microalgae had weak or non-existent synergistic effects on co-HTC outcomes. However, the proportion of sewage sludge in the feedstock did affect the secondary char. For example, adding sewage sludge reduced the abundance of carboxylic acids and ketones as well as the concentrations of higher molecular weight cholesterols. Such changes may alter the viable applications of the hydrochar.
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7.
  • Brancoli, Pedro, 1989-, et al. (författare)
  • Environmental impacts of waste management and valorisation pathways for surplus bread in Sweden
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 117, s. 136-145
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Bread waste represents a significant part of food waste in Sweden. At the same time, the return system established between bakeries and retailers enables a flow of bread waste that is not contaminated with other food waste products. This provides an opportunity for alternative valorisation and waste management options, in addition to the most common municipal waste treatment, namely anaerobic digestion and incineration. An attributional life cycle assessment of the management of 1 kg of surplus bread was conducted to assess the relative environmental impacts of alternative and existing waste management options. Eighteen impact categories were assessed using the ReCiPe methodology. The different management options that were investigated for the surplus bread are donation, use as animal feed, beer production, ethanol production, anaerobic digestion, and incineration. These results are also compared to reducing the production of bread by the amount of surplus bread (reduction at the source). The results support a waste hierarchy where reduction at the source has the highest environmental savings, followed by use of surplus bread as animal feed, donation, for beer production and for ethanol production. Anaerobic digestion and incineration offer the lowest environmental savings, particularly in a low-impact energy system. The results suggests that Sweden can make use of the established return system to implement environmentally preferred options for the management of surplus bread.
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8.
  • Carlos-Pinedo, Sandra, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of a full-scale solid-state anaerobic co-digestion: A multi-component substrate analysis by using ORWARE
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 146, s. 36-43
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Long-term sustainable biogas production requires different raw material alternatives, especially when reducing the most desirable organic substrate, food waste, which has been set as a goal in the 2030 Agenda. In Sweden, horse manure (HM) is generated in large quantities, and due to its physical and chemical characteristics, it has the potential to be used as a raw material to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion (AD). In order to investigate the challenges that HM digestion can impose in terms of methane yield and/or digestate quality, the modified ORganic WAste REsearch (ORWARE) AD model was applied. The aim was to study the effects of different substrates and combinations of these on the AD process during a full-scale solid-state (SS)-AD. In this sense, the model allows for the analysis of the digestion process of multicomponent substrates at the element level. The simulation results suggested that the replacement of green waste (GW) by HM with wood chips as bedding material gave the best improvement in terms of energy turnover; the liquid fraction of the digestate of this mixture of substrates presented the highest concentration in all the nutrients analyzed, specifically in total carbon-biological and phosphorus. The nutrient concentrations in the digestate from the aforementioned scenario are in line with the SPCR120 certification.
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9.
  • Carlos-Pinedo, Sandra, et al. (författare)
  • Study of the digestion process at a full-scale solid-state biogas plant by using ORWARE : Model modification and implementation
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 107, s. 133-142
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The configuration of the reactor influences the digestion process and thus the product yields; other factors such as the rate of biogas production or biogas loss also affect the process specifically with high solid configuration. With these in mind, the ORganic WAste REsearch (ORWARE) anaerobic digestion sub-model was modified to be able to study solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) (using plug-flow reactor). The simulation results from the updated model agreed with the operational data with respect to methane yield, digestate yield and energy turnover. The model was found to be sensitive to changes in feedstock composition but to a lesser extent to changes in process temperature and retention time. By applying the model on several cases of liquid anaerobic digestion (L-AD), it was noticed that L-AD at mesophilic condition with 25 retention days seemed to be superior to other cases of L-AD with regard to energy turnover. However, even if similar methane production were observed for L-AD and SS-AD, the model suggested higher energy turnover for the case of SS-AD at thermophilic condition, being 10% more in average in comparison with cases of L-AD.
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10.
  • Caspersen, Siri, et al. (författare)
  • Nutrient challenges with solid-phase anaerobic digestate as a peat substitute-Storage decreased ammonium toxicity but increased phosphorus availability
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 165, s. 128-139
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The solid fraction (SD) obtained after liquid - solid separation of anaerobic digestate is interesting as a potential fertilizer as well as a peat substitute in horticultural growing substrates. We investigated the effect of incubation of the SD obtained by screw-press separation of digestate produced from food waste and plant residues on potentially plant available mineral nutrients and plant growth. The NH4-N concentration was initially > 1000 mg L-1 but rapidly decreased, probably due to NH3 emission promoted by a high initial pH. No nitrate was detected during the first four weeks of incubation. The concentrations of potentially available P and Mg were closely related and strongly increased during incubation. The effect of adding 20 or 30 vol% of SD to a peat-based growing substrate on the growth of basil and lettuce was investigated before and after the incubation period. With the unincubated SD, the initial substrate NH4-N of 200-300 mg L-1 was potentially phytotoxic. Plant growth response ranged from inhibition to stimulation, probably reflecting variation in substrate ammonium status. After 96 days of incubation, ammonium concentrations had decreased with > 50% and basil growth was generally positively affected by addition of incubated SD. However, available P concentrations of 140-210 mg L-1 in the incubated substrates posed a high risk of P leakage. In conclusion, storage greatly reduced NH4-N con-centrations and phytotoxicity when the SD was used as a partial substituent for peat in a horticultural growing substrate. Measures are needed, however, to limit available P concentrations in high-P solid digestate fractions.
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11.
  • Christensen, T. H., et al. (författare)
  • Application of LCA modelling in integrated waste management
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 118, s. 313-322
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used in waste management for the last two decades and hundreds of journal papers have been published. The use of LCA in waste management has provided a much-improved holistic view of waste management including waste flows and potential environmental impacts. Although much knowledge has been obtained from LCA studies, there is still a need to use LCA models in integrated waste management. This paper describes six areas where LCA is expected to play a role in waste management in the future: 1) understanding an existing waste management system; 2) improving existing waste management systems; 3) comparing alternative technologies/ technology performance; 4) technology development/prospective technologies; 5) policy development/strategic development; and 6) reporting. Illustrative examples are provided for each application area.
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12.
  • Dukovska-Popovska, Iskra, et al. (författare)
  • The supply and demand balance of recyclable textiles in the Nordic countries
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 159:March, s. 154-162
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The textile industry is on its early steps towards circular economy. Being a highly resource-intensive and waste-generating industry, it is essential to embrace fiber-to-fiber recycling in addressing the increasing textile waste problem. Several innovative initiatives are happening within this area, not least in the Nordic countries, where automated sorting and fiber-to-fiber recycling technologies and capacities are developing. These large investments require economy of scale; however, this is challenged by the fractioned supply due to the specific fiber requirements of the recycling facilities. To ensure economy of scale and support strategic planning, it is important to investigate the balance of the demand of those capacities with the supply of recyclables generated in the region. Local and regional perspectives are needed in order to avoid unnecessary transportation of low value materials. Based on a synthetises of existing textile flow studies and interviews with relevant actors in four Nordic countries, this study investigates the balance between the supply of recyclable textiles and the sorting and recycling capacity. This is accomplished by estimating the volumes of recyclables and their fiber composition (based on developed weighting average method) and comparing these with the current and upcoming capacities in each country and in the Nordics as a whole. The findings indicate that the upcoming automatic sorting and recycling capacity will be sufficient to deal with the total recyclable fraction in the Nordic region, except for some of the synthetic fibers. However, there are imbalances between supply and demand within individual countries, highlighting opportunities for collaboration.
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13.
  • Eckert Matzembacher, Daniele, et al. (författare)
  • Consumer’s food waste in different restaurants configuration: A comparison between different levels of incentive and interaction
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 114, s. 263-273
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Reducing food waste is necessary for achieving healthy diets and sustainable food systems due to its negative impacts on resource conservation, food security, and environmental, social and economic costs. This paper aim is to quantify the amount and types of food that is wasted by the consumers in different restaurant configurations. The second aim is to understand the reasons which lead them to waste food and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the waste. To fulfil the aims, a mixed methodology was used, including primary data collection in restaurants for the quantification of food waste, interviewing consumers and staff, along with calculating the environmental impact from the waste using life cycle assessment. The results show that different incentives and levels of interaction in consumer’s choice of food types exert influence on plate food waste. When incentive and interaction are low, the amount of food waste is larger. It is the case of a la carte restaurants. The best performance in the restaurant categories was when both incentive and level of interaction were higher. Buffet where the consumers pay by weight, therefore, is the configuration that generates less food waste on the consumer's plate. The main wasted products are rice and beans, followed by beef, and then other carbohydrates. The life cycle assessment indicated a carbon footprint varying from 128 to 324 g CO2 eq./plate from the wasted food. The result of the interviews showed that the food waste on the plate is not visible to consumers, since in the majority of cases, they believe that their food waste on the plate in the day of the observation was an exception. There is a large potential to reduce food waste by giving consumers the possibility to influence the serving to get the right portion size. Also, to further emphasize this behaviour by creating incentives for consumers only to serve as much food as they actually eat.
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14.
  • Ekvall, Tomas, 1963, et al. (författare)
  • Modelling incineration for more accurate comparisons to recycling in PEF and LCA
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 136, s. 153-161
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • When recycling is beneficial for the environment, results from a life cycle assessment (LCA) should give incentives to collection for recycling and also to the use of recycled material in new products. Many approaches for modeling recycling in LCA assign part of the environmental benefits of recycling to the product where the recycled material is used. For example, the Circular Footprint Formula in the framework for Product Environmental Footprints (PEF) assigns less than 45% of the benefits of recycling to a polymer product sent to recycling. Our calculations indicate that this creates an incorrect climate incentive for incineration of renewable LDPE, when the recovered energy substitutes energy sources with 100–300% more climate impact than the Swedish average district heat and electricity. The risk of incorrect incentives can be reduced through allocating part of the net benefits of energy recovery to the life cycle where the energy is used; we propose this part can be 60% for Sweden, but probably less in countries without a district-heating network. Alternatively, the LCA can include the alternative treatment of waste that is displaced at the incinerator by waste from the investigated product. These solutions both make the LCA more balanced and consistent. The allocation factor 0.6 at incineration almost eliminates the risk of incorrect incentives in a PEF of renewable polymers. However, the focus of LCA on one product at a time might still make it insufficient to guide recycling, which requires concerted actions between actors in different life cycles.
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15.
  • Eriksson, Mattias (författare)
  • Quantification and economic assessment of surplus bread in Italian small-scale bakeries: An explorative study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 169, s. 301-309
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The generation of bread waste at suppliers and retailers is often linked to the production of surplus bread. This study reports the results of the first direct quantification and economic assessment of surplus bread conducted in Italy, involving a panel of 12 bakeries and their branches located in the Lazio region, which compiled a daily diary for 5 months. They are small-scale bakeries which reflect the typical structure of the Italian businesses in the bakery sector, producing fresh bread and selling it directly to consumers. The surplus bread measured during the study consists of 6,694 kg in total, with an average quantity of 4.83 kg/day per bakery. Studying the three main products (common bread, focaccia bread and bread rolls), the average rate of surplus is respectively 5.88 %, 3.99 % and 5.28 % of the production. The corresponding economic loss represents, on average, 5.44 % of the daily turnover. A set of factors seems to exert highest influence on the generation of surplus, as the range of production, location and number of customers. When surplus bread occurs, in 63 % of the cases it is managed on alternative routes to avoid disposal. Even if detected surplus bread does not necessarily become waste, it indeed represents a big loss for bakeries.
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16.
  • Esguerra, John, et al. (författare)
  • Landfill mining in Europe : Assessing the economic potential of value creation from generated combustibles and fines residue
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 126, s. 221-230
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Previous studies showed that resources recovery through landfill mining (LFM) is generally challenging from an economic perspective and that a large share of project costs is related to the external treatment and disposal of bulk process wastes such as combustibles and fines residue. Building on these analyses, this study aims to explore the potential for improving the economy of LFM in Europe by creating value from these bulk process wastes. Specifically, the combustibles are treated through internal incineration with subsequent energy recovery, while fines residue is utilized as construction aggregates. These explored possibilities are investigated considering other varying factors at the site, project, and system levels that cover possible LFM project settings in Europe. A set-based modelling approach is adapted generate multiple LFM scenarios (531,441) and investigate the underlying critical factors that drive the economy of LFM through global sensitivity analysis. Results show that an additional 16% of LFM sce-narios become net profitable, mainly driven by fines residue utilization. Avoided costs for re-landfilling are higher than the revenues from construction aggregates. By contrast, internal incineration is driven by the revenues from recovered energy rather than the avoided gate fee, which is substituted by the costs for building and operating own plants. Overall, the policy conditions remain critical to further improve the economy of LFM in Europe. Recommendations include an inclusive quality standard that relies on pollutant leachability rather than total concentration for higher-value application of fines residue and incentive rather than taxation for producing renewable energy from the combustibles. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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17.
  • Ewald, Nils, et al. (författare)
  • Fatty acid composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) - Possibilities and limitations for modification through diet
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 102, s. 40-47
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens; BSFL) can convert organic wastes into a nutrient-rich biomass suitable in animal feed, which could be a way to achieve more sustainable production of food. However, little is known about how the diet fed to BSFL affects their nutritional value, especially their fatty acid composition. In this study, BSFL were fed 11 diets based on four different organic waste sources (mussels, bread, fish and food waste). Fatty acid and proximate composition (dry matter, crude fat, crude protein and ash) were analysed in the diets, in two-week-old larvae and substrate residues. Larval weight, survival and feed conversion were also recorded. The diet was found to affect all parameters investigated. Irrespective of diet, the larval fat consisted mainly of lauric acid and other saturated fatty acids and these were found to be synthesised by the larvae. However, both the fatty acid composition of the substrate, and the larval weight were found to affect the fatty acid profile of the larvae. In general, larvae with a higher weight contained a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids and a lower percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It was concluded that the possibilities to tailor the fatty acid composition of the BSFL through the diet are limited; thus, the BSFL fat may not be suitable to replace fish oil, but has potential of inclusion in other food, feed and fuel products. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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18.
  • Fahimi, A., et al. (författare)
  • Poultry litter ash characterisation and recovery
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 111, s. 10-21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper reports a complete characterisation of poultry litter ash and its potential use as a heavy metal stabiliser. We propose a novel approach, in which the ashes deriving from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) are combined with poultry litter ash, rather than with coal combustion flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) residues. Heavy metals stabilisation was demonstrated by comparing the elemental concentrations in the leaching solutions of the starting raw and stabilised materials: leachable Pb and Zn showed a reduced solubility. The characterisation was conducted by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). The results showed that the poultry litter ash was Ca-, P-, K- and S-rich (>29 g/kg). It contained amorphous materials (i.e. fly ash economiser (FAECO) 73% and fly ash cyclone (FACYC) 61%) and soluble phases (e.g. arkanite and sylvite; up to 13% FAECO and 28% FACYC), as well as resilient crystalline (up to 2% of FAECO and FACYC) and amorphous phases (e.g. hydroxyapatite). After two months, the Pb and Zn concentrations in the leachate solutions were below the limit set by the European regulations for waste disposal (<0.2 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively). We propose a mechanism for the heavy metals stabilisation based on the carbonation process and high amounts of P, Ca and reactive amorphous phases. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that poultry litter ash can be an effective secondary source of heavy metals, allowing their immobilisation through P- and Ca-based reactive amorphous phases.
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19.
  • Feizaghaii, Roozbeh, 1975-, et al. (författare)
  • Systems analysis of digestate primary processing techniques
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 150, s. 352-363
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this paper, we performed technology assessment and systems analysis of primary digestate processing techniques to provide a comprehensive analysis of their environmental and cost performance. We compiled more than 100 observations from large-scale biogas plants and considered digestate based on manure, crops and agro-wastes, and food waste under the geographical contexts of Sweden and Belgium. Centrifuge, screw press, and rotary drum were identified as suitable primary processing techniques. We analyzed the climate impact, energy use, and operational cost of digestate management under these scenarios: no processing, partial processing (solid-liquid separation) and full processing (solid-liquid separation followed by ammonia stripping). As expected, the suitable digestate processing varied with the context, transport was often the most critical cost factor, and emissions from storage reduced the climate savings from the use of biofertilizers. However, treating liquid fraction became a main contributor to cost and climate impact under the Belgian conditions. Consequently, the possibility for local application of liquid fraction as biofertilizer could prevent costs and impacts associated with its further treatment. The main novelty of this work is in its integrative and comprehensive approach toward the choices and impacts of primary processing of digestate. We tried to bridge many individual case studies, drew from experiences of biogas plants in different geographical contexts, assessed suitable processing techniques for different digestate types, and analyzed the environmental impacts and cost of digestate management from a life cycle perspective. We believe that such integrated approaches would help decision-making for increased sustainability of the biogas sector. 
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20.
  • González-Arias, Judith, et al. (författare)
  • Biogas upgrading to biomethane as a local source of renewable energy to power light marine transport: Profitability analysis for the county of Cornwall
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 137, s. 81-88
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work, the use of biomethane produced from local biogas plants is proposed as renewable fuel for light marine transport. A profitability analysis is performed for three real biogas production plants located in Cornwall (United Kingdom), considering a total of 66 different scenarios where critical parameters such as distance from production point to gas grid, subsidies, etcetera, were evaluated. Even though the idea is promising to decarbonize the marine transport sector, under the current conditions, the approach is not profitable. The results show that profitability depends on the size of the biogas plant. The largest biogas plant studied can be profitable if feed-in tariffs subsidies between 36.6 and 45.7 €/MWh are reached, while for the smallest plant, subsidies should range between 65 and 82.7 €/MWh. The tax to be paid per ton of CO2 emitted by the shipping owner, was also examined given its impact in this green route profitability. Values seven times greater than current taxes are needed to reach profitability, revealing the lack of competitiveness of renewable fuels vs traditional fuels in this application. Subsidies to make up a percentage of the investment are also proposed, revealing that even at 100% of investment subsidized, this green approach is still not profitable. The results highlight the need for further ambitious political actions in the pursuit of sustainable societies.
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21.
  • Grodzińska-Jurczak, Małgorzata, et al. (författare)
  • Contradictory or complementary? : Stakeholders’ perceptions of a circular economy for single-use plastics
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 142, s. 1-8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Single-use plastics (SUPs) represent one of the largest and rapidly growing segments of the plastics industry. The strategies to mitigate plastic hazards has become more difficult during the COVID-19 pandemic; SUPs have gained positive health-related attributes among consumers and remain the preferred packaging material. One of the most promising strategies to tackle the SUPs problem is a worldwide transition towards a circular economy (CE) for plastics. Here, we propose the reconceptualization of a CE for SUPs based on an analysis of the perceptions of stakeholders and the public from social, psychological, and communication-related perspectives. Our study utilized focus groups with primary and secondary stakeholders – differing in their power regarding SUP CE governance – and general consumers to identify their perceptions regarding challenges to and solutions for a CE for SUPs, thereby unveiling the potential for trustworthy knowledge co-creation. Our findings demonstrate that trustworthy knowledge-in-action is the primary driver for achieving sustainability transitions across stakeholders and suggest a significant discrepancy between young consumers and producers. Furthermore, we argue that exploring diversified approaches to knowledge co-creation necessitates various disciplinary entry points, ranging from different perspectives (challenges vs. solutions, individual vs. systemic levels, diversity in agenda-setting) to innovative attempts to understand knowledge production behaviour, especially for policymakers. Perceiving scientists as science communicators who can effectively inform involved stakeholders and general consumers and engage them in SUP crisis mitigation actions, the results of our study (jointly created manifest followed by a series of posters) are subject to further research and proposals for policy decisions.
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22.
  • Guidini Lopes, Ivã, et al. (författare)
  • Dynamics of black soldier fly larvae composting – Impact of substrate properties and rearing conditions on process efficiency
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 172, s. 25-32
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Inadequate organic waste management have detrimental impact on the environment and on public health. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae composting is a biological treatment for biodegradable waste that align with circular economy principles. The bioconversion efficiency of bio-waste into larval biomass is influenced by various factors, such as substrate type and the process parameters employed in the larval rearing process. In this study, the influence of these parameters on survival, material reduction (Mat.Red), waste-to-biomass conversion efficiency (BCE) and larval yield per rearing unit was investigated through two sets of experiments. In Experiment 1, the impact of larval density in five distinct rearing substrates was evaluated, while the effect of larval feed dose and substrate depth was assessed in Experiment 2, using a model substrate (dog food). In Experiment 1 it was found that higher larval density lead to an increase in BCE and larval yield, up to a threshold (around 6.25 larvae cm−2). Surpassing this threshold led to the production of smaller larvae, while the yield remained relatively consistent. In Experiment 2 it was found that supplying the substrate in a shallow layer (1–1.5 cm depth) and providing a low feed dose (0.1 g volatile solids (VS) larva–1) led to higher BCE and Mat.Red, albeit with a reduced overall yield per unit. Increasing feed load and substrate depth reduced the conversion efficiency, Mat.Red and larval survival. This study enhances the understanding of the effect of various process parameters used in the BSF larvae treatment, and how they interrelate.
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23.
  • Gunaratne, Tharaka, et al. (författare)
  • Environmental potential of shredder fines valorisation
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 154, s. 223-231
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Millions of tonnes of shredder fines are disposed of annually across the world. In Sweden, fines are primarily utilised in landfill covering. Given the decreasing landfilling and the increasing environmental concerns, the valorisation of this residue is becoming ever important. In order to guide sustainable investment decisions and governance of fines valorisation, this study aimed to assess the environmental potential of different valorisation alternatives. In doing so, three conceptual valorisation process schemes were formulated together with the shredding industry, each based on principally different resource recovery strategies: 1) maximising copper re-covery, 2) maximising construction aggregates recovery, and 3) optimising full resource recovery. A streamlined life cycle assessment (LCA) of these valorisation alternatives was performed in relation to the impact categories of climate change, ozone depletion, acidification, and resource depletion. The results of this study generally suggest that in the context of Sweden, Alternatives 1 and 3 are preferable over Alternative 2 regarding all the impact categories. There, Alternative 3 is more preferable regarding climate change, while Alternative 1 is preferable regarding the other impact categories. Several environmental hot spots occur along the different life cycle stages of the fines-derived secondary raw materials. The Monte Carlo simulation of the parameter un-certainties generally confirms the overall LCA findings.
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24.
  • Guo, Zengwei, et al. (författare)
  • Nanostructured micro particles as a low-cost and sustainable catalyst in the recycling of PET fiber waste by the glycolysis method
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 126, s. 559-566
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Magnetic Mg-Al-O@Fe3O4 micro particles were synthesized by coating nanosized Mg-Al double oxides onto Fe3O4 micro particles. The formed hierarchical structure gave Mg-Al-O@Fe3O4 micro particles a high active surface area, which enabled these micro particles to work efficiently as a catalyst in the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) yield reached above 80 mol% in the presence of 0.5 wt% of Mg-Al-O@Fe3O4 micro catalyst in the reaction system within 90 min at 240 °C. After the reaction, Mg-Al-O@Fe3O4 micro catalyst was easily retrieved by a magnetic decantation and can be repetitively used for two times with a high catalytic efficiency. After that, the deactivated Mg-Al-O@Fe3O4 micro catalyst can be regenerated by heat treatment. The regenerated Mg-Al-O@Fe3O4 micro catalyst displays a comparable catalytic performance as that of the virgin catalyst. In addition, the Mg-Al double oxides and Fe3O4 micro particles are low-cost and environmentally benign. Therefore, the Mg-Al-O@Fe3O4 micro catalyst may contribute to an economically and environmentally improved large-scale circular recycling of PET fiber waste. © 2021 The Author(s)
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25.
  • He, L., et al. (författare)
  • Biomass valorization toward sustainable asphalt pavements : Progress and prospects
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 165, s. 159-178
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To cope with the global climate crisis and assist in achieving the carbon neutrality, the use of biomass materials to fully or partially replace petroleum-based products and unrenewable resources is expected to become a widespread solution. Based on the analysis of the existing literature, this paper firstly classified biomass materials with potential application prospects in pavement engineering according to their application and summarized their respective preparation methods and characteristics. The pavement performance of asphalt mixtures with biomass materials was analyzed and summarized, and the economic and environmental benefits of bio-asphalt binder were evaluated. The analysis shows that pavement biomass materials with potential for practical application can be divided into three categories: bio-oil, bio-fiber, and bio-filler. Adding bio-oil to modify or extend the virgin asphalt binder can mostly improve the low temperature performance of asphalt binder. Adding styrene-butadienestyrene (SBS) or other preferable bio-components for composite modification will have a further improved effect. Most of the asphalt mixtures prepared by using bio-oil modified asphalt binders have improved the low temperature crack resistance and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures, but the high temperature stability and moisture resistance may decrease. As a rejuvenator, most bio-oils can restore the high and low temperature performance of aged asphalt and recycled asphalt mixture, and improve fatigue resistance. Adding bio-fiber could significantly improve the high temperature stability, low temperature crack resistance and moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures. Biochar as a bio-filler can slow down the asphalt aging process and some other bio-fillers can improve the high temperature stability and fatigue resistance of asphalt binders. Through calculation, it is found that the cost performance of bio-asphalt has the ability to surpass conventional asphalt and has economic benefits. The use of biomass materials for pavements not only reduces pollutants, but also reduces the dependence on petroleum-based products. It has significant environmental benefits and development potential.
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26.
  • Hellwig, Coralie, et al. (författare)
  • Household fermentation of leftover bread to nutritious food
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 150, s. 39-47
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Resource dependency of food production is aggravated when food is wasted. In Sweden, it is estimated that 37% of the total bread waste is generated at the household level. This work aimed to assess whether fermentation using edible filamentous fungi at households can provide a solution to valorize leftover bread in the production of fungi-based food for consumption. Bread was fermented in household and laboratory conditions with Neurospora intermedia and Rhizopus oligosporus. The results show that bread can be successfully and easily fermented at households, without signs of microbial contamination even though the conditions were not sterile. Fermentation at the household resulted in higher protein, fat and fiber content as well as greater starch reduction compared to the samples fermented under laboratory conditions. Household engagement in bread fermentation will likely depend on values that motivate reusing leftover bread. Perceived values that are expected to motivate engagement vary across individuals, but may include improved nutritional benefits, food waste prevention, convenience, responsibilities, and being part of sustainable societies and actions. © 2022 The Author(s)
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27.
  • Helmefalk, Miralem, et al. (författare)
  • Understanding the mechanisms of household and stakeholder engagement in a recycling ecosystem : The SDL perspective
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 160, s. 1-11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For a recycling system to work, both stakeholders and households need to feel engaged in the process. When studying engagement in the context of recycling, it is clear that a broader view is necessary to understand the opportunities and limitations that exist among stakeholders and users. Service dominant logic is undertaken to shed new light on how stakeholders, with the household as a focal point, engage with each other in the service ecosystem. Thematic network analysis was employed using interviews with households, stakeholders, as well as workshops in a project about recycling. The analysis reveals four mechanisms (channeling information, managing different resources, understanding impact, and dynamic and time-related engagement). There are several goals and values present when stakeholders and households engage with each other. When values of different actors align, it provides a solid basis for collaboration. Engagement was also found to be time-related and linked to calculated or perceived future effects, but also required to be maintained with the integration of different resources (e.g. money, space, time, cognitive, emotional, bodily energy). In the short-term perspective, utilitarian (functional) values such as the function of the recycling house emerged essential, while the long-term perspectives included feelings about the environment or one’s own contribution. Implications for waste management include the importance of recognizing the relation between, and the involvement of stakeholders and households, as well as understanding how these interact to optimize recycling systems.
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28.
  • Hultberg, Malin, et al. (författare)
  • Production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on sawdust supplemented with anaerobic digestate
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 155, s. 1-7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Anaerobic digestion of organic waste results in production of biogas and a nutrient-rich digestate that has an established use as fertilizer in plant production. This study evaluated use of anaerobic digestate based on a high concentration of organic household waste as a fertilizer in sawdust-based production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Inclusion of 0.5 L of anaerobic digestate (AD) per kg sawdust gave similar productivity in terms of biological efficiency (79.5 +/- 5.4 %), and protein concentration (24.7 +/- 2.4 % of dry weight (dw)) as standard mushroom substrate (78.1 +/- 5.3 %, and 21.9 +/- 3.0 % of dw, respectively). However, mushroom growth was impaired at the highest concentration of anaerobic digestate tested, 1 L digestate per kg dw sawdust. Comparison of the AD-fertilized substrate with a mushroom substrate with standard components (sawdust, wheat bran, calcium sulfate) and with similar C/N-ratio revealed some differences in elemental composition of the fruiting bodies, with an major increase in sodium concentration for the AD-fertilized substrate compared with the standard substrate (413.3 +/- 28.9 and 226.7 +/- 30.6 mg kg(-1) dw, respectively). This difference can be explained by high sodium concentration in the anaerobic digestate, most likely due to inclusion of food scraps from households and restaurants in the biodigester feedstock. Screening of both substrates for a total of 133 micro -pollutants revealed that total sum of micropollutants was significantly higher in the AD-fertilized substrate (258 +/- 12 ng/g dw substrate) than in the standard substrate (191 +/- 35 ng/g dw substrate). Nitrogen losses during preparation of the AD-fertilized substrate were negligible.
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29.
  • Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Early detection of deep-seated smouldering fires in wood waste storage using ERT
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 182, s. 215-224
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Incidents of waste and biofuel fires are common at all stages of the waste recycling chain and have grave implications for business, employees, firefighters, society, and environment. An early detection of waste and biofuel fires in the smouldering stage could save precious lives, resources, and our environment. Existing fire detection methodologies e.g. handheld temperature sensors, IR cameras, gas sensors, and video and satellite-based monitoring techniques have inherent limitations to efficiently detect smouldering fires. An attempt was made to explore the potential of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) as an alternate tool to address the problem. In the experiments an externally powered resistive wire was employed to initiate the smouldering fire inside the test material (wood pellets, wood shavings, wood fines). Time series of ERT that followed the initiation and development of smouldering were recorded using an automated monitoring instrument setup. The actual geometry of the experimental sample container and electrode setup was integrated in the 3D finite element method (FEM) model grid to perform inverse numerical modelling (inversion) and to develop resistivity tomographic images. The study shows a sharp increase in ratio of resistivity (?/?? ≥ 50 %) in the test material in the region of smouldering hotspot and demonstrates the potential use of ERT technique for the detection of smouldering hotspots in silos and pile storage of organic material such as wood-based fuels, wood waste, coal, municipal solid waste (MSW), recyclables etc. More research is however required for enabling the use of this technique at the practical scale for different storage conditions.
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30.
  • Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, 1980- (författare)
  • Modeling of risk from improper sorting of waste at recycling centers
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 102:1, s. 550-560
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study has demonstrated the use of weighted-linear-combination approach in connection with fuzzy set functions of Total Population, Total Distance, Annual income per person and Total number of opening hours of Recycling Centers (RCs), in ArcGIS environment, to generate risk maps and characterize RCs based on risk for improper sorting of waste. Analysis of data shows that there are 73 RCs, at which, risk for improper sorting of waste is highest. On average, there is one RC for every 19,402 individuals in Sweden and a single round trip made by Swedes to nearest RC, results in emission of 1340 ktons of CO2. Furthermore, it is found that strategies needed (e.g. installation of new RCs or shifting of RCs closer to densely populated areas (DPAs) or increase in number of opening hours or availability of pre-visit sorting information etc.), to reduce risk for improper sorting of waste, are different for RCs that are operated under different management forms. Variations in tariffs, limited number of waste fractions to be collected per RC, confusing terminologies, design parameters of RCs and non-implementation of EU Directive 2018/851 with respect to packaging waste, are other factors that are affecting quality of waste sorting at RCs, and are discussed in the article. Results from this research can be utilized to identify site specific needs for improving sorting of waste and to identify priority areas for installation of new RCs.
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31.
  • Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Safety at waste and recycling industry : Detection and mitigation of waste fire accidents
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 141, s. 271-281
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study, NASA’s VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) fire hotspots and data of the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), collected between 2012 and 2018, was integrated to characterize waste fire incidents that were detected by VIIRS and reported to MSB (DaR), detected by VIIRS but not reported to MSB (DbNR) and that are reported to MSB but not detected by VIIRS (RbND). Results show that the average number of open waste fire incidents per million capita per year (AFIPMC) in Sweden, for the period 2012–2018, ranges from 2.4 to 4.7. Although a weak correlation exists (r = 0.44, P = 0.1563, one tailed) between years and number of fire incidents (MSB + VIIRS fires), a continuous increase in number of fire incidents was recorded between 2014 and 2018. It is concluded that the use of satellite data of fire anomalies, in-combination with the use of incident reports, will help in formalizing more reliable and comprehensive waste fire statistics. Another focus area of the article is to consolidate the recommendations and routines for safe storage of waste and biofuels and to present the lessons that can be learnt from past fire incidents. The article also discusses the technical, political, economic, social, and practical aspects of waste fires and provide a baseline for future research and experimentation.
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32.
  • Jagodzińska, Katarzyna, 1990-, et al. (författare)
  • Can torrefaction be a suitable method of enhancing shredder fines recycling?
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 128, s. 211-220
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Effective recycling of metallic waste and end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) is of crucial importance. Currently used separation and sorting techniques result in the formation of fine residue (usually below 10–20 mm) called shredder fines. Shredder fines contain the so-called ‘fluff' (i.e., foam, wood and textile fibres) with metal particles entangled in it. This ‘fluff' interferes with sorting techniques and thus reduces the metal recycling rate. For this reason, presently, shredder fines are primarily landfilled, which is not covered by the greater objective of the circular economy; therefore, the need for their recycling emerged. Low-temperature pyrolysis (torrefaction) increases the ‘fluff' fragility and thus liberates the metal particles without their substantial oxidation, thereby enabling their recycling. For that reason, in this article, shredder fines torrefaction was performed at the temperature range of 250–450 °C. The process products were comprehensively characterised using, among others, MicroGC (non-condensables), GC/MS (condensables), and ICP-SFMS (char). The possible application of the torrefied shredder fines after the metal sorting was discussed as well. Torrefaction was identified as a promising way of shredder fines recycling, and the torrefied shredder fines after metals sorting have the potential to be used as an ingredient of a raw material mix for cement kilns.
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33.
  • Karlfeldt Fedje, Karin, 1977, et al. (författare)
  • Zinc recovery from Waste-to-Energy fly ash – A pilot test study
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 118, s. 90-98
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Zinc recovery from MSWI fly ash using acidic leaching and chemical precipitation was studied at pilot scale. The leached fly ash was re-incinerated in order to destroy toxic dioxins. 75–150 kg/h of fly ash from a Swedish Waste-to-Energy plant was mixed with scrubber liquids from the same flue gas treatment system in a continuously stirred vessel. The resulting slurry was dewatered in a vacuum belt filter. Hydroxide precipitation of the produced leachate, at a pH of around 9, followed by filtration of the formed crystals in a membrane filter press produced a filter cake with up to 80 wt% Zn(OH)2 in dry solids, calculated from Zn(tot). Up to 70% of the zinc content in the fly ash could be recovered. Two 4-hour full scale ash re-incineration tests were performed: leached fly ash was mixed with the waste at a ratio corresponding to a situation where all the fly ash was continuously re-incinerated. The tests showed only an 8% mass increase of produced fly ash, which means that most of it ended up in the bottom ash, although some elements could potentially accumulate in the system if all the fly ash was to be continuously re-incinerated. No negative effects were observed on the bottom ash quality, which suggests that a large portion of the toxic fly ash could be transformed into the bottom ash fraction.
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34.
