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| 2. |
- Blomqvist, Jan
(författare)
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Recovery with and without treatment : A comparison of resolutions of alcohol and drug problems
- 2002
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Ingår i: Addiction Research and Theory. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1058-6989 .- 1606-6359 .- 1476-7392. ; 10:2, s. 119-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An earlier Swedish study compared assisted and unassisted misusers of alcohol, with different long-term drinking outcomes, with regard to drinking patterns, significant life events, and attributions as to what initiated and maintained recovery. It was found that environmental influences had a great, albeit somewhat different impact on the recovery processes in both assisted and unassisted subjects. A subsequent replication of this study, but on drug misusers, produced similar findings. The present paper uses data from both those studies to explore substance-specific characteristics in treated and untreated recovery from addiction problems. Comparisons include background data, substance use and life event data over an extended period surrounding the resolution, and subjects' perceived reasons for the resolution and for being able to maintain an alcohol problem-free or a drug-free lifestyle. The results are discussed from the perspective of differences in the social significance of drinking and drug use and the institutionalised response in Sweden to alcohol- and drug-related problems.Read More: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16066350290017248?journalCode=art
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| 3. |
- Gmel, G., et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting individual and aggregate studies in alcohol research? Combining them is the answer!
- 2004
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Ingår i: Addiction Research and Theory. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1058-6989 .- 1606-6359 .- 1476-7392. ; 12:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reprint of Rose's (1985) seminal paper reiterated the distinction between two etiological questions: What are the causes of individual cases, and what are the causes of population incidence? The first question deals with within-population variability and the second with between-population variability, suggesting that individual level studies should be used to answer the first question and aggregate level studies to answer the second. What findings should be trusted, however, when the results from aggregate and individual level studies on the same topic diverge? One example of the divergence of findings in the alcohol field is that of studies on coronary heart disease. The overwhelming majority of individual level studies have shown the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption for coronary heart disease, however aggregate level studies have failed to corroborate this finding. This discrepancy has been taken by some as evidence that the aggregate level disproved a causal relation at the individual level. This implies that the same hypothesis could be tested at both levels. The present editorial will reiterate the notion of Rose (1985) that both types of analyses answer different questions and cannot be expected to coincide in results.
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| 4. |
- Myers, T., et al.
(författare)
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How drug using men who have sex with men account for substance use during sexual behaviours : Questioning assumptions of HIV prevention and research
- 2004
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Ingår i: Addiction Research and Theory. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1058-6989 .- 1606-6359 .- 1476-7392. ; 12:3, s. 213-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much HIV prevention research ignores the underlying reasons why drug-using men who have sex with men (DU-MSM) use substances during sex. The present study explores DU-MSM descriptions of the relationships among substance use, sex, and risky sex practices. Twenty-seven in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with sexually active DU-MSM. The research findings illustrate six roles of substances within the sexual lives of DU-MSM: Enhancing the sexual experience, increasing sexual arousal, facilitating sexual encounters, increasing the capacity for sexual behaviours, prolonging sexual experiences, and increasing the capacity to “turn a trick.” While acknowledging experiences of substance use leading to risky sex practices, participants expressed scepticism of any reductive causal relationship. The findings question recurrent assumptions that underpin HIV prevention initiatives and redirect research efforts in ways that may better inform HIV prevention.Read More: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16066350310001640161?journalCode=art
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| 6. |
- Bakhiet, M, et al.
(författare)
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RANTES promotes growth and survival of human first-trimester forebrain astrocytes
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nature Cell Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1465-7392 .- 1476-4679. ; 3:2, s. 150-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have examined the role of alpha and beta chemokines in the promotion of the ontogenetic development of the brain. RANTES was expressed preferentially in human fetal astrocytes in an age-dependent manner. Astrocytes from 5-week-old brains showed high proliferation and reduced survival, whereas 10-week-old astrocytes exhibited opposite effects. These effects were suppressed by anti-RANTES or anti-RANTES receptor antibodies and were enhanced by recombinant RANTES. RANTES induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins and nuclear translocation of STAT-1 in astrocytes. Interferons (IFN-gamma) was required for RANTES effects because RANTES induced IFN-gamma, and only 10-week-old astrocytes expressed the IFN-gamma receptor. Blocking of IFN-gamma with antibody reversed the effects of RANTES, indicating that cytokine/chemokine networks are critically involved in brain development.
