| 1. |
- Bi, Z. M., et al.
(författare)
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Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems: The State of the Art
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 46:4, s. 967-992
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, general requirements of next generation manufacturing systems are discussed, and the strategies to meet these requirements are considered. The production paradigms which apply these strategies are also classified. Particular emphasis is put on the paradigm of Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS). Some key issues of the RMS design are discussed, and a critical review is presented concerning the developments of RMSs. Finally, suggestions of the RMS research are made and future research directions are identified.
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| 2. |
- Brander, Pär, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclic lot scheduling with sequence-dependent set-ups : a heuristic for disassembly processes
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 43:2, s. 295-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of material and product recovery is steadily increasing, mainly due to customer expectations and take-back obligations. Disassembly is a major operation in material and product recovery, since returned products are often disassembled to separate materials and components. The paper considers the problem of scheduling several items on a single disassembly facility. It develops a cyclic lot-scheduling heuristic for disassembly processes with sequence- dependent set-ups, resulting in disassembly frequencies for the items. Additionally, the way the problem is formulated allows calculation of the profitable use of the facility. The disassembly frequencies and the profitable use of the facility are used to create a cyclic schedule.
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| 3. |
- Brander, Pär, et al.
(författare)
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Economic lot scheduling problems incorporating a cost of using the production facility
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 47:13, s. 3611-3624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper considers scheduling the production of several different items on a single machine with constrained capacity, commonly known as the Economic Lot Scheduling Problem (ELSP). Most traditional approaches for the ELSP consider the sum of the setup cost and inventory holding cost and provide cyclic schedules that minimize this sum. In practice, there are not only costs for setups and inventory holding, but also costs for operating the production facility due to e.g. electricity, service, maintenance, tools, operators etc, which depend on the number of hours the facility is operating per working day. In this paper, we modify the traditional cost function to include not only setup and inventory holding cost but also a time variable cost for operating the production facility. The paper shows it is possible to adapt a previous heuristic procedure to this complemented cost. The model can help to determine cyclic schedules and the number of production hours per working day.
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| 4. |
- Cai, Ningxu, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive setup planning of prismatic parts for machine tools with varying configurations
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 46:3, s. 571-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Setup planning for machining a part is to determine the number and sequence of setups (including machining features grouping in setups) and the part orientation of each setup. Tool accessibility plays a key role in this process. An adaptive setup planning approach for various multi-axis machine tools is proposed in this paper focusing on kinematic analysis of tool accessibility and optimal setup plan selection. In our approach, feasible Tool Access Directions (TADs) of machining features are denoted by partially sequenced unit vectors; The Tool Orientation Spaces (TOS) of different multi-axis machine tools are generated according to their configurations through a kinematic model, and represented on a unit spherical surface. Starting from a 3-axis-based machining feature grouping, all possible setup plans of a given part for different types of machine tools (3-axis, 3-axis with an indexing table, 4-axis, and 5-axis machines) can be achieved effectively by tool accessibility examination. The optimal setup plans are selected from obtained candidates by evaluating both their locating and grouping factors. A so-generated setup plan can provide not only the best coverage of machining features and the primary locating directions but the optimal orientations of the work-piece for each setup. Only prismatic parts are considered in this proof-of-concept study, and the algorithms introduced in this paper are implemented in MATLAB. A case study is conducted to validate the algorithms.Setup planning for machining a part is to determine the number and sequence of setups (including machining features grouping in setups) and the part orientation of each setup. Tool accessibility plays a key role in this process. An adaptive setup planning approach for various multi-axis machine tools is proposed in this paper focusing on kinematic analysis of tool accessibility and optimal setup plan selection. In our approach, feasible Tool Access Directions (TADs) of machining features are denoted by partially sequenced unit vectors; The Tool Orientation Spaces (TOS) of different multi-axis machine tools are generated according to their configurations through a kinematic model, and represented on a unit spherical surface. Starting from a 3-axis-based machining feature grouping, all possible setup plans of a given part for different types of machine tools (3-axis, 3-axis with an indexing table, 4-axis, and 5-axis machines) can be achieved effectively by tool accessibility examination. The optimal setup plans are selected from obtained candidates by evaluating both their locating and grouping factors. A so-generated setup plan can provide not only the best coverage of machining features and the primary locating directions but the optimal orientations of the work-piece for each setup. Only prismatic parts are considered in this proof-of-concept study, and the algorithms introduced in this paper are implemented in MATLAB. A case study is conducted to validate the algorithms.
