| 1. |
- Agardh, Anette, et al.
(author)
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Youth, Sexual Risk-Taking Behavior, and Mental Health: a Study of University Students in Uganda.
- 2012
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 19, s. 208-216
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Little focus has been paid to the role of mental health among young people with regard to risky sexual behavior and HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between poor mental health and risky sexual behavior (HIV/AIDS) among a population of university students in Uganda. METHODS: In 2005, 980 Ugandan university students completed a self-administered questionnaire (response rate 80%) assessing sociodemographic and religious background factors, mental health, alcohol use, and sexual behavior. Mental health was assessed using items from the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 and the Symptom Checklist-90. RESULTS: High scores on depression and high numbers of sexual partners among both males (odds ratio (OR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.3) and females (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.3-8.6) were significantly associated. Elevated anxiety scores among men were associated with high numbers of sexual partners (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) and inconsistent condom use (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.6). Psychoticism was also significantly associated with high numbers of sexual partners among men. The associations remained statistically significant after controlling for sociodemographic factors and level of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that previous conclusions on the association between sexual behavior and mental health from high- and middle-income countries also are valid in a low-income setting, such as in Uganda. This knowledge has implications for policy formation and HIV/AIDS preventive strategies. Coordinated youth-friendly mental health and sexual and reproductive health services to meet the needs of young people would be desirable.
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| 2. |
- Ali, T. S., et al.
(author)
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Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health Effects: A Population-Based Study among Married Women in Karachi, Pakistan
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 20:1, s. 131-139
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized all over the world for its association with mental health This cross-sectional study involved 759 women between the ages of 25 and 60 years, selected using a In the total population of women, mental symptoms were prevalent. Women subjected to any form of The findings in this study highlight that the violence women have to face contributes to the
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| 3. |
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| 5. |
- Balazs, J, et al.
(author)
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INTRODUCING THE SUPREME PROJECT
- 2012
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In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE. - 1070-5503. ; 19, s. S148-S148
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
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| 18. |
- Bring, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Coping Patterns and Their Relation to Daily Activity, Worries, Depressed Mood, and Pain Intensity in Acute Whiplash-Associated Disorders
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 20:2, s. 293-303
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUNDThere is a lack of knowledge regarding how individuals with acute whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) appraise and cope with situation-specific stressors.PURPOSEThe aim of the study was to describe the daily process of coping reported in a daily coping assessment by individuals with acute WAD within 1 month after the accident. More specifically, profiles of coping strategies were identified and patterns between stressors, primary and secondary appraisals, and coping strategy profiles were described in relation to reported level of activity, worries, depressed mood and pain intensity during the day.METHODA descriptive and exploratory design was applied. Two hundred and twenty-nine whiplash-associated disorders-daily coping assessment (WAD-DCA) collected during seven consecutive days from 51 participants with acute WAD in Sweden, were included. Cluster analysis was used to obtain coping strategy profiles and data were graphically visualised as patterns through the coping process.RESULTSWhen measuring coping as a daily process relating to the specific stressful situation, different coping pocess patterns appeared. During days with a high degree of physical and mental well-being, high self-efficacy beliefs seemed to be working as an important secondary appraisal, whereas during days with a low degree of physical and mental well-being primary appraisals of the stressor as a threat and catastrophic thoughts were present in the coping process.CONCLUSIONSEarly identification of situational- and individual-specific stressors, appraisals and coping efforts as measured by the WAD-DCA may contribute to the understanding of the coping process in the acute stage of WAD and its possible impact on recovery and adjustment.
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| 19. |
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| 21. |
- Canivet, Catarina, et al.
(author)
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Insomnia Symptoms, Sleep Duration, and Disability Pensions: a Prospective Study of Swedish Workers
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 21:2, s. 319-328
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous studies have found insomnia and long sleep duration to be independently associated with subsequent disability pension (DP). However, the issue of a possible gender-based pattern in this context has received little attention. This study aims to assess the impact of insomnia symptoms and sleep duration on the DP rates among Swedish women and men during a 12-year follow-up period. The participants, from the general population of Malmo, Sweden, were enrolled from 1992 to 1994 (n = 4,319; participation rate 41 %), aged 45-64, healthy, and employed a parts per thousand yen30 h per week. Baseline inquiry data concerning psychosocial circumstances and self-reported sleep habits were compared with official register-based DP rates. Five hundred and nine persons were granted a DP. Insomnia symptoms, affirmed by 33 % of the men and 41 % of the women, were associated with receiving a DP; the hazard ratios in the fully adjusted model were 1.4 for both men [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1, 1.9] and women (95 % CI 1.1, 1.7). The fully adjusted hazard ratio for women sleeping a parts per thousand yen9 h was 7.8 (95 % CI 3.7, 16.6) for DP due to a mental disorder. In the age-adjusted analyses, the sub-domain "difficulties falling asleep" was related to DP due to mental disorders in men and DP due to cardiovascular diseases in women. The findings suggest that preventing and treating insomnia symptoms could reduce DP and that disease mechanisms linking sleep disturbances to DP may differ by gender.
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| 22. |
- Canivet, Catarina, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Sleeping problems, sleep duration and the risk of disability pension : A prospective study of a Swedish general population
- 2012
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - New York, NY : Springer. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 19:Suppl. 1, s. S107-S107
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several studies have found insomnia and long sleep duration to be independently associated with subsequent disability pension. However, the issue of a possible gender-based pattern in this context has received little attention. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of different sleeping problems and sleep duration on the rate of disability pension during a 12-year follow-up period.The cohort was recruited by random invitations from the general population of Malmö, Sweden, aged 45–65 years in 1992; the participation rate was 41% (n=14,555). The participants in this study were the 2,254 men and 2,065 women who were healthy and working at least 30 hours per week at baseline. Baseline data included socio-demographic factors, lifestyle, body mass index, the Job Content Questionnaire, social support and participation, ‘stress outside work’, self-rated health and an instrument assessing sleep quality and duration. Information on disability pension was obtained through record linkage from the National Health Insurance Register.Disability pensions were granted to 9% of the men and 15% of the women during the follow-up period. Affirming moderate or very large problems with any of ‘initiating sleep’, ‘waking up during the night’, ‘waking up too early’, and ‘not feeling rested by sleep’ was defined as ‘problems with sleep’, and this was present in 33% of the women and 41% of the men. The age-adjusted hazard ratios for problems with sleep and subsequent disability pension were in men 1.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.4) and in women 1.6 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.0). In the full model, after adjustment for sleep duration and for potential confounders and/or mediators, these HRs decreased to 1.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.0) in men and 1.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.7) in women.Short sleep duration, i.e. ≤6 hours/night on weekdays, was associated with having problems with sleep, long sleep duration was not. Only two percent of the population slept ≥9 hours/night. In women, but not in men, long sleep duration was strongly associated with the subsequent granting of a disability pension; the HR was 2.8 (1.7 to 4.6). In conclusion, sleeping problems seem to be a significant risk-factor for disability pension in the middle-aged working population. There were also clear gender differences in the pattern regarding which type of sleeping problems that were most linked to disability pension.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Dekker, Joost, et al.
(author)
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Behavioral medicine in China
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 21:4, s. 571-573
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 25. |
- Demmelmaier, Ingrid, et al.
(author)
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Biopsychosocial predictors of pain, disability, health care consumption, and sick leave in first-episode and long-term back pain : A longitudinal study in the general population
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 17:2, s. 79-89
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Long-term outcome in back pain is related mainly to cognitive factors such as pain-related beliefs and expectations. Most research has been performed on patient samples. Purpose: This study aimed at investigating changes over time in reported back pain, pain intensity, disability, health care consumption and sick leave as well as biopsychosocial factors over a 12 month-period. A second aim was to identify predictors of reported pain, pain intensity, disability, health care consumption and sick leave. Method: As parts of a large back pain sample from a general population (n = 1024), two groups – one with first-episode pain (n = 77) and one with long-term pain (n = 302) – responded twice to a self-administered questionnaire. Among participants reporting pain at both assessments, changes over time were analysed and predictive models were tested. Results: Generally, the results demonstrated overall stability in the self-reports over time. However, reported pain decreased in both groups, while pain catastrophizing and pain expectations increased in the first-episode group. Pain intensity and disability were predicted in regression models including four cognitive factors and initially reported levels of pain intensity and disability. Conclusion: The significance of pain-related beliefs and expectations both in early and later stages of a back pain condition is pointed out. The results in this study based on a sample from the general population are in line with previous research on patient samples.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 29. |
- Folkesson, Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Self-esteem and stress as associated with diurnal profiles of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol in mid-adolescents
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 21:1 (Suppl.), s. S116-
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA) that reflect hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) activity and sympathetic activity within the autonomic nervous system (ANS) respectively, are biomarkers with pronounced diurnal rhythms. While research on salivary cortisol is increasing, little is known about the diurnal rhythm of salivary alphaamylase, particularly in adolescents. Also, the linkages between individual factors and self-reports of stress as related to HPA-axis activity and autonomic/sympathetic functioning remain to be investigated. This study set out to investigate diurnal rhythms of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase in 14-16 year-old girls and boys. Moreover, the study investigated whether stress and self-esteem are related to aggregate salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase measures. Besides self-reports in questionnaires, self-administered salivary samples were collected from 47 girls and 23 boys during a school day. Results showed girls had higher levels of morning cortisol than did boys, while there were no differences in morning or diurnal sAA. Additionally, self-esteem and self-reported stress were associated with different measures of cortisol and sAA but for girls only. Taken together, the findings suggest that both self-reported stress and self-esteem are linked to various aspects of sympathetic ANS activity and HPA-axis activity, particularly among mid-adolescent girls.
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| 30. |
- Fransson, Emma, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Exploring salivary cortisol and recurrent pain in mid-adolescents living in two homes
- 2014
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In: BMC Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2050-7283. ; 21:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Each year, around 50.000 children in Sweden experience a separation between their parents. Joint physical custody (JPC), where the child alternates homes between the parents for about equal amount of time, has become a common living arrangement after parental separation. Children in two homes could benefit from everyday contact with both parents and access to both parents' financial resources. However, children could experience stress from being constantly moving and potentially exposed to parental conflicts. Still, studies on JPC and biological functioning related to stress, are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate how living arrangements (intact family/JPC) relate to HPA-axis activity and recurrent pain in mid-adolescents.METHODS: Mid-adolescents (106 girls and 51 boys) provided demographic details, self-reports of recurrent pain (headache, stomachache, neck/shoulder and back pain) and salivary samples. Salivary cortisol samples were collected: 1) immediately at awakening, 2) +30 minutes, 3) +60 minutes, and 4) at 8 p.m. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) was computed using an established formula. Additionally, the diurnal decline between the waking and 8 p.m. samples was computed.RESULTS: Hierarchical multiple regressions showed that living arrangements (intact family/JPC) was not associated with morning cortisol (CAR), the diurnal cortisol decline or with recurrent pain. However, sex was a significant predictor of both cortisol measures and recurrent pain with girls exhibiting a higher cortisol awakening response and a greater diurnal decline value as well as reporting more recurrent pain than did boys.CONCLUSIONS: Living arrangements were not associated with HPA-axis activity or recurrent pain in this group of well-functioning mid-adolescents. Although this study is the first to investigate how living arrangements relate to HPA-axis functioning and additional studies are needed, the tentative findings suggest that these mid-adolescents have adapted to their living arrangements and that other factors play a more pertinent role for HPA-functioning and subjective health.
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| 31. |
- Fransson, Emma, et al.
(author)
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Exploring salivary cortisol and recurrent pain in mid-adolescents living in two homes
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 21, s. S23-S23
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Every year, around 50.000 children in Sweden experience a separation between their parents. Joint physical custody (JPC), where the child alternates homes between the parents for about equal amount of time, has become a common living arrangement after parental separation. Children living in two homes can benefit from everyday contact with both parents and access to both parents’ financial resources. However, children can also experience stress from constantly moving and from exposure to any parental conflict. Yet, research on JPC and stress-related biological functioning is limited. The aimof this study was to investigate how living arrangements (intact family/JPC) relate toHPA-axis activity and recurrent pain in mid-adolescents. Methods: Mid-adolescents (106 girls and 51 boys) provided demographic details, self-reports of recurrent pain (headache, stomachache, neck/shoulder and back pain) and salivary samples. Salivary cortisol samples were collected: 1) immediately at awakening, 2) +30 minutes, 3) +60 minutes, and 4) at 8 p.m. Results: Hierarchical regressions showed that living arrangements did not predict morning cortisol levels, the diurnal cortisol rhythm nor recurrent pain. However, sex was significantly associated with both morning cortisol and recurrent pain. Conclusion: Living arrangements were not linked to HPA-axis activity or recurrent pain in this group of well-functioning mid-adolescents. Although this is the first study investigating how living arrangements relate to HPA-axis functioning, which means that additional research is needed, the findings suggest that these mid-adolescents have adapted to their living arrangements and that other factors seem more pertinent for HPA-functioning and subjective health complaints.
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| 32. |
- Garvin, Peter, et al.
(author)
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SALIVARY ALPHA-AMYLASE IN A POPULATION BASED SAMPLE. ASSOCIATIONS WITH PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, SELF RATED HEALTH AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 17:1 Supplement, s. S181-S181
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Objective: In recent years, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has beenproposed as a reliable proxy for sympathetic activity. This study aimed at testing the association between sAA to a broad range of psychosocial factors, self rated health, cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers in a normal population sample.Methods: 30 participants, all men between 50 and 54 years old, were randomly selected from a normal population based study. Saliva samples were collected at awakening, 30 minutes after awakening and just before going to bed. sAA was measured by a calorimetric method using Phadebas amylase test. Linear regression models were used to test associations between sAA levels and a broad spectrum of psychosocial factors (e.g. depressive symptamology, vital exhaustion, mastery and sense of coherence) self rated health and inflammatory markers (e.g. C-reactive protein). Adjustments were made for physical exercise, smoking, blood lipids and time point when sample was collected.Results: sAA levels at awakening were positively associated with depressive symptamology (p = 0.046), vital exhaustion (p = 0.025) and negatively associated with sense of coherence (p = 0.034). It was further associated positively associated with levels of C-reactive protein (p = 0.024) and negatively associated with self reported general health (p = 0.010). Samples taken just before going to bed were showing similar results, whereas samples taken 30 minutes after awakening only showed a few significant associations.Conclusions: The associations found give further support for the use of salivary alpha amylase as a psychoneuroendocrinological bio- marker. Assessment just after awakening or just before going to bed seems to be more reliable than samples 30 minutes after awakening.
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| 33. |
- Gustafsson, Klas, et al.
(author)
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Social integration, Socioeconomic Conditions and Type of ill Health Preceding Disability Pension in Young Women : a Swedish Population Based Study
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 21:1, s. 77-87
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Disability pension has increased in recent decades and is seen as a public health and socioeconomic problem in Western Europe. In the Nordic countries, the increase has been particularly steep among young women.Purpose: The aim was to analyze the influence of low social integration, socioeconomic risk conditions and different measures of self-reported ill health on the risk of receiving disability pension in young women.Method: The study comprised all Swedish women born in 1960 to 1979, who had been interviewed in any of the annual Swedish Surveys of Living Conditions (1990–2002). The assumed predictors were related to disability pension by Cox proportional hazard regression. The mean number of years of follow-up for the 10,936 women was 7 years (SD 3.8), and the study base was restricted to the ages 16 to 43 years of age.Results: An increased risk of receiving a disability pension was found among lone women, those who had sparse contacts with others, job-seeking women, homemakers, as well as women with low education, and poor private financial situations. A tenfold increase in the risk of receiving a disability pension was found among women reporting a long-standing illness and poor self-rated health, compared to women without a long-standing illness and good self-rated health. Psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms/unspecified illness were the strongest predictors of disability pension, particularly before 30 years of age.Conclusion: The study suggests that weak social relations and weak connections to working life contribute to increase the risk of disability pension in young women, also after control for socioeconomic conditions and self-reported ill health. Self-rated health was the strongest predictor, followed by long-standing illness and not having a job (job seekers and homemakers).
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Hesser, Hugo, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Dimensional or Categorical Approach to Tinnitus Severity : an Item Response Mixture Modeling Analysis of Tinnitus Handicap
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 21:6, s. 982-988
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Whether handicap due to tinnitus-sound(s) in the ears and/or in the head in the absence of an external auditory source-is best conceived as dimensional or categorical remains an unanswered empirical question.Purpose: The objective was to investigate whether tinnitus severity was best conceptualized as qualitatively distinct subtypes, quantitative differences varying along a single continuum, or as severity differences within subtypes.Methods: Various forms of item response mixture models (latent class models, factor analysis models, and hybrid models) that corresponded to the competing hypotheses were fitted to item responses on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory in a Swedish sample of individuals with tinnitus (N = 362).Results: A latent class model could be fitted to the data with a high probability of correctly classifying individuals into three different classes: high-, moderate-, and low-severity classes. However, a comparison of models showed that a unidimensional factor analysis model with a single class provided the best fit to the data.Conclusions: The analysis provided evidence that tinnitus severity varies along a single severity continuum from mild to moderate to severe tinnitus-related handicap. The result that tinnitus severity exists on a continuum rather than as discrete categories has important implications for clinical research.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Jakobsson, Annika, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Possibilities and Hindrances for Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence: Perceptions Among Professionals and Decision Makers in a Swedish Medium-Sized Town.
