| 1. |
- Abul-Kasim, Kasim, et al.
(författare)
-
The Neuroanatomic Localization of Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis May Be a Predictive Factor for Its Clinical Outcome: A Case Report and Review of 100 Cases in 28 Reports.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Child Neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1708-8283 .- 0883-0738. ; 24, s. 720-726
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Encephalitis is one of the manifestations of infection with Epstein-Barr virus with clinical outcome varying from complete recovery to death. A 16-year-old boy with Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis with global cortical and subcortical gray matter involvement and a full clinical recovery is reported. The case inspired a literature review which yielded 100 cases of Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis subjected to radiological investigation and published in 28 reports. Cerebellum and basal ganglia were reported to be equally involved by Epstein-Barr virus infection, next to cerebral hemisphere. Patients with isolated hemispheric gray or white matter involvement were reported to achieve good recovery while almost half of the patients with thalamic involvement developed sequelae. The highest mortality rate was among patients with isolated brain stem involvement. In conclusion, neuroanatomic distribution of the radiological abnormalities in Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis may be useful as a prognostic marker.
|
|
| 2. |
- Babcock, M. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Injury to the preterm brain and cerebral palsy: clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, unanswered questions, and future research directions
- 2009
-
Ingår i: J Child Neurol. - : SAGE Publications. - 0883-0738 .- 1708-8283. ; 24:9, s. 1064-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cerebral palsy will affect nearly 10% of the 60,000 very low-birth-weight infants born in the United States in the next year, and an even greater percentage will display some form of permanent neurological impairment resulting from injury to the preterm brain. The 2008 Neurobiology of Disease in Children Symposium, held in conjunction with the 37th annual meeting of the Child Neurology Society, aimed to define current knowledge and to develop specific aims for future clinical, translational, and fundamental science. A complex interplay of both destructive and developmental forces is responsible for injury to the preterm brain. Advances in imaging and histology have implicated a variety of cell types, though preoligodendrocyte injury remains the focus. Research into different mechanisms of injury is facilitating new neuroprotective and rehabilitative interventions. A cooperative effort is necessary to translate basic research findings into clinically effective therapies and better care for these children.
|
|
| 3. |
- Hagberg, Bengt, 1923
(författare)
-
A personal autobiography.
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of child neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 0883-0738 .- 1708-8283. ; 23:6, s. 669-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 4. |
- Hagberg, Henrik, 1955, et al.
(författare)
-
Apoptotic mechanisms in the immature brain: involvement of mitochondria.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of child neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1708-8283 .- 0883-0738. ; 24:9, s. 1141-6
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brain injury after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy often develops with delayed appearance, opening a therapeutic window. Clinical studies in newborns show that post-hypoxic-ischemic hypothermia improves outcome. This has generated renewed interest in the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In this brief review, we propose that mitochondrial permeabilization is crucial for injury to advance beyond the point of no return. We suggest that excitatory amino acids, nitric oxide, inflammation, trophic factor withdrawal, and an increased pro- versus antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein ratio will trigger Bax-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, in turn, elicits mitochondrial release of cytochrome C, apoptosis-inducing factor, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/Diablo, and HtrA2/Omi. Cytochrome C efflux activates caspase-9/-3, leading to DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis-inducing factor interacts with cyclophilin A and induces chromatinolysis. Blockage of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization holds promise as a strategy for perinatal brain protection.
|
|
| 5. |
- Lidström, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
-
Intrarater and interrater reliability of Myotonometer measurements of muscle tone in children
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Child Neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 0883-0738 .- 1708-8283. ; 24:3, s. 267-274
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate reliability of Myotonometer measurements, by assessing muscle tone in muscle rectus femoris in children with cerebral palsy and children without disabilities. Differences in muscle tone between groups and conditions, contracted or relaxed, were also investigated. A total of 15 children with cerebral palsy and 15 children without disabilities participated. Intrarater reliability of Myotonometer measurements showed high to very high intraclass correlation, under both conditions and in both groups. Interrater reliability showed high to very high intraclass correlation under both conditions in the control group and in the cerebral palsy group under contracted condition and moderate under relaxed condition. There were slight differences in tissue displacement between groups, although not statistically significant. Myotonometer measurements are reliable when assessing muscle tone in children. However, there is still a need to investigate this method for objectively quantifying increased muscle tone in children with cerebral palsy.
|
|
| 6. |
- Mollberg, Margareta, 1953, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison in obstetric management on infants with transient and persistent obstetric brachial plexus palsy.
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of child neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1708-8283 .- 0883-0738. ; 23:12, s. 1424-32
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The outcome of obstetric brachial plexus palsy depends on the severity of the lesion of the nerve fibers. The aim of the prospective study is to evaluate if differences in force used in downward traction on the fetal head correlate to the number of nerve roots affected. At final neurological examination at 18 months of age, complete neurological recovery occurred in 80 of 98 children (82%). Downward traction of the fetal head was applied more often and with greater force in the group with persistent damage. There was a significant correlation between the force used to the number of nerve roots affected. The risk of persistent obstetric brachial plexus palsy at age 18 months depended on obstetric management and increased significantly with increasing force used in downward traction of the fetal head.
|
|
| 7. |
- Shi, KL, et al.
(författare)
-
Role of TNF-alpha gene variation in idiopathic childhood ischemic stroke: a case-control study
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of child neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1708-8283 .- 0883-0738. ; 24:1, s. 25-29
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Etiology of the idiopathic childhood stroke remains unknown. In previous studies, the immunologic process may be involved in the idiopathic stroke. Tumor necrosis factor— alpha (TNF-α), an important immune mediator, may contribute to the initiation and progression in the stroke. The main purpose of this study was to investigate correlation of TNF-α genetic variation and idiopathic childhood ischemic stroke. Using the direct DNA sequencing method, polymorphisms in the TNF-α promoter region were genotyped in 67 Chinese patients with idