| 1. |
- Bergseth, Ellen, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Study of Surface Roughness on Friction in Rolling/Sliding Contacts : Ball-on-Disc Versus Twin-Disc
- 2020
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 68:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the efficiency of a gear pair is currently high, a better understanding of surface/lubricant contribution on efficiency is critical. Electrified drivelines will, for example, impose higher speed and alternate loading, and it is expected that these new conditions will, to a greater extent, rely on the surface/lubricant characteristics. Phenomena taking place in the gear contact is often measured using ball-on-disc and twin-disc tribometers. In this study, these two test set-ups were compared in order to assess differences in the behaviour of surface/lubricant interactions. Results showed that ball-on-disc and twin-disc set-ups reflect the same friction trends. However, the friction results differed by a factor of roughly two, even though the tribometers were set-up to run at the same contact pressure. The wear mechanisms also differed: micropits occurred on discs used in the twin-disc set-up, whereas normal or no wear was found on the ball-on-disc specimens. The contact conditions for the two test set-ups were also analysed using a numerical model. The comparison of these two machines may aid gear designers in selecting the proper experimental set-up for their purpose.
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| 2. |
- Choudhry, Jamal, et al.
(författare)
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A Multi-scale Contact Temperature Model for Dry Sliding Rough Surfaces
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 69:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multi-scale flash temperature model has been developed and validated against existing work. The core strength of the proposed model is that it can be adapted to predict flash contact temperatures occurring in various types of sliding systems. In this paper, it is used to investigate how different surface roughness parameters affect the flash temperatures. The results show that for decreasing Hurst exponents as well as increasing values of the high-frequency cut-off, the maximum flash temperature increases. It was also shown that the effect of surface roughness does not influence the average interface temperature. The model predictions were validated against data from an experiment conducted in a pin-on-disc machine. This also showed the importance of including a wear model when simulating flash temperature development in a sliding system.
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| 3. |
- Choudhry, Jamal, et al.
(författare)
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Improving Archard’s Wear Model: An Energy Based Approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 72:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Archard’s wear law encounters challenges in accurately predicting wear damage and volumes, particularly in complex situations like asperity–asperity collisions. A modified model is proposed and validated, showcasing its ability to predict wear in adhesive contacts with better accuracy than the original Archard’s wear law. The model introduces an improved wear coefficient linked to deformation energy, creating a spatially varying relationship between wear volume and load and imparting a non-linear characteristic to the problem. The improved wear model is coupled with the Boundary Element Method (BEM), assuming that the interacting surfaces are semi-infinite and flat. The deformation energy is calculated from the normal contact pressure and displacements, which are the common outputs of BEM. By relying solely on these outputs, the model can efficiently predict the correct shape and volume of the adhesive wear particle, without resorting to large and often slow models. An important observation is that the wear coefficient is expected to increase based on the accumulated deformation energy along the direction of frictional force. This approach enhances the model’s capability to capture complex wear mechanisms, providing a more accurate representation of real-world scenarios.
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| 4. |
- Hansen, Jonny, et al.
(författare)
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A New Film Parameter for Rough Surface EHL Contacts with Anisotropic and Isotropic Structures
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 69:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous tribological contacts worldwide rely on adequate lubrication quality for proper functionality. Despite this, there is no existing approach to accurately predict the state of lubrication. The default model since introduced in the 1960s—the Λ-ratio, defined as the oil film thickness over the surface roughness height—is unpredictable and may yield erroneous results. Here, we put forward a framework for a new updated film parameter, Λ∗, which accounts for the elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) effects induced by surface irregularities on the microscopic scale (micro-EHL). This new film parameter was validated in ball-on-disc tribological tests with engineering surfaces comprising isotropic and anisotropic structures. As expected, the new model was found to accurately predict the experimentally measured true mixed and full-film EHL regimes. The ability to accurately predict the mode of lubrication represents a major advance in designing tribological interfaces for optimal efficiency and durability.
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| 5. |
- Harris, Kathryn L, et al.
(författare)
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A Sticky Situation or Rough Going? : Influencing Haptic Perception of Wood Coatings Through Frictional and Topographical Design
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 69:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving the tactile aesthetics of products that can be described as touch intensive is an increasing priority within many sectors, including the furniture industry. Understanding which physical characteristics contribute to the haptic experience of a surface, and how, is therefore highly topical. It has earlier been shown that both friction and topography affect tactile perception. Thus, two series of stimuli have been produced using standard coating techniques, with systematic variation in (physical) friction and roughness properties. This was achieved through appropriate selection of matting agents and resins. The stimuli sets were then evaluated perceptually to determine the extent to which discrimination between pairs of surfaces followed the systematic materials variation. In addition to investigating the role of the physical properties in discrimination of the surfaces, their influence on perceived pleasantness and naturalness was also studied. The results indicate that changes in tactile perception can be understood in terms of friction and roughness, and that varying the matting agents (topography) and resins (material properties) in the coatings provide the controlling factors for furniture applications. Perceived pleasantness is associated with low friction and smoother topography, whilst perceived naturalness is found to be described by an interaction between tactile friction and the average maximum peak height of the surface features. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s).
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| 6. |
- Higashitani, Yuko, et al.
(författare)
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An Inlet Computation Zone Optimization for EHL Line Contacts
- 2022
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 70:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most EHL numerical calculation methods considering both starved and flooded conditions, employ a fixed multiple of the Hertzian radius for the normalization of the computational domain. These methods are often used to investigate the influence of the lubricant supply on friction etc., but the solutions obtained might be numerically starved. The present numerical calculation method utilizes an optimized normalization of the computational domain to ensure that the solutions obtained are not numerically starved. With this normalization method, the computational domain can be appropriately meshed, regardless of the variability in the inlet length due to changes in the operating conditions. This method can, therefore, be used to obtain accurate EHL film thickness and pressure data over a wide range of operating conditions.
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| 7. |
- Hindér, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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On Ski–Snow Contact Mechanics During the Double Poling Cycle in Cross-Country Skiing
- 2024
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 72:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Of the medals awarded during the Winter Olympics Games, most are awarded for sports involving cross-country (XC) skiing. The Double Poling (DP) technique, which is one of the sub-techniques used most frequently in XC skiing, has not yet been studied using simulations of the ski–snow contact mechanics. This work introduces a novel method for analysing how changes in the distribution of pressure on the sole of the foot (Plantar Pressure Distribution or PPD) during the DP motion affect the contact between the ski and the snow. The PPD recorded as the athlete performed DP, along with an Artificial Neural Network trained to predict the geometry of the ski (ski-camber profile), were used as input data for a solver based on the boundary element method, which models the interaction between the ski and the snow. This solver provides insights into how the area of contact and the distribution of pressure on the ski-snow interface change over time. The results reveal that variations in PPD, the type of ski, and the stiffness of the snow all have a significant impact on the contact between the ski and the snow. This information can be used to improve the Double Poling technique and make better choices of skis for specific snow conditions, ultimately leading to improved performance.
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| 8. |
- Huang, De, et al.
(författare)
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Leakage Threshold of a Saddle Point
- 2023
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 71:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The threshold condition for leakage inception is of great interest to many engineering applications, and it is essential for seal design. In the current study, the leakage threshold is studied by means of a numerical method for a mechanical contact problem between an elastic bi-sinusoidal surface and a rigid flat surface. The coalesce process of the contact patches is first investigated, and a generalized form of solution for the relation between the contact area ratio and the average applied pressure is acquired. The current study shows that the critical value of the average applied pressure and the corresponding contact area required to close the percolation path can be represented as a power law of a shape parameter, if the effect of the hydrostatic load from the pressurized fluid is ignored. With contact patches merged under a constant applied load, the contact breakup process is investigated with elevated sealed fluid pressure condition, and it is shown that the leakage threshold is a function of the excess pressure, which is defined as a ratio between the average applied pressure and the critical pressure under dry contact conditions.
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| 9. |
- Huang, De, et al.
(författare)
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The Critical Pressure for Bulk Leakage of Non-planar Smooth Surfaces
- 2022
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 70:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sealing surfaces subjected to the hydrostatic load from the sealed fluid can deform to such an extent that leakage occurs when the sealed fluid pressure is sufficiently high, and this critical pressure that the seal can sustain without leakage is a fundamental aspect of the seal design. This paper presents a new numerical method based on the bisection algorithm and the boundary element method, which can be utilized to capture the critical pressure with high accuracy. The present method is employed to study the relationship between the critical pressure and the non-planar geometry of the sealing surfaces, under a wide range of loading conditions. The results show that the critical pressure can be acquired from the surface’s dry contact state with a dimensionless correction factor.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Insights of the Ultralow Wear and Low Friction of Carbon Fiber Reinforced PTFE in Inert Trace Moisture Environment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 71:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultralow wear rates and low friction have been observed for carbon fiber reinforced PTFE (CF/PTFE) when sliding against steel or cast iron in dry gas environments. Although the strong environmental sensitivity of this tribosystem is well known, the origin of the outstanding tribological performance in dry gas remains unanswered. Some researchers attribute the low friction and wear to the formation of carbon-rich surfaces in the absence of oxygen and moisture in the environment. However, low friction between carbon surfaces is generally dependent on moisture. In this paper, extensive analyzes are conducted on the tribofilms formed on the CF/PTFE surface and the steel counterface after sliding in a high-purity nitrogen environment. TEM analysis of a cross-section of the tribofilm on the steel surface reveals that the sliding surface consists mainly of iron (II) fluoride and not carbon, even though a significant amount of carbon was observed near the surface. XPS and TEM analysis further revealed that the tribofilm formed on the worn composite surface consisted of nanoparticle agglomerates, anchored to the PTFE matrix and to each other by carbon with turbostratic structure. Turbostratic carbon also formed an ultrathin and surface-oriented superficial layer on top of the agglomerates. Governing mechanisms of the low friction and wear of the CF/PTFE—steel tribosystem were investigated by complementary tribotests with pure graphite samples and MD simulations of the identified surfaces. These indicated that the low friction between the carbon and iron fluoride in the tribofilms is due to poor adhesion between the distinctly different surfaces.
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| 11. |
- Ma, Jijie, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Airborne Particles Generated from Disk Brake Contacts : Induction Versus Frictional Heating
- 2020
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 68:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Volatile emissions of vehicle brakes relate to the high temperature of the brake friction pair. However, as a passive parameter of braking applications, temperature is usually studied together with other parameters such as sliding speed and load. Heating tests that increase the friction pair temperature with an induction heater instead of friction are proposed in this study to imitate the rise in temperature in friction tests. Non-friction airborne particles produced solely by the high temperature in heating tests were studied in comparison with friction tests. The results confirmed the existence of non-friction airborne particles and they can represent about 4.5% of the total airborne particles in friction tests. The high-temperature behaviour as well as the composition of the non-friction airborne particles is also presented.
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| 12. |
- Olofsson, Ulf, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Laser Cladding Treatment for Refurbishing Disc Brake Rotors : Environmental and Tribological Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - New York : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 69:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, grey cast iron disc brake rotors are refurbished by adding a surface layer through laser cladding. Current methods to deal with replaced rotors mainly include remelting, with a minority fraction disposed in landfill. Both approaches result in a huge waste of resources and an increase in CO2 footprint. From a sustainable point of view, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of refurbishing brake rotors by a combined environmental and tribological performance approach. A streamlined life cycle assessment is conducted to compare the environmental impacts between producing virgin grey cast iron brake rotors and refurbishing replaced brake rotors by laser cladding. It turns out that the energy consumption and CO2 footprint of the laser cladding refurbished brake rotors are 80% and 90% less than the virgin brake rotors. The results show that the refurbished brake rotor yields higher friction compared to the original cast iron utilizing the same pad material. The wear and particle emissions of the disc brake contact are in this study higher for the laser-cladded one compared to the original cast iron one.
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| 13. |
- Ploss, Moritz, et al.
(författare)
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Tribological Performance of Non-halogenated Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as Additives to Polypropylene and Lithium-Complex Greases
- 2020
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 68:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four non-halogenated ionic liquids (ILs) with trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium cation are tested as lubricant additives to polypropylene (PP) and lithium-complex (LiX) greases. In pin-on-disk tests at elevated temperatures, the addition of an IL with bis(oxalato)borate ([BOB]) anion reduces wear by up to 50% when compared to the neat LiX base grease; an IL with bis(mandelato)borate ([BMB]) anion reduces friction by up to 60% for both PP and LiX. Elemental analysis reveals that oxygen-rich tribofilms help to reduce wear in case of [BOB], while the friction reduction observed for [BMB] is likely caused by adsorption processes. We find that temperature has a pronounced effect on additive expression, yet additive concentration is of minor importance under continuous sliding conditions. In contrast, rolling-sliding experiments at 90 degrees C show that the traction performance of LiX grease is dependent on additive concentration, revealing a reduction in traction by up to 30 and 40% for [BMB]- and [BOB]-containing ILs at concentrations of 10 wt%. Finally, an IL with dicyanamide anion reduces friction and increases wear in pin-on-disk tests at room temperature, while an IL with bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinate anion increases wear, showing only limited potential as grease additives. Overall, this work demonstrates the ability of non-halogenated ILs to significantly extend grease performance limits.
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| 14. |
- Sandberg, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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A Novel Free-Gliding Ski Tribometer for Quantification of Ski–Snow Friction with High Precision
- 2023
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 71:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nature of snow and the ever-changing environment makes measuring friction on snow and ice challenging. Additionally, due to the low friction involved, the equipment used must exhibit high sensitivity. Previous investigations of ski–snow friction have ranged from small-scale model experiments performed in the laboratory to experiments with full-sized skis outdoors. However, few have been conducted under conditions similar to those encountered during actual skiing. Here, we present a novel sled tribometer which provides highly reproducible coefficient of friction (COF) values for full-sized skis gliding at relevant speeds (approximately 5.9 m/s) in a controlled indoor environment. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the COF is as low as 0.5%. The continuous recording of velocity allows for innovative investigations into COF variations when skis are permitted to free-glide in a natural setting. Different methods of analysing the results are presented which shows that the precision is not a single number, but a function of the range of velocities over which the average COF is calculated.
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| 15. |
- Tiwari, A., et al.
(författare)
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Plastic Deformation of Rough Metallic Surfaces
- 2020
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 68:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The contact between rough metallic bodies almost always involves plastic flow in the area of real contact. We performed indentation experiments on sandblasted aluminum surfaces to explore the plastic deformation of asperities and modeled the contact mechanics using the boundary element method, combined with a simple numerical procedure to take into account the plastic flow. The theory can quantitatively describe the modification of the roughness by the plastic flow. Since the long-wavelength roughness determines the fluid leakage of metallic seals in most cases, we predict that the leakage can be estimated based on the elastoplastic contact mechanics model employed here.
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| 16. |
- Wandel, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Starvation and Re-lubrication in Oscillating Bearings : Influence of Grease Parameters
- 2022
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 70:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common application for grease-lubricated oscillating rolling element bearings is, e.g., rotor blade bearings in wind turbines. These bearings mainly operate under conditions that are prone to starvation. If the grease is unable to provide enough inlet lubricant supply for the contact between rolling element and bearing raceway, wear in the form of False Brinelling and thus premature bearing failure is possible. Bearing experiments with different lithium complex model greases, which differ mainly in their base oil viscosity and oil separation rate, were carried out to show the influence of the grease parameters on wear initiation. The results show that the ability of the grease to release a high amount of base oil with high mobility into the track of the rolling element is a crucial mechanism to prevent wear, especially at small oscillation angles. For oscillation angles larger than a critical angle, a secondary replenishment mechanism may prevent early wear initiation. The experimental results are used to validate a starvation model proposed in earlier work (Wandel et al. in Tribol Int 165:107276, 2022).
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| 17. |
- Weniger, Lisa-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Lubricated Rolling/Sliding Tribotesting on Hydrogen Trapping in 100Cr6 Bearing Steel
- 2024
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 72:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As hydrogen reduces the fatigue life of 100Cr6 bearing steel significantly, extensive research on the interaction of hydrogen with 100Cr6 is necessary. This study investigated the influence of rolling/sliding tribotesting performed on a micro-pitting-rig on the hydrogen absorption and trapping behaviour of 100Cr6 bearing steel. Thermal desorption mass spectrometry was used to compare the hydrogen desorption spectra of 100Cr6 samples after tribological tests and static heated oil-immersion tests to untested reference samples. The approach was chosen to further understand the influence of both microstructural deformation as well as steel-oil contact on the hydrogen absorption and trapping behaviour of 100Cr6. The tribological test showed a stable friction behaviour and mild wear which was dominated by local plastic deformation of surface asperities. Despite the mild wear, a change in de-trapping temperatures was found for tribotested samples compared to oil-immersed and untested reference samples. This finding indicates that even mild tribotesting conditions alter the hydrogen trapping behaviour of 100Cr6 bearing steel.
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| 18. |
- Wu, Yonglong, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Humidity on the Tribological Properties of PA66 Gear Materials
- 2024
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 72:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PA66 is a commonly used material for plastic gears due to its excellent high-temperature resistance, high strength, self-lubrication, and friction resistance. In this study, the effect of different humidity levels on the tribological properties of PA66 materials in self-mated contacts are investigated using a pin-on-disk test rig. The results show that the friction coefficient and wear rate of the PA66-PA66 sliding combination increase drastically after humidity treatment mainly due to the surface plasticization caused by water absorption and the decrease of cohesive strength and glass transition temperature. Moreover, the limiting PV value of PA66 materials decreased significantly after moisture absorption, and when the actual PV value exceeds this reduced material limit, the degree of friction and wear increases drastically. The wear mechanism of the PA66-PA66 sliding combination is mainly adhesive wear without humidity treatment. The wear mechanism is adhesive wear combined with abrasive wear after humidity treatment (50%, 70%, 90%, immersion in water) and abrasive wear is most significant at 50% humidity. Abrasive wear decreases with the increase of the moisture content, while adhesive wear increases.
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| 19. |
- Xi, Yinhu, et al.
(författare)
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A Numerical Model for Solving Three-Dimensional Rolling Contact Problems with Elastic Coating Layers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : Springer. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 69:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, a numerical model is proposed for three-dimensional rolling contact problems with one or two elastic layers, and the tangential contact solution is emphasized. Previous works on this topic have mostly been two-dimensional, in which only longitudinal creepage has been considered. With the three-dimensional model presented in this work, all possible creepages, such as the longitudinal, lateral and spin creepages are taken into account. In order to improve the calculation efficiency, the conjugate gradient method and the FFT technique are employed. The influence coefficients for displacement and stress are obtained from the corresponding frequency response functions. The numerical results are validated against existing results and good agreement can be found. The effects of the different layers’ thicknesses and elastic moduli under different creepage combinations on the traction distribution and stick/slip results are investigated. It can be seen that by adjusting the layer parameters the traction and stick/slip results can be modified significantly, and it may, therefore, be very useful information for improving the rolling contact fatigue and mitigating wear problems in various mechanical systems.
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