  • Leckner, Bo G, 1936, et al. (författare)
  • Combustion of municipal solid waste in fluidized bed or on grate – A comparison
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 109, s. 94-108
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Grate firing is the most common technology used for combustion of municipal solid waste. The more recently developed fluidized bed (FB) combustion is rarely employed for this purpose. The present work compares the technical properties of the two devices to find out why FB has not been more used, considering the recent importance of waste-to-energy. Several drawbacks of FB, the need for fuel preparation and bed material consumption, play a role, but these features also have advantages: combustion is improved by the sorted fuel and less ashes. Silica sand as a bed material has the positive property of being an alkali scavenger. If replaced by an oxygen carrier (e.g. ilmenite) the scavenging effect increases, and, in addition, oxygen carriers even out the non-combusted gaseous fields in the furnace, which improves combustion and allows higher steam data at a given corrosion level. There are other advantages of FB, such as end-superheaters in the circulation loop, heated by the bed material. However, also the environmental performance and energy efficiency of grate firing has been improved, and several advanced solutions have been proposed. In conclusion, it is not clear which of the devices that is the better one. An economic evaluation is made, based on available literature information, but still there is no clear winner.
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35.
  • Li, Shouzhuang, et al. (författare)
  • Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling via steam gasification – The effect of operating conditions on gas and tar composition
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 130, s. 117-126
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in textile fiber, film, and bottles. Although PET bottle recycling has made great progress, other PET waste is still not recycled. Gasification could be an option for recycling or recovering energy and chemicals from PET waste. However, single stream PET steam gasification in fluidized bed is seldom investigated. In this paper, individual PET gasification experiments were then conducted in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed to investigate how gasifying agents, temperature, residence time and steam/fuel ratio affect the product composition. The results showed that, in steam gasification, steam was the main source of H , but increasing the steam to fuel ratio cannot increase the H yield remarkably. Temperature was an essential parameter. Increasing temperature from 750 to 800 °C improved the yields of H (+87.7%), the dominant gas product CO (+40.3%), and biphenyl (+123%) notably. In contrast to other common thermoplastics, high concentrations of CO and biphenyl are the prominent characteristics of PET steam gasification. In addition, plastic steam gasification optimizations for syngas applications were discussed.
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36.
  • Lindberg, Lovisa, et al. (författare)
  • Process efficiency in relation to enzyme pre-treatment duration in black soldier fly larvae composting
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 137, s. 121-127
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting is a treatment in which biodegradable food waste is converted into animal-feed protein and organic fertiliser. BSFL composting has greatest potential for mixed food waste, but under European Union regulations only plant-based waste is permitted as feed for larvae. Biomass conversion efficiency (BCE) in BSFL composting is lower for plant-based waste than for mixed food waste. One way of improving BCE for plant-based waste is to add enzymes to make the waste more available to the larvae, but enzyme pre-treatment is not commonly applied prior to BSFL composting. Therefore this study examined the impact of enzyme pre-treatment duration on process efficiency in BSFL composting of lettuce-cabbage waste pretreated with enzymes for 0-4 days. The results showed that total solids (TS) in larvae decreased with longer enzyme pre-treatment. Direct addition of enzymes at the start of BSFL treatment (0 day pre-treatment) resulted in 22% higher BCE on a volatile solids (VS) basis compared with the control, while longer pre-treatment did not improve BCE further. Much of the VS was respired in the 0-day pre-treatment, resulting in lower mass of residues at the end of treatment. Longer pre-treatment increased microbial respiration, suggesting that the microbial community consumed more easily available carbohydrates during the pre-treatment step, which counteracted the purpose of enzyme pre-treatment, i.e. increasing BCE during BSFL composting.
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37.
  • Lopes, Iva Guidini, et al. (författare)
  • Frass derived from black soldier fly treatment of biodegradable wastes. A critical review and future perspectives
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 142, s. 65-76
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Inadequately treated biodegradable waste is considered an environmental, social and economic threat worldwide, which call for great attention. Waste treatment with larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) complies with the concepts of circular economy, as it enables the transformation of these wastes into marketable products, closing loops and promoting circularity. The processing residues of the treatment (frass) is constantly generated in waste management facilities in large volumes, and this product can be used as an organic fertilizer in agriculture, stimulating a transition to a circular economy. However, many aspects related to frass are still unknown, such as its varying composition of nutrients, microorganisms and bioactive compounds, its post processing requirements for improved biological stabilization, its behavior in the soil and action in the plants' metabolism, among other aspects. In this review article, we highlight the potential of frass from BSF larvae treatment of biodegradable waste in the world market regarding its possible use as a fertilizer, summarize recent results with this novel product and point towards future research perspectives.
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38.
  • Malek, Wasim, et al. (författare)
  • How have waste management policies impacted the flow of municipal waste? : An empirical analysis of 14 European countries
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 164, s. 84-93
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Waste management policies aim to divert waste from lower positions on the waste hierarchy such as landfill and incineration to higher positions in the hierarchy such as energy recovery and recycling. However, empirical evaluations of such policies are scarce. This study highlighted the effect of waste management policies on the amount of waste treated with landfill, incineration, energy recovery and recycling by analysing a panel dataset consisting of 14 European countries and the period 1996 to 2018. Findings from a seemingly unrelated regression model suggest that the landfill ban is associated with a decrease in landfill waste, but an increase in incineration, energy recovery and recycling waste. The landfill tax is also correlated with an increase in energy recovery waste but, in contrast, it is associated with a reduction in incineration and recycling waste. Meanwhile, the deposit refund scheme is associated with a decrease in the amount of landfill waste. Concerning the effects on total waste generated, regression results from a fixed effects model indicate that the landfill tax and the deposit refund scheme are both correlated with a reduction in the amount of waste generated. These findings contribute to the scarce academic literature evaluating waste management policies and may better inform policy makers on their longer-term implications.
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39.
  • Mao, Rui, et al. (författare)
  • Thermal behavior and kinetics analysis of co-combustion of petroleum coke and paper sludge-derived hydrochar
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 153, s. 405-414
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The co-combustion reactivity and kinetics of petroleum coke (PC) and paper sludge-derived hydrochar (PS) were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis. The physical and chemical structure features were also systemati-cally tested. The results show that the combustion process of PS could be divided into three stages, while for PC only one stage could be clarified. Due to high volatile content, developed pore structure and low carbon-order degree, the combustion reactivity of PS was higher than that of PC. Although the ignition property of the blends could be significantly improved by addition of PS, it changed little for the burnout temperature and as a result the combustion intensity was deteriorated. For the samples with addition of PS from 20 % to 80 %, the comprehensive combustion index decreased from 3.69 x 10-15 to 2.12 x 10-15. The Kissinger AkahiraSunose model-free method was used in the co-combustion reaction of PC and PS, and good fitting results were obtained. For different samples with varying addition of PS, the activation energies were in the range of 107.51-198.44 kJ/ mol, with the lowest value obtained at 20 % of PS, which was also the optimum proportion for co-combustion of PC and PS.
  •  
40.