- 2013
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In: International journal of behavioral medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-7558 .- 1070-5503. ; 20:3, s. 337-343
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem, but few evidence-based prevention programs have yet been implemented. PURPOSE: This study explored the perceptions and beliefs of local-level decision makers, social and health-care professionals, and representatives from the police force regarding the possibilities and hindrances for prevention of IPV. METHOD: An explorative qualitative approach was used, and participants were strategically selected for focus group discussions. The participants, 19 men and 23 women, were professionals or decision makers within health-care services, social welfare, municipal administration, the police force, local industry, and local politicians in a Swedish town of 54,000 inhabitants. The focus group discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed. A manifest content analysis was performed on the text. RESULTS: Preschools, schools, sports associations, workplaces, and the mass media were suggested as possible arenas for prevention measures. The proposed activities included norm building and improved social support structures. Hindrances were conceptualized as societal beliefs and attitudes, shame, silence, gender inequality, the counteracting influence of the media, and lack of resources. The participants demonstrated closeness and distance to IPV, expressed as acceptance or referral of responsibility to others regarding where and by whom prevention measures should be executed. CONCLUSION: This study gave new insights in the prevailing perceptions of professionals and decision makers of a medium-sized Swedish town, which can be a useful knowledge in future preventive work and contribute to bridge the gap between research and practice.
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| 40. |
- Jansson-Fröjmark, Markus, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Is there a bidirectional link between insomnia and burnout? : a prospective study in the Swedish workforce
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 17:4, s. 306-313
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Insomnia and burnout has been suggested to form a bidirectional association.Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a bidirectional relationship between insomnia and burnout over the course of a year among individuals in the workforce.Method: This study employed a prospective design, where a randomly selected sample from the general population (20-60 year; N = 1,812) filled out a survey on insomnia and burnout. In employed participants (n = 1,258), the associations between insomnia and three dimensions of burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey) were examined, while controlling for age, gender, anxiety, and depression.Results: The bivariate correlations between insomnia and the three burnout dimensions were significant at a low level (η: .12-.29). The longitudinal analyses demonstrated that insomnia was not associated with the incidence of burnout and vice versa. However, insomnia was demonstrated to increase the risk for the persistence of emotional exhaustion (OR = 3.02). Further, insomnia was not associated with the persistence of professional efficacy and cynicism, and burnout was not related to the persistence of insomnia.Conclusion: In summary, this investigation demonstrated that insomnia and burnout are not bidirectionally related in the working population. While insomnia was linked to the maintenance of the central part of burnout, burnout was not related to future insomnia.
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| 41. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Kristenson, Margareta, et al.
(author)
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The role of saliva cortisol measurements in health and disease : A matter of theory and methodology
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; , s. S206-S206
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Over the last decade, the technique of using ambulatory salivary sampling has become increasingly popular in field research and clinical studies. The non-invasive method is easy to administer and analyze and allows implmentation in large scale study designs. However, this large interest in the use of salivary cortisol measurement is paralleled with frustrations on opposing results. This presentation is based on a critical evaluation of the existing literature on salivary cortisol, aiming to evaluate the utility of salivary cortisol as a biomarker in various settings and how we can understand cortisol reactivity using evidence of experiences from different study designs. The work is compiled by the Scandinavian Stress and Cortisol Network, a network financed by the Swedish Research Council, and one main question asked was: is it possible that different results of studies involving cortisol assessments are functions of differences in the theoretical assumptions made and methods used. In particular, the symposium will focus on how the many different ways of evaluating levels and dynamics of salivary cortisol (i. e. with regard to time points of assessment and different algorithms based on multiple time points) may have an impact on the interpretation of cortisol measurements in various contexts. Salivary cortisol has been studied in relation to the following topics: demographic variables, psychosocial work environment, psychosocial resources (e.g. mastery) and outcomes (e.g. burnout), sleep quality, biological markers (markers of cardivascular risk, inflammation and metabolism) and somatic outcome.
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