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| 5. |
- Cai, Ningxu, et al.
(författare)
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GA based Adaptive Setup Planning toward Process Planning and Scheduling Integration
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 47:10, s. 2745-2766
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Setup planning of a part for more than one available machine is a typical combinatorial optimisation problem under certain constraints. It has significant impact not only on the whole process planning but also on scheduling, as well as on the integration of process planning and scheduling. Targeting the potential adaptability of process plans associated with setups, a cross-machine setup planning approach using genetic algorithms (GA) for machines with different configurations is presented in this paper. First, based on tool accessibility analysis of different machine configurations, partially sequenced machining features can be grouped into certain setups; then by responding to the requirements from a scheduling system, optimal or near-optimal setup plans are selected for certain criteria, such as cost, makespan and/or machine utilisation. GA is adopted for the combinatorial optimisation, which includes gene pool generation based on tool accessibility examination, setup plan encoding and fitness evaluation, and optimal setup plan selection through GA operations. The proposed approach is implemented in a GA toolbox, and tested using a sample part. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is applicable to machines with varying configurations, and adaptive to different setup requirements from a scheduling system due to machine availability changes. It is expected that this approach can contribute to process planning and scheduling integration when a process plan is combined with setups for alternative machines during adaptive setupplanning.
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| 6. |
- Grubbström, Robert W., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of standard ordering policies within the framework of MRP theory
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 44:18-19, s. 3759-3773
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of different standard ordering policies are presented within the methodology of Material Requirements Planning (MRP), such as Lot-For-Lot (L4L), Fixed Order Quantity (FOQ), Fixed Period Requirements (FPR), etc. In MRP theory the time development of the production-inventory system is determined by a set of fundamental equations for available inventory, total inventory and backlogs using Input-Output Analysis for capturing the Bill of Materials and Laplace transforms for describing the advanced timing requirements. This paper aims at formally introducing standard ordering policies into the fundamental equations of MRP Theory in order to analyse the possibility to obtain closed-form expressions for the time development of the system, when such rules are applied.
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| 7. |
- Grubbström, Robert W., et al.
(författare)
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Optimal production opportunities in a remanufacturing system
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 44:18-19, s. 3953-3966
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, remanufacturing has emerged in various industrial sectors, and it adds an additional production alternative apart from the conventional manufacturing process. With remanufacturing, a used return product is often disassembled, reprocessed, and then reassembled into a new product. The remanufactured product is often of the same quality as those from regular manufacturing. Even though remanufacturing saves a substantial cost of materials, it often requires more labour and other inputs. Thus, it becomes important to examine the expanded production opportunity of the system. In this paper, we therefore make a first attempt to model such a system with respect to its optimal production. This model is based on the Cobb-Douglas (Wicksell) production function. More specifically, we focus on how labour costs, material costs, and the budget influence optimal production decisions. Explicit properties of the optimal plan are derived and presented as theorems. Results of this study are intended to provide a guideline for managers to make sound decisions, when dealing with the increasingly important remanufacturing systems.