  • Maric, Jelena, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Emissions of dioxins and furans during steam gasification of Automotive Shredder residue; experiences from the Chalmers 2–4-MW indirect gasifier
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 102, s. 114-121
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • © 2019 Emissions of dioxins and furans during the gasification of Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) were investigated. The experimental work was carried out in a Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB) system, which consists of a 2–4-MWth gasifier that is fluidized with steam, and an interconnected fluidized bed combustor that is fluidized with air. Two different ASR fractions with higher and lower contents of plastic were tested. Measurements were carried out in the flue gas stream exiting the combustion side of the DFB, as well as in the raw gas stream exiting the gasifier side. A calcium (lime) coat was applied to the flue gas filter to ensure compliance with the emissions regulations regarding the retention of HCl and dioxins. The results showed lower emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in the flue gas when the raw gas derived from the ASR gasification was combusted, as compared to the direct combustion of ASR. The level of polychlorinated compounds in the flue gas before the lime-coated filter was 0.11 ng/m3N dry gas (I-TEQ) when gasification was used as a pre-step, as compared to 0.27 ng/m3N dry gas (I-TEQ) when the ASR was directly combusted. The raw gas produced by gasification contained very low levels of PCDD/PCDF, whereby the toxicity per kg of ASR was 0.17 ng/kgASR, as compared to 3.44 ng/kgASR after passage through the combustion and cooling sections and 0.34 ng/kgASR at the outlet after the lime-coated filter. A higher content of plastic in the ASR led to an increase in the levels of dioxins and furans in the raw gas, with the highest yield seen for highly chlorinated compounds, while higher temperature in the gasifier is shown to be beneficial in reducing dioxin formation.
  •  
41.
  • Mutafela, Richard Nasilele, et al. (författare)
  • Geophysical investigation of glass 'hotspots' in glass dumps as potential secondary raw material sources
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 106, s. 213-225
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigates the potential for Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to detect buried glass ‘hotspots’ in a glass waste dump based on results from an open glass dump investigated initially. This detection potential is vital for excavation and later use of buried materials as secondary resources. After ERT, test pits (TPs) were excavated around suspected glass hotspots and physico-chemical characterisation of the materials was done. Hotspots were successfully identified as regions of high resistivity (>8000 Ωm) and were thus confirmed by TPs which indicated mean glass composition of 87.2% among samples (up to 99% in some). However, high discrepancies in material resistivities increased the risk for introduction of artefacts, thus increasing the degree of uncertainty with depth, whereas similarities in resistivity between granite bedrock and crystal glass presented data misinterpretation risks. Nevertheless, suitable survey design, careful field procedures and caution exercised by basing data interpretations primarily on TP excavation observations generated good results particularly for near-surface materials, which is useful since glass waste dumps are inherently shallow. Thus, ERT could be a useful technique for obtaining more homogeneous excavated glass and other materials for use as secondary resources in metal extraction and other waste recycling techniques while eliminating complicated and often costly waste sorting needs.
  •  
42.
  • Nasiri, Bahareh, et al. (författare)
  • Estimating the material stock in wooden residential houses in Finland
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 135, s. 318-326
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aims of this study were to quantify the amount of wood in residential houses in Finland in 2017 that could be available for cascading, and to characterize the age distribution and gross floor area of the houses in the stock. Through a bottom-up material stock analysis, the mass of wood and the gross floor area of buildings in each building type and construction period were estimated. The study found that 10 million tons of wood are contained in the structures of residential houses built before 1969, equivalent to around 59% of the stock. Since much of this stock is nearing end of life, this material should soon become available for cascading so providing a significant potential resource. It was also found that, overall, the structural parts of residential houses embody 17.5 million tons of wood, of which around 9 million tons is, theoretically, reusable and recyclable. However, for effective reuse and recycling, further analysis of the quality, type and future availability of recovered wood is required. The current results could be used for material stock and flow analyses to help planning for the use of recovered wood. Further research is needed to fill in gaps in the time-series of the number and gross floor area of buildings constructed and their average gross floor area. Moreover, a material intensity analysis of Finnish buildings is needed to better quantify the wood used.
  •  
43.
  • Nordell, Erik, et al. (författare)
  • Post-treatment of dewatered digested sewage sludge by thermophilic high-solid digestion for pasteurization with positive energy output
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 119, s. 11-21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigated the possibility to use thermophilic anaerobic high solid digestion of dewatered digested sewage sludge (DDS) at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as a measure to increase total methane yield, achieve pasteurization and reduce risk for methane emissions during storage of the digestate. A pilot-scale plug-flow reactor was used to mimic thermophilic post-treatment of DDS from a WWTP in Linköping, Sweden. Process operation was evaluated with respect to biogas process performance, using both chemical and microbiological parameters. Initially, the process showed disturbance, with low methane yields and high volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation. However, after initiation of digestate recirculation performance improved and the specific methane production reached 46 mL CH4/g VS. Plug flow conditions were assessed with lithium chloride and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was determined to be 19–29 days, sufficient to reach successful pasteurization. Degradation rate of raw protein was high and resulted in ammonia-nitrogen levels of up to 2.0 g/L and a 30% lower protein content in the digestate as compared to DDS. Microbial analysis suggested a shift in the methane producing pathway, with dominance of syntrophic acetate oxidation and the candidate methanogen family WSA2 by the end of the experiment. Energy balance calculations based on annual DDS production of 10 000 ton/year showed that introduction of high-solid digestion as a post-treatment and pasteurization method would result in a positive energy output of 340 MWh/year. Post-digestion of DDS also decreased residual methane potential (RMP) by>96% compared with fresh DDS.
  •  
44.
  • Olausson, Maria Dolores Paz, 1982, et al. (författare)
  • High temperature corrosion memory in a waste fired boiler – Influence of sulfur
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 130, s. 30-37
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The selection of fuel for a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant can vary over time. By choosing less expensive fuels, operation costs are reduced, however, cheaper fuels generally increase corrosion maintenance costs. The corrosiveness of different fuels has been studied extensively while how the current corrosion attack is influenced by corrosion history, i.e. previous deposit build-up and oxide scale formation, is less studied. This phenomenon may be referred to as a “corrosion memory” effect (Paz et al., 2017). The present work investigates the influence of addition of sulfur to the fuel on the corrosion memory through air-cooled probes in the Waste-to Energy lines at Måbjerg Energy Center (MEC) in Denmark. The results show a corrosion memory effect, i.e. as initially corrosive environment may increase the subsequent corrosion rate and vice versa.
  •  
45.
  • Owusu-Agyeman, Isaac, et al. (författare)
  • Production of volatile fatty acids through co-digestion of sewage sludge and external organic waste : Effect of substrate proportions and long-term operation
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 112, s. 30-39
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are intermediates of anaerobic digestion with high value and wide range ofusage. Co-digestion of sewage sludge and external organic waste (OW) for VFA production can helpachieve both resource recovery and ensure sustainable and innovative waste management. In view ofthis, the effect of substrate proportions on VFA production from co-digestion of primary sewage sludgeand OW is studied. Long-term operation in a semi-continuous reactor was performed to assess the resilienceof such a system and the VFA-rich effluent was tested for its ability to be used as carbon source fordenitrification. Co-digestion was initially carried out in batch reactors with OW proportion of 0%, 25%,50%, 75%, 100% in terms of COD and scaled up in a semi-continuous reactor operation with 50% OW.In the short-term operation in the batch mode, acetic acid dominated, however, increasing OW fractionresulted in increased valeric and caproic acid production. Moreover, in the long-term semi-continuousoperation, caproic acid dominated, accounting for 55% of VFAs. The VFA-rich effluent from the semicontinuousreactor achieved the highest denitrification rate as a carbon source when compared withacetic acid and methanol. The results demonstrate that co-fermentation can increase VFA yield and shiftproducts from acetic acid to caproic acid in long-term operation and the VFAs can be used withinwastewater treatment plants to close the loop.
