| 1. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Information Utilization (AIU)
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilization (AIU) is a method for describing and analyzing how information entities identified in information analysis are being used in the work situation. AIU aims at complementing existing methods for user interface design by identifying additional requirements for human-computer interaction. The method focuses on aspects, of computer-supported work, related to cognitive load, aspects of which end users often not are explicitly aware. For skilled workers in a professional work environment, the efficiency of the user interface is extremely important. We earlier stressed that important criteria for design of user interfaces deals with making the interface "obvious" to the users, by minimizing the cognitive load associated with the handling of it. AIU is performed through observation interviews in which human-computer experts interview representative users about their work situation and observe physical information-handling routines. The analysis identifies work tasks in terms of judgments and decision-making situations, requirements concerning the tasks that may have to be performed simultaneously, important features and priorities of the information, actions the user can initiate and so on. The method supports the interface designer with human-computer interaction requirements structured for a workspace-oriented design. It is integrated in user-centered development model and supports the simultaneous development of competence, organization, work activity, and information technology. This article describes the background and contents of the method and how the results of the analysis are documented and used in the design process. A number of application projects have shown that AIU makes it possible to capture aspects of human work and information processing that are important to the design of better interfaces. AIU is not a new method for system development but complements today methods for task and information analysis with more...
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| 2. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Domain specific design of user interfaces
- 1995
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 7:2, s. 135-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of graphical user interfaces in a computerized work environment is often considered to substantially improve the work situation. The outcome can, however, often be the opposite. Inappropriate use of windowing techniques, scrolling, and colors can result in tedious and confusing interaction with the computer. Today's standards and style guides define basic design principles but are insufficient for design of interfaces to end‐user applications. Here detailed domain knowledge is indeed essential. A domain‐specific style guide (DSSG) is an extension of today's standard with domain‐specific primitives, interface elements, and forms, together with domain‐specific guidelines. Careful dedicated analysis of information utilization in a domain is the development basis for a DSSG. The development is performed with an object‐oriented approach to facilitate the reuse of interface components and to support consistency and structure. Using a DSSG, the development of applications can be performed with a simplified information analysis. Therefore a more effective design process is possible, one in which end users can participate in the design using their own familiar domain‐related terminology. Time and costs for the development process can be drastically reduced if domain‐specific style guides, design guidelines, and development tools are used.
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| 3. |
- Lantz, Ann
(författare)
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Heavy Users of Electronic Mail
- 1998
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - : Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Inc.. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 10:4, s. 361-379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A field study was conducted using a questionnaire and interviews concerning how electronic mail (E-mail) is used as a work tool for communication. The questionnaire, distributed electronically within a large organization, showed that employees sending and receiving large numbers of E-mail messages are not the same employees having problems handling E-mail. Managers seem to have problems to a larger extent than members of other workgroups. Interviews were then conducted with 10 employees selected by strata from the questionnaire study. Strata were based on the variables of job category, number of E-mail messages sent and received per day, and E-mail handling problems. The interviews showed that, although employees continually entered the E-mail program, they did not see this action as disruptive of other work activities; instead, they saw it as having a positive effect. E-mail handling problems correlated with the number of messages stored in the inbox (.72). Employees felt a shortage of time for handling E-mail and gave examples of communication problems. Regardless of the number of messages in the inbox and whether employees felt a time shortage, employees had difficulty organizing stored messages within folders and catalogues.
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| 4. |
- Olsson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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A Corporate Style Guide That Includes Domain Knowledge
- 1999
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - MAHWAH, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 11:4, s. 317-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different professions adopt their own language such that the semantics involve elements very specific to their domain. System developers approaching users in a new domain often experience initial difficulties when trying to understand these semantics and associated work practices. Although most software developers also lack knowledge of human-computer interaction (HCI), means of transferring domain and HCI knowledge to developers in a convenient form are needed. A domain-specific style guide could be a worthy framework for the development of a high-level structure of interface elements and guidelines, including domain knowledge. Such a style guide is suggested as a practical form for packaging domain and HCI knowledge to aid developers. Anticipated benefits are enhanced application quality, usability, efficiency, and acceptance as the communication among software developers and intended users improves. The speed of application development could also increase. This article summarizes a project in which a medical style guide was developed and describes in more detail the work procedure utilized in the development of a corporate style guide for the tax-handling domain. Finally, suggestions on style guide development conditions are presented based on experiences from the establishment of the style guide in an organization
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| 5. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of information utilization (AIU)
- 1997
-
Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION. - 1044-7318. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilisation (AIU) is a method for specifying how information entities encountered in information analysis are being physically manipulated in the work situation undergoing analysis. It focuses especially on factors affecting cognitive load. The method supports the human-computer interface designer with relevant and appropriate information structured specifically for a document oriented design methodology. It gives a suitable basis for user centred interface design, without the possible limitations that improper user participation could cause, and focuses on all aspects relevant for a ”good” work environment, such as competence, organisation, work activity and information technology development.Analysis of information utilisation is performed through ”observation-interviews” in which a human-computer expert interviews a typical user about his work situation in the domain of work and observes information handling routines that the user might not be aware of. A number of development projects have shown that this method can constitute an additional step in existing methodologies for capturing aspects of the work situation that can be directly design controlling. This paper describes the method of analysis of information utilisation, and what information that has to be documented while performing the method. It suggests how the method can be incorporated into existing in-house development methodologies, and gives an example of documented analysis results from a development project within the Swedish National Tax Board.
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| 6. |
- GULLIKSEN, J, et al.
(författare)
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DOMAIN-SPECIFIC DESIGN OF USER INTERFACES
- 1995
-
Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION. - : ABLEX PUBL CORP. - 1044-7318. ; 7:2, s. 135-151
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of graphical user interfaces in a computerized work environment is often considered to substantially improve the work situation. The outcome can, however, often be the opposite. Inappropriate use of windowing techniques, scrolling, and colors can
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Olsson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
-
A Corporate Style Guide that Includes Domain Knowledge
- 1999
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - 1044-7318. ; 11:4, s. 317-338
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different professions adopt their own language such that the semantics involve elements very specific to their domain. System developers approaching users in a new domain often experience initial difficulties when trying to understand these semantics and associated work practices. Since most software developers also lack knowledge of human-computer interaction (HCI), means of transferring domain and HCI knowledge to developers in a convenient form are needed. A domain specific style guide could be a worthy framework for the development of a high-level structure of interface elements and guidelines, including domain know¬ledge. Such a style guide is suggested as a practical form for packaging domain and HCI knowledge to aid developers. Anticipated benefits are enhanced application quality, usability, efficiency and acceptance while the communication between software developers and intended users improves. The speed of application development could also increase.This paper summarises a project in which a medical style guide was developed, and describes in more detail the work procedure utilised in the development of a corporate style guide for the tax-handling domain. Finally, suggestions on style guide development conditions are presented based on experiences from the establishment of the style guide in an organisation.
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