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| 8. |
- Hallgren, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Differentiating manufacturing focus
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 44:18-19, s. 3863-3878
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order for a manufacturing firm to be competitive, by supporting the market requirements through the manufacturing function, manufacturing should focus on a narrow set of tasks. Focused manufacturing is concerned with the perspectives when designing a manufacturing facility, be it a factory, plant, or plant within a plant. Traditionally, focus has been on the product, the process, or the manufacturing task based on competitive priorities (order winners and qualifiers). So far, the literature implies that a certain facility should have only one focus. In this paper, we present a framework that differentiates focus with respect to different parts of the manufacturing value chain. The point around which focus needs to be differentiated is the customer order decoupling point. We associate alternative types of focus relative to the customer order decoupling point, separating the upstream and downstream parts, and create a framework for choosing focus and how to differentiate manufacturing focus.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of materials supply systems during product development projects
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 44:5, s. 903-917
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyse how materials supply systems can be evaluated during product development projects in a concurrent engineering context. The focus is on performance assessment of materials supply systems and the input data required. A case study was conducted in close cooperation with a company and two performance measures were assessed during the concept definition phase and recalculated during the product and process validation phase. The results show that preliminary input data can be used to calculate performance measures by means of the following approaches: indicators, standards or scenarios. Furthermore, it is discussed how performance assessment can assist the materials supply systems design process in a concurrent engineering context by facilitating early problem discovery, early decision-making, and common understanding.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Eva, 1969-
(författare)
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Information management for materials supply systems design
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - Oxon : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 47:8, s. 2217-2229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to categorise difficulties related to release and use of information for materials supply systems design during product development projects as well as specific approaches to deal with them. In the literature it has been argued that materials supply systems design should form one dimension of concurrent engineering and be coordinated with product and production systems design although little research on how to manage it has been presented. The research presented in this paper is based on multiple sources of data, mainly gathered by means of three case studies conducted at two companies from the automotive industry. The difficulties are categorised in terms of whether or not they are related to a concurrent engineering context. The approaches are categorised with regard to whether or not they focus on difficulties related to a concurrent engineering context, and whether or not they focus on the materials supply systems designers and their work.
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| 11. |
- Johansson, Glenn, et al.
(författare)
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Managing the design/environment interface : Studies of integration mechanisms
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 45:18-19, s. 4041-4055
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the various barriers that seem to hamper integration between product designers and environmental specialists, few studies have addressed how different mechanisms may reduce these barriers. This paper focuses on such mechanisms, specifically addressing product development within the electronics industry. On the basis of empirical case studies, different mechanisms are addressed regarding their potential to support integration between product designers and environmental specialists. Consistent with the literature on conventional product development, the findings indicate that both organizational mechanisms and technological mechanisms seem valid for facilitating such integration.
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| 12. |
- Jonsson, Patrik, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Inventory management practices and their implications on perceived planning performance
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 46:7, s. 1787-1812
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the use of material planning methods to control material flow to inventories of purchased items. The first sub-objective is to evaluate the perceived planning performance of material planning methods used to control material flows in different inventory types in manufacturing and distribution companies. The second sub-objective is to evaluate the difference in perceived planning performance depending on the way planning parameters are determined and the methods used. Five material planning methods are studied: the re-order point method, the fixed order interval method, run-out time planning, Kanban and MRP. Our analysis is based on survey data from 153 manufacturing and 53 distribution companies. Findings conclude that the use of material planning methods differs depending on where along the material flow they are applied, whether the inventory is located in manufacturing or in distribution operations and between companies of various sizes. The modes of applying a material planning method affect its perceived performance. In particular, the way of determining and the review frequency of safety stocks and lead times have great importance for the planning performance of MRP methods, while the determination and review of order points, review frequencies and run-out times were important for re-order point methods.
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| 13. |
- Kulahci, Murat, et al.
(författare)
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Editorial
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 45:23, s. 5453-5454
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Moore, P. R., et al.
(författare)
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Advanced machine service support using Internet-enabled three-dimensional-based virtual engineering
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 46:15, s. 4215-4235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the era of globalization, one of the key factors for manufacturing machine builders/suppliers to remain competitive is their capability to provide cost-effective and comprehensive machine service and maintenance for their clients at anytime, anywhere. Previous research has highlighted the role of virtual engineering tools in the design and development life cycle of manufacturing machinery systems. Virtual engineering models created during the development phase can potentially be used to provide valuable functions for many other tasks during the operational phase, including service and maintenance support. This paper introduces an innovative Internet-enabled three-dimensional-based virtual engineering framework that can be used for such purposes. Specifically, it addresses a system architecture that is designed to facilitate the tight integration between virtual engineering tools and a set of Internet-based reconfigurable modular maintenance supporting tools. This system architecture has been verified by implementations using different toolsets atop of various Internet technologies (e.g. XML Web services and LabView's Datasocket). Implementation details and successful industrial-based test cases are also provided in this paper.
