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| 2. |
- Havarinasab, Said, et al.
(författare)
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Organic mercury compounds and autoimmunity
- 2005
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Ingår i: Autoimmunity Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1568-9972 .- 1873-0183. ; 4:5, s. 270-275
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on in vitro studies and short-term in vivo studies, all mercurials were for a long time considered as prototypic immunosuppressive substances. Recent studies have confirmed that organic mercurials such as methyl mercury (MeHg) and ethyl mercury (EtHg) are much more potent immunosuppressors than inorganic mercury (Hg). However, Hg interacts with the immune system in the presence of a susceptible genotype to cause immunostimulation, antinucleolar antibodies targeting fibrillarin, and systemic immune-complex (IC) deposits, a syndrome called Hg-induced autoimmunity (HgIA). Recent studies in mice with a susceptible genotype has revealed that the immunosuppressive effect of MeHg and EtHg will within 1-3 weeks be superseded by immunostimulation causing an HgIA-like syndrome. At equimolar doses of Hg, MeHg has the weakest immunostimulating, autoimmunogen, and IC-inducing effect, while the effect of thimerosal is similar to that of inorganic mercury. The immunosuppression is caused by the organic mercurials per se. Since they undergo rapid transformation to inorganic Hg, studies are being undertaken to delineate the importance of the organic substances per se and the newly formed inorganic Hg for induction of autoimmunity. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Marta, Monica, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by toll-like receptors
- 2009
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Ingår i: Autoimmunity Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1568-9972 .- 1873-0183. ; 8:6, s. 506-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a Th17-mediated autoimmune disease and an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) contains pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that bind toll-like receptors (TLRs), and is necessary to induce EAE. Upstream TLR signals modify innate and adaptive immune responses in EAE. In detail, the common TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 is necessary for induction of EAE, and mediates activation of peripheral myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and differentiation of autoimmune Th17 cells. The stimulatory TLRs have not yet been identified for Th17 cells. TLR4 down regulates disease severity in EAE and Th17 cell responses, but promotes Th1 cell responses, which may inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells. Moreover, treatment with a TLR4 ligand tolerizes mice and prevents EAE. TLR9 down regulates disease severity in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE, whereas it promotes disease in MOG(35-55)-induced EAE. Thus MyD88, TLR4 and TLR9 modify the disease process in EAE. Both endogenous and CFA-derived TLR ligands are implicated to modulate the disease process.
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| 5. |
- Pollard, K Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Immunology and genetics of induced systemic autoimmunity
- 2005
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Ingår i: Autoimmunity Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1568-9972 .- 1873-0183. ; 4:5, s. 282-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multigenic disorder of unknown etiology. To investigate the role of specific genes in lupus, we have examined the effects of single gene deletions on mercury-induced autoimmunity. Deficiency of certain genes abrogated induction of autoimmunity, while absence of others had little effect. The most interesting observations were obtained with genes related to interferon-γ. Genes involved in upregulation of IFN-γ expression did not significantly influence autoimmunity whereas absence of IFN-γ or IFN-γ receptor led to greatly reduced autoantibody responses and immunopathology. Absence of IRF-1, a gene expressed in response to IFN-γ, resulted in selective retention of anti-chromatin autoantibodies demonstrating that specific defects in signaling pathways and gene expression subsequent to IFN-γ/IFN-γ receptor interaction influence specific disease parameters. These studies show that single gene deletions can have various outcomes ranging from no effect, suppression of one or more features of disease, to suppression of all features of disease, and that all three outcomes can be observed in the IFN-γ pathway. IFN-γ influences the expression and function of other lupus relevant genes such as IL-6 and β2microglobulin, therefore the effects of these gene deletions on disease expression may also reflect responses downstream of IFN-γ function. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Rönnelid, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Use of a commercial line blot assay as a screening test for autoantibodies in inflammatory myopathies
- 2009
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Ingår i: Autoimmunity Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1568-9972 .- 1873-0183. ; 9:1, s. 58-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To evaluate the clinical utility of a commercial immunoblot assay for the detection of myositis-specific autoantibodies. METHODS: Serum samples from 153 myositis patients and 77 disease controls were investigated. The commercial Euroline assay with seven autoantigens (Mi-2, Ku, PM-Scl, Jo-1, Pl-7, Pl-12 and SSA/Ro-52) was used according to the manufacturer s instructions, and supplemented with an anti-SRP strip. In a separate experiment analyses were performed at different temperatures. Results were recorded with densitometry. RESULTS: Anti-Jo-1 was found in 18 myositis and one systemic sclerosis patient. Antibodies against Mi-2 were found in 5 myositis patients, and eleven myositis patients had antibodies against PM-Scl. Four myositis patients showed anti-Pl-7 reactivity, whereas no patients had antibodies against Pl-12. Anti-Ku antibodies were found in 4 myositis and 2 primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Anti-SRP was found in 8 myositis patients as well as in two disease controls. Antibodies against SSA/Ro52 ranged between 23-62% in all groups except juvenile dermatomyositis patients. Most autoantibody reactivities were clearly positive, only 11% (14/127) were borderline positive. Higher assay temperature increased antibody reactivities. CONCLUSIONS: Except for anti-SSA/Ro-52 and anti-Ku the antibody reactivities were rather myositis-specific, supporting the use of this immunoblot assay. However, assay validation needs to be determined against other methods.
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