  •  
46.
  • Parchami, Mohsen, et al. (författare)
  • Biovalorization of brewer's spent grain as single-cell protein through coupling organosolv pretreatment and fungal cultivation
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 169, s. 382-391
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a clean byproduct from the food sector, comprising 85% of the brewing process solid byproducts. BSG is mainly used as low-quality animal feed and often ends up in landfills due to its short shelf life. However, considering its abundant availability and high nutritional content, BSG holds the potential for biorefineries to produce valuable products. The recalcitrant nature of BSG poses a challenge, requiring pretreatment steps. Therefore, this study focused on valorizing BSG obtained from organosolv pretreatment by producing food- and feed-grade single-cell protein (SCP). The BSG was subject to organosolv pretreatment at 180C for 2 h with 50% v/v ethanol as solvent. Filamentous fungi N. intermedia and A. oryzae were cultivated on as-received and different fractions of organosolv-treated BSG to evaluate the effect of factors such as pretreatment, fungal strain, pretreated fraction content, and substrate loading on fungal biomass yield, biomass composition (protein content), and metabolite production. A. oryzae cultivation on all tested substrates yielded 7%-40% more biomass than N. intermedia. Cultivating A. oryzae on organosolv liquor resulted in the highest biomass protein content (44.8% ± 0.7%) with a fungal biomass concentration of 5.1 g/L. A three-fold increase in the substrate loading increased the ethanol-to-substrate yield by 50%, while protein content was decreased by 23%. Finally, a biorefinery concept was proposed to integrate the organosolv pretreatment of BSG with fungal cultivation for maximum yield of SCP while obtaining other products such as lignin and ethanol, providing a sustainable rout for managing BSG.
  •  
47.
  • Parchami, Milad, et al. (författare)
  • Membrane bioreactor assisted volatile fatty acids production from agro-industrial residues for ruminant feed application
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 170, s. 62-74
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) supplementation in ruminants’ diet as a source of energy and chemical precursors and their effect on animal’s physiology and well-being has long been of scientific interest. Production of VFAs through anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial residues not only creates value but also presents an alternative sustainable approach for ruminant feed supplementation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the bioconversion of agro-industrial residues produced in large quantities such as apple pomace (AP), thin stillage (Ts), and potato protein liquor (PPL) to VFAs, fully complying to regulations set for ruminant feed supplement production. In this regard, batch acidogenic fermentation assays (pH 6–10) and semi-continuous immersed membrane bioreactor (iMBR) were applied. In batch assays, at pH 10 the co-digestion of Ts and PPL produced the highest VFAs concentration (14.2 g/L), indicating a yield of 0.85 g CODVFAs/g volatile solids (VS)added. The optimum batch condition was then applied in the iMBR for in situ fermentation and recovery of VFAs at different organic loading rates (OLR). With increasing the OLR to 3.7 gVS/L.day, the highest VFAs concentration of 28.6 g/L (1,2 g CODVFAs /gVSadded) was achieved. Successful long-term (114 days) membrane filtration was conducted in a media with a maximum of 40 g/L of total solids (TS), facing irreversible membrane fouling in the final stages. Acidogenic fermentation using an iMBR has the potential to play an important role in the future of feed additive provision through the biorefining of agro-industrial wastes via the carboxylate platform, given the role of VFAs production from organic residues.
  •  
48.
  • Pérez, Carla, et al. (författare)
  • Phosphorus release from hydrothermally carbonized digested sewage sludge using organic acids
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 151, s. 60-69
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a treatment technique with great potential for sanitizing digested sewage sludge (SS) and converting it into valuable products. In particular, phosphorus (P) recovery from hydrothermally carbonized SS has attracted special attention in recent years. This work aims to examine the leaching efficiency of P and the consequent release of metals and heavy metals from SS hydrochars (at 180, 215 and 250 °C) using organic acids (oxalate and citrate) over a range of pH values (0–4) and extraction times (5 min-24 h). Both organic acids triggered P extraction efficiencies exceeding 75 % at the lowest pH, but only oxalate reached a nearly complete P release from hydrochars at pH > 0 and for all carbonization temperatures. Low HTC temperature (180 °C) and short extraction time (5 min) were the optimal conditions treatment for P recovery when reacted in oxalate solutions of maximal pH buffering capacity (pH = 1.4). However, oxalate leaching also transferred metals/heavy metals into the P-leachate, with the exception of Ca being retained in the solid residue from HTC as Ca-oxalate precipitate. Different characterization methods confirmed the presence of this precipitate, and provided information about the surface and morphological changes of the SS hydrochars following acid treatment. The results suggest that HTC not only a promising technique to sanitize and reduce the volume of SS, but also an efficient means for P recovery using oxalic acid, thus contributing to the circular economy of P.
  •  
49.
  • Petranikova, Martina, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Recovery of critical metals from EV batteries via thermal treatment and leaching with sulphuric acid at ambient temperature
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 140, s. 164-172
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the upcoming years, todaýs e-mobility will challenge the capacity of sustainable recycling. Due to the presence of organic components (electrolyte, separator, casings, etc.), future recycling technologies will combine thermal pre-treatment followed by hydrometallurgical processing. Despite the ongoing application of such treatment, there is still a lack of information on how applied parameters affect subsequent metal recovery. In this study, both oxidative and reductive conditions in dependence on temperature and time were studied. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the samples after treatment were performed followed by leaching with 2 M sulphuric acid at ambient temperature to determine the leachability of valuable metals such as Co, Mn, Ni and Li. Moreover, the negative or positive effect of treatment on the leachability of the main impurities (Cu and Al) was determined. Since the presence of carbon affects the degree of active material reduction, it's content after each thermal treatment was determined as well. If all variables, temperature and time of thermal processing are taken into account, pyrolysis at 700 °C for 30 min is the optimal treatment. Under these conditions, full recovery is reached after 2 min for Li, 5 min for Mn and 10 min for both Co and Ni. In the case of the incineration, only processing at 400 and 500 °C promoted higher recovery of metals, while the treatment at 600 and 700 °C led to the formation of less leachable species.
  •  
50.
  • Petranikova, Martina, 1983, et al. (författare)
  • Vanadium sustainability in the context of innovative recycling and sourcing development
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 113, s. 521-544
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper addresses the sustainability of vanadium, taking into account the current state-of-the-art related to primary and secondary sources, substitution, production, and market developments. Vanadium plays a critical role in several strategic industrial applications including steel production and probable widespread utilization in next-generation batteries. Confirming the importance of vanadium, the European Commission identified and formally registered this metal on the 2017 list of Critical Raw Materials for the European Union. The United States and Canada have also addressed the importance of this metal. Like the European economy, the American and Canadian economies rely on vanadium and are not globally independent. This recognized importance of vanadium is driving many efforts in academia and industry to develop technologies for the utilization of secondary vanadium resources using hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques. In this paper, current efforts and their outcomes are summarized along with the most recent patents for vanadium recovery.
  •  
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