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| 16. |
- Olhager, Jan, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Manufacturing planning and control approaches : market alignment and performance
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 45:6, s. 1469-1484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design of manufacturing planning and control (MPC) systems is a strategic decision for manufacturing operations. In this paper we analyze the interrelationships between the choice of MPC approaches at different hierarchical levels with market requirements and operational performance. These relationships are explored through an extensive survey comprising responses from 128 manufacturing firms. The results show that the choice of MPC approaches, primarily at the sales and operations planning and master scheduling levels, has a significant mediating role in improving performance. The alignment between market requirements and the choice of MPC approaches is significant and has a significant impact on performance. In a dynamic environment, the choice of MPC approaches is shown to have a positive mediating effect on operational performance.
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| 17. |
- Sakao, Tomohiko
(författare)
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A QFD-centred design methodology for environmentally conscious product design
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor and Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 45:18-19, s. 4143-4162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As our society becomes more environmentally conscious, manufacturers must incorporate 'environmental qualities' into products. This paper proposes a general design methodology to effectively support environmentally consciousness design of products. The methodology employs three tools: LCA (life cycle assessment), QFDE (quality function deployment for environment), and TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving). QFDE is a tool developed by modifying and extending QFD, and is extended further in this paper. In addition, connecting two consecutive tools is realized by established relations among those tools. The presented methodology is proved through application to a hair dryer to effectively support the product planning and conceptual design stages. For instance, designers could utilize one of the LCA results that the product has a high impact on global warming through energy consumption during its use phase to define a requirement objectively in QFDE, 'reduce the energy consumption' with a high weighting. TRIZ allowed designers to generate four improvement solutions. The most highly evaluated was using resonance frequency on the motor. This was obtained from a QFDE result that 'dry quickly' and 'dry quietly' have a contradiction. The methodology has a larger benefit than is obtained from utilizing those three tools independently.
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| 18. |
- Segerstedt, Anders
(författare)
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Master production scheduling and a comparison of material requirements planning and cover-time planning
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 44:18, s. 3585-3606
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For a company's long-term profitability, the most important processes are the way it starts parts of the manufacturing process before the customer order arrives and the way it determines and promises delivery quantities and times for customer orders. In practical computer applications Material Requirement Planning (MRP) and/or Reorder point systems are the base techniques mostly used. This paper presents Cover-Time Planning (CTP), a variant of a reorder point system, which is developed with a forward-looking forecasted demand rate and the decision variable is ‘time’, instead of ‘quantity’ for an ordinary reorder-point system. MRP and CTP are introduced and compared through a numerical example. MRP and CTP must treat a practical ‘make-to-order’; therefore, this paper discusses available-to-promise, planning bills and other help systems for practical applications of Master Production Scheduling. The paper presents how and why, in practice, a Master Production Scheduling system with an available-to-promise function should be used and how this system should be designed. It is also argued that a fully Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system cannot only be created by MRP, but also by CTP.
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| 19. |
- Svoboda, Ales, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated approach for prediction of stability limits for machining with large volumes of material removal
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 46:12, s. 3207-3222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-speed machining of thin-walled structures is widely used in the aeronautical industry. Higher spindle speed and machining feed rate, combined with a greater depth of cut, increases the removal rate and with it, productivity. The combination of higher spindle speed and depth of cut makes instabilities (chatter) a far more significant concern. Chatter causes reduced surface quality and accelerated tool wear. Since chatter is so prevalent, traditional cutting parameters and processes are frequently rendered ineffective and inaccurate. For the machine tool to reach its full utility, the chatter vibrations must be identified and avoided. In order to avoid chatter and implement optimum cutting parameters, the machine tool including all components and the work piece must be dynamically mapped to identify vibration characteristics. The aim of the presented work is to develop a model for the prediction of stability limits as a function of process parameters. The model consists of experimentally measured vibration properties of the spindle-tool, and finite element calculations of the work piece in (three) different stages of the process. Commercial software packages used for integration into the model prove to accomplish demands for functionality and performance. A reference geometry that is typical for an aircraft detail is used for evaluation of the prediction methodology. In order to validate the model, the stability limits predicted by the use of numerical simulation are compared with the results based on the experimental work.
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| 20. |
- Wang, Lihui, et al.