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| 7. |
- Bergsten, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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PDGF-D is a specific, protease-activated ligand for the PDGF beta-receptor
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nature Cell Biology. - : Macmillan Magazines Ltd. - 1465-7392 .- 1476-4679. ; 3:5, s. 512-516
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The term 'platelet-derived growth factor' (PDGF) refers to a family of disulphide-bonded dimeric isoforms that are important for growth, survival and function in several types of connective tissue cell. So far, three different PDGF chains have been identified - the classical PDGF-A and PDGF-B and the recently identified PDGF-C. PDGF isoforms (PDGF-AA, AB, BB and CC) exert their cellular effects by differential binding to two receptor tyrosine kinases. The PDGF alpha-receptor (PDGFR-alpha) binds to all three PDGF chains, whereas the beta-receptor (PDGFR-beta) binds only to PDGF-B. Gene-targeting studies using mice have shown that the genes for PDGF-A and PDGF-B, as well as the two PDGFR genes, are essential for normal development. Furthermore, overexpression of PDGFs is linked to different pathological conditions, including malignancies, atherosclerosis and fibroproliferative diseases. Here we have identify and characterize a fourth member of the PDGF family, PDGF-D. PDGF-D has a two-domain structure similar to PDGF-C and is secreted as a disulphide-linked homodimer, PDGF-DD. Upon limited proteolysis, PDGF-DD is activated and becomes a specific agonistic ligand for PDGFR-beta. PDGF-DD is the first known PDGFR-beta-specific ligand, and its unique receptor specificity indicates that it may be important for development and pathophysiology in several organs.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Haglund, Kaisa, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple monoubiquitination of RTKs is sufficient for their endocytosis and degradation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nature Cell Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1465-7392 .- 1476-4679. ; 5:5, s. 461-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many cellular proteins are post-translationally modified by the addition of a single ubiquitin or a polyubiquitin chain. Among these are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which undergo ligand-dependent ubiquitination. The ubiquitination of RTKs has become recognized as an important signal for their endocytosis and degradation in the lysosome; however, it is not clear whether ubiquitination itself is sufficient for this process or simply participates in its regulation. The issue is further complicated by the fact that RTKs are thought to be polyubiquitinated - a modification that is linked to protein degradation by the proteasome. By contrast, monoubiquitination has been associated with diverse proteasome-independent cellular functions including intracellular protein movement. Here we show that the epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors are not polyubiquitinated but rather are monoubiquitinated at multiple sites after their ligand-induced activation. By using different biochemical and molecular genetics approaches, we show that a single ubiquitin is sufficient for both receptor internalization and degradation. Thus, monoubiquitination is the principal signal responsible for the movement of RTKs from the plasma membrane to the lysosome.
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| 10. |
- Karkkainen, Marika J, et al.
(författare)
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Lymphatic endothelium : a new frontier of metastasis research.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nature Cell Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1465-7392 .- 1476-4679. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The vascular endothelium is a dynamic tissue with many active functions. Until recently, endothelial cell (EC) biology studies have used cultured ECs from various organs; these cell lines are considered representative of the blood vascular endothelium. Very few lymphatic EC lines have been available, and these were derived from lymphatic tumours or large collecting lymphatic ducts. In the past, lymphatic vessels were defined largely by the lack of erythrocytes in their lumen, a lack of junctional complexes and the lack of a well-defined basement membrane. Now that lymphatic-specific vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) and molecular cell surface markers such as the VEGFR-3 receptor have been identified, this definition needs to be updated. Recent developments have highlighted the importance of lymphatic ECs, and they could become the next focus for angiogenesis and metastasis research.
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| 11. |
- Li, Xuri, et al.
(författare)
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PDGF-C is a new protease-activated ligand for the PDGF alpha-receptor.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Nat Cell Biol. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1465-7392 .- 1476-4679. ; 2:5, s. 302-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are important in many types of mesenchymal cell. Here we identify a new PDGF, PDGF-C, which binds to and activates the PDGF alpha-receptor. PDGF-C is activated by proteolysis and induces proliferation of fibroblasts when overexpressed in transgenic mice. In situ hybridization analysis in the murine embryonic kidney shows preferential expression of PDGF-C messenger RNA in the metanephric mesenchyme during epithelial conversion. Analysis of kidneys lacking the PDGF alpha-receptor shows selective loss of mesenchymal cells adjacent to sites of expression of PDGF-C mRNA; this is not found in kidneys from animals lacking PDGF-A or both PDGF-A and PDGF-B, indicating that PDGF-C may have a unique function.
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| 14. |
- Rietdorf, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Kinesin-dependent movement on microtubules precedes actin-based motility of vaccinia virus
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nature Cell Biology. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1465-7392 .- 1476-4679. ; 3:11, s. 992-1000
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vaccinia virus, a close relative of the causative agent of smallpox, exploits actin polymerization to enhance its cell-to-cell spread. We show that actin-based motility of vaccinia is initiated only at the plasma membrane and remains associated with it. There must therefore be another form of cytoplasmic viral transport, from the cell centre, where the virus replicates, to the periphery. Video analysis reveals that GFP-labelled intracellular enveloped virus particles (IEVs) move from their perinuclear site of assembly to the plasma membrane on microtubules. We show that the viral membrane protein A36R, which is essential for actin-based motility of vaccinia, is also involved in microtubule-mediated movement of IEVs. We further show that conventional kinesin is recruited to IEVs via the light chain TPR repeats and is required for microtubule-based motility of the virus. Vaccinia thus sequentially exploits the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons to enhance its cell-to-cell spread.
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