| 1. |
- Dennermalm, Nicklas, et al.
(författare)
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Stability and Change in Substance Use Among Swedish Adolescents : A Latent Transition Analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 58:7, s. 947-955
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Research is needed on how substance use patterns develop over time in the general adolescent population. This knowledge is crucial in calibrating prevention and other interventions. Method: The study concerns use of cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis in a nationally representative cohort of Swedish adolescents (n = 3999). Two waves (9th and 11th school grade) from the Futura01 study were analyzed using latent transition analysis (LTA) and multinomial regression analysis. Results: Four substance use patterns, were identified, ranging from Non-user, Alcohol experienced, Alcohol User to Co-user of cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis. Statuses thus conveyed a continuum from no use to more advanced use. Half of the individuals remained in their original status between time-points, and half transitioned, most often one step on the continuum. Alcohol user was the most stable status over time (0.78), and the Non-user status the least (0.36). The probability of remaining in the Alcohol experienced status was 0.57, and 0.45 for the Co-user status. There was a low probability of transitioning from alcohol to cannabis use. Females were more likely to belong to Alcohol experienced and males to Co-user statuses, but these associations weakened over time. Conclusions: The study identified transitions across substance use statuses between time-points. These usually concerned different levels of alcohol use, and not into more advanced substance use that included the illegal substance cannabis. The study corroborates that young Swedes belong to a “sober” generation and usually do not transition from legal into illegal substance use during late adolescence, though with some gender differences.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Grahn, Robert, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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The Associations between Risky Psychosocial Environment, Substance Addiction Severity and Imprisonment: A Swedish Registry Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 55:5, s. 697-706
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Both childhood and adult psychosocial stressors have been identified as links to both increased risk for substance use disorder (SUD) and increased risk of imprisonment. The aim of this retrospective study is to identify, for a sample of 14,914 adults who all were assessed for risky substance use or a SUD, the importance of having a history of psychosocial stressors compared to current addiction severity. The analyses control for age, gender and education on the likelihood of future imprisonment. Method: Baseline Addiction Severity Index data (ASI) were merged with national registry data on prison sentences from 2003 to 2016. In the analysis, a Cox regression was used to study the association between independent variables and the likelihood of future imprisonment. Results: In the regression, five variables showed significant association to increased risk of imprisonment: ASI drugs other than alcohol Composite Score (positive relationship), ASI alcohol Composite Score (negative relationship), age (younger), education (lower) and parental problems with drugs other than alcohol. The factor with strongest association with imprisonment was the ASI drugs other than alcohol Composite Score, which showed the highest HR = 10.63 (3.50–32.31) for women and HR = 5.52 (3.77–8.08) for men to predict the likelihood of imprisonment. Discussion: Research is needed on why individuals with history of psychosocial stressors have a higher likelihood of imprisonment compared to their counterparts. Findings indicate that a high ASI Composite Score for drugs other than alcohol are strong predictors of future criminality and criminal justice system involvement.
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| 4. |
- Isaksson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Risk Factors Associated with Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence among American Inner-City Youth : A Longitudinal Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 55:3, s. 358-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Early alcohol use is associated with an increased risk for later alcohol dependence, as well as social and mental health problems. In this study, we investigate the risk factors (internalizing and externalizing behaviors) associated with early alcohol consumption over a period of 1 year, and examine whether the association is sex-specific. Methods: U.S. inner-city adolescents (N = 1785, Mean age = 12.11) were assessed and reassessed in the sixth and seventh grades (Mean age = 13.10). Self-reported information was obtained on the lifetime level of alcohol consumption, internalizing (depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress [PTS]), and externalizing behaviors (sensation seeking, conduct problems and affiliation with delinquent peers). Associations between the variables were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: In an adjusted SEM analysis drinking by the sixth grade was primarily associated with externalizing behaviors, whereas PTS was linked to lower levels of alcohol consumption. In addition, alcohol consumption and greater externalizing behaviors by the sixth grade predicted higher alcohol consumption by the seventh grade, whereas anxiety and African American ethnicity were associated with less alcohol consumption. No sex differences were found in the association between internalizing and externalizing behaviors and drinking. However, in the adjusted SEM analysis female sex predicted higher lifetime consumption by the seventh grade. Conclusion: Sensation seeking behavior, conduct problems and affiliation with delinquent peers should be regarded as risk factors and taken into consideration when planning prevention efforts in order to decrease alcohol use in early adolescence.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Patrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the Link between ADHD and Cannabis Use in Swedish Ninth Graders : The Role of Conduct Problems and Sensation-Seeking
- 2023
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 58:3, s. 311-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has in several studies been linked to substance use, including cannabis use. However, crucial gaps remain regarding how to understand this association. Analyzing the association between ADHD and substance use is complicated because of a pronounced overlap between ADHD, conduct problems, and traits such as sensation-seeking. Objectives: Using data from a large and nationally representative study among Swedish adolescents, this study explored the role of conduct problems, but also of sensation-seeking, in accounting for the association between ADHD and cannabis use. Results: There was a notable association between ADHD and cannabis use that was attenuated when conduct problems were controlled for. The association between cannabis use and conduct problems, in turn, was attenuated when sensation-seeking was controlled for. Individuals with both ADHD and conduct problems were more likely to have used cannabis than individuals with ADHD only, but not compared with individuals with conduct problems only. Conclusions: Whereas conduct problems largely explain the link between ADHD and cannabis use, sensation-seeking seems to account for the association between conduct problems and cannabis use.