(författare)
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Enriched Machining Feature Based Reasoning for Generic Machining Process Sequencing
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 44:8, s. 1479-1501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an enriched machining feature (EMF)-based reasoning approach to generic machining process sequencing for distributed process planning (DPP). An EMF is represented by combining its machining volume with surface, geometric and volume features, as well as other technological information needed to machine the feature. The information embedded in the EMF is retrieved progressively for machining sequence generation. Following an introduction of EMF and its representation scheme, the problems in determining machine-independent feature groups (set-ups) in DPP and their machining sequences to be followed for a given part are investigated. Based on the EMF concept, five reasoning rules are formulated and the algorithms developed. As the set-ups and sequences are generated based on manufacturing constraints and datum references but separated from specific resources, they are generic and applicable to machine tools with varying configurations and capabilities. This approach is further validated through a case study.
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| 21. |
- Wang, Lihui, et al.
(författare)
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Function Block Design for Adaptive Execution Control of Job Shop Machining Operations
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 47:12, s. 3413-3434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small volume and high product mix contribute greatly to the complexity of job shop operations. In addition, shop floor uncertainty or fluctuation is another issue regularly challenging manufacturing companies, including job delay, urgent job insertion, fixture shortage, missing tools, and even machine breakdown. Targeting the uncertainty, we propose a function block-based approach to generating adaptive process plans. Enabled by the function blocks, a so-generated process plan is responsive and tolerant to an unpredictable change. This paper presents in detail how a function block is designed and what it can do during process plan execution. It is expected that this new approach can largely enhance the dynamism of fluctuating job shop operations.
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| 22. |
- West, Martin, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Designing production processes in global manufacturing using a real options approach
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 45:8, s. 1745-1762
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A main source of competitive advantage is derived from the cost efficiency offered by firms' manufacturing and logistics operations. Consequently, firms typically globalise their operations whereby they may exploit the comparative advantages - defined as production functions - of the nations in which they are present. Production process design thus arises as a significant issue. The research presented in this paper targets two fundamental questions attached to production process design that multinational companies face, namely: (i) should plants that are located in different countries but producing similar products use similar production processes?, and (ii) given that the firm's policy is to use similar production processes, how should the production processes be designed? Among others, the paper shows, by way of a numerical illustration of a binational manufacturing network, that the option of choosing freely upon production process design for the respective facilities in certain cases adds little to firm value. In fact, the value of this option tends to zero as the volatility rate increases when the exchange rate is modelled as a geometric Brownian motion without drift rate, implying that firms should employ similar production processes throughout their manufacturing networks. That is, a market value approach stands up for the so-called copy-exactly approach to production process design in these settings. We furthermore show the effects of economies of scale on the optimal production process design.
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| 23. |
- Wong, Hartanto, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of form postponement based on optimal positioning of the differentiation point and stocking decisions
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 47:5, s. 1201-1224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we analyse the use of form postponement based on the positioning of the differentiation point and stocking policy. Six classes of manufacturing configurations are identified based on the choice of whether or not form postponement is employed and the decision regarding the stocking policy for the final product configurations as well as for the generic component. Analytical evaluation methods based on queuing models are used to assess operational measures for each class of configuration and solution algorithms are developed todetermine the optimal positioning of the differentiation point and the optimalstocking levels. This allows us to compare the relative merits of all manufacturingconfigurations based on their respective best performances. The results of anumerical experiment show how different operational parameters may influencethe choice of optimal configuration, the preference of early or late postponement,and the relative cost savings obtained from employing form postponement.
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| 24. |
- Zanoni, S., et al.
(författare)
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Cost performance and bullwhip effect in a hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing system with different control policies
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 44:18-19, s. 3847-3862
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, remanufacturing has emerged as an important research area. This requires developing methods and models in order to aid companies in systematically evaluating current as well as projected remanufacturing systems. This paper addresses the inventory control problem in a hybrid inventory system with manufacturing and remanufacturing options. In this study, by changing the definition of inventory position of the serviceable stock, we introduce a shift PULL inventory control policy, which is compared with PULL, DUAL, and Separate PULL control policies studied previously in the literature. Besides evaluating the economic consequences with different control policies, we also study system dynamic behaviour such as the bullwhip effect, in order to understand the advantages and disadvantages of different policies. After the experiments, we propose several management guidelines for such a hybrid inventory system. The major findings are: (1) separate PULL and DUAL can be good alternatives when the manufacturing lead time is significantly longer than the remanufacturing lead time, (2) shifted PULL exhibits a good performance when the two lead times differ slightly. Owing to the complexity in solving the optimization problem, a simulation approach is used.
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