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| 6. |
- Lee, Jungup, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Sex Differences in the Association between Bullying Involvement and Alcohol and Marijuana Use among US Adolescents in 6(th) to 10(th) Grade
- 2020
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 55:8, s. 1203-1213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The aim of the current study was to examine whether different types of involvement in bullying, together with a set of social-ecological correlates, were associated with alcohol and marijuana use for female and male adolescents. Methods: This study utilized data derived from the U.S. division of the 2005-2006 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study, which include 7,084 U.S. 6(th)-10(th) graders (3,353 males and 3,731 females) in public and private schools. Results: The results showed that although some forms of involvement in bullying were associated with alcohol and marijuana use, some of these associations became non-significant when the social-ecological covariates were included in the models. The final logistic regression models revealed that being a traditional bully-victim increased the risk of alcohol use for males while being a traditional bully and cyber victim increased the risk of alcohol use for females. In addition, being a cyberbully increased the risk of marijuana use for males. While parental monitoring decreased the risk, delinquent peers increased the risk of both alcohol and marijuana use for both sexes. Parent/guardian support decreased the risk of alcohol use for females. The likelihood of alcohol use and marijuana use increased with age for both sexes, while being an African American was linked with a lower risk of alcohol and marijuana use among males. Conclusions/Importance: Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining the link between bullying involvement and substance use, together with social-ecological correlates for female and male adolescents.
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| 7. |
- Lilja, My
(författare)
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Russian Political Discourse on Illegal Drugs : A Thematic Analysis of Parliamentary Debates.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 56:7, s. 1010-1017
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the beginning of the twenty first century, there has been an intensified political debate about drugs in Russia. The drug problem is now regarded as one of the country’s most serious problems and as an issue of top priority for the Russian government. Objectives: The aim of this qualitative study is to explore how illegal drugs are discussed in Russian political discourse. Methods: The material includes an analysis of 177 speeches made in the lower house of the Russian parliament, the Russian State Duma, between 2014 and 2018. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis (CDA). Results: In general, the study found that the debate about the drug problem was characterized by consensus, and there were small differences between the Deputy members in their understanding of the problem. Three main understandings of the drug problem were identified: (1) Illegal drugs as an increasing problem in Russia, (2) Drugs as an external threat, and (3) A need for a more repressive drug policy. Conclusion: There was a general consensus about how the drug problem should be regarded among the politicians, with a focus on a war on drugs and an absence of harm reduction ideas.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, T., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of local alcohol prevention initiatives in Swedish municipalities, 2006–2014
- 2020
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 55:6, s. 1008-1020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Several components of the Swedish alcohol policy, e.g., pricing and availability, weakened when Sweden joined the EU in 1995. To counteract the possible negative effects of this, emphasis was placed on the local level as an important arena of alcohol prevention. Thus, considerable efforts were made to strengthen alcohol prevention in Swedish municipalities. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine whether local alcohol prevention reduced consumption and alcohol-related harm in Swedish municipalities. Methods: Alcohol prevention was monitored using a composite measure called the Alcohol Prevention Magnitude Measure (APMM), with subcategories of staff and budget, inspections and licenses, policy, activities, and cooperation. APMM and its categories were analysed in relation to alcohol consumption and harm over time, 2006–2014. A fixed effects model was used with 63% (N¼182, consumption) and 71% (N¼207, harm) of 290 Swedish municipalities, respectively, included in the analyses. Results: The main results suggest that when APMM increases with 1 percent, the alcohol-related mortality decreases with 0.26 percent, controlled for changes in population size, median income, unemployment, and post-secondary education. In light of this result, the estimated effect of APMM on alcohol consumption (sales) is small (0.02 percent decrease); possible explanations for this are discussed in the article. Conclusion:The overall results indicate that local alcohol prevention initiatives in Sweden have reduced some forms of alcohol-related harm, not least alcohol-related mortality, during the period 2006–2014. Further studies are needed to assess the generalizability of the present study.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Raninen, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Reasons Not to Drink Alcohol among 9th Graders in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 57:11, s. 1747-1750
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM Alcohol is one of the leading contributors to the disease burden among young people. Drinking motives are one of the strongest factors influencing drinking behaviors among youth, yet we know little about reasons for why young people do not drink. The aim of the present study is to examine reasons for not drinking in a nationally representative sample of Swedish youth.DATA AND METHODS Data from a survey of a nationally representative sample of students in year 9 (15-16 years old) was used. Data was collected in 2017 and the total sample comprise 5549 respondents. Ten items measured reasons not to drink alcohol. Comparisons were made between drinkers and nondrinkers in endorsement of the reasons for not drinking. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to examine the relative importance of the different reasons.RESULTS That alcohol is bad for health and parents disapproval of drinking was the most commonly endorsed reasons both among drinkers and nondrinkers. The multivariable analysis showed that the strongest association with being a nondrinker was found for “Alcohol tastes horrible” (OR 2.995), “I have religious reasons for not drinking” (OR 2.775), “People who drink lose control in an unpleasant way” (OR 2.460) and “Drinking is too likely to lead to serious accidents” (OR 2.458).DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Harm avoidance and religious reasons are the most important reasons not to drink among Swedish youth. Future research should examine how different reasons predict abstinence.
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| 13. |
- Turner, Russell, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Legal Minors Who Inject: Differences in Socio-Demographics and Treatment Needs Compared to Adults in a Swedish National Sample of People with Injecting Drug Use
- 2023
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 58:12, s. 1473-1482
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundInjection drug use among legal minors is under-researched. Although the population may be small in absolute terms, treatment needs may be greater than for those who began injecting as adults. Such knowledge may help tailor services more effectively. Previous research tends to use selective samples or focuses solely on medical indicators. The present study uses a larger sample drawn from national register data in Sweden over a 9-year period (2013-2021) to analyze differences in medical and social treatment needs between people who began injecting as legal minors and their older counterparts.MethodData on first-time visitors to needle and syringe programmes (n = 8225, mean age 37.6, 26% women) were used. Historical socio-demographics and presenting treatment needs were compared between those with a debut injecting age under 18, and those who began injecting as adults.ResultsThe prevalence of injecting before 18 years was 29%. This group had more negative social circumstances, such as leaving school early, worse health, and greater service consumption, compared to those who began injecting as adults. In particular, they had been subjected to a greater level of control measures, such as arrest and compulsory care.ConclusionsThe present study shows that there are important health and social differences between those who inject prior to 18 and those who begin injecting as adults. This raises important questions for both child protection services and harm reduction approaches for legal minors who inject, who still qualify as 'children' in a legal and policy sense.
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| 14. |
- Zhao, Xiang, PhD, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Areca Nut Use among a Chinese Ethnic Minority, and Its Health Implications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 55:9, s. 1519-1524
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Most of the world's areca nut users reside in south and southeast Asia, but research is scarce. We examine areca nut use among Dai, a Chinese ethnic minority, and its implications.Results: The history, common knowledge, traditional medical applications, social functions, and changing epidemiology of areca nut use are reviewed. Importantly, areca nut use is embedded in complex social meanings and practices, and is changing as long-standing customs are being shaped by new fashions. Its declining popularity among Dai has important implications for the management of substance misuse, as changing contextual factors such as customs and social norms have been more important than interventions or policies and laws. Conclusions/Importance: The findings contribute to future strategies to curb the consumption of areca nut, and also help to explain unsuccessful control in China of other substances such as tobacco which overlooked social context. It is imperative that health professionals and researchers engage with the culture, health beliefs, and society of specific populations to formulate culturally appropriate and innovative oral health strategies.
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| 15. |
- Östh, J, et al.
(författare)
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Keeping Track of My Drinking : Patient Perceptions of Using Smartphone Applications as a Treatment Complement for Alcohol Dependence
- 2024
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Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 59:2, s. 291-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Alcohol dependence is common, yet highly undertreated. Smartphone applications (apps) have potential to enhance treatment accessibility and effectiveness, however evidence is limited, especially studies focussing on user experiences. The aim was to describe patient perceptions on the usability and acceptability of self-monitoring apps provided as treatment complement for alcohol dependence.Methods: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted through video or phone calls with 21 participants, recruited from a randomized controlled trial at a dependency clinic in Stockholm. The participants had used two specific apps for self-monitoring consumption ("Glasklart" and "iBAC") during 12 wk prior to the interviews. Data was analyzed using Qualitative Content Analysis.Results: Two domains were identified: 1) Smartphone applications as facilitators to treatment, and 2) Barriers to smartphone application use. Using apps within the treatment context was believed to increase the accuracy of the reported consumption. Participants became more aware of their alcohol problem and described the apps as reinforcers that could increase both the motivation to change and the focus on the problem and commitment to treatment. The apps were further described as helpful to control alcohol consumption. However, app usage was constrained by technical problems, unfit app-specific features and procedures, and alcohol-related shame and stigma.Discussion and Conclusions: Self-monitoring alcohol apps have several beneficial features that can help assess, track, and control alcohol consumption, and improve communication with clinicians. The results indicate they can be useful complements to treatment for patients with alcohol dependence, but their use can be limited by different, foremost technical, issues. Smartphone applications for self-monitoring of alcohol consumption may help provide accurate data, increase consumption awareness, focus, motivation, and perceived control; Smartphone applications for self-monitoring of alcohol consumption are considered helpful complements to alcohol treatment; The use of smartphone applications for self-monitoring of alcohol consumption can be constrained by technical problems, and unfit app-specific features and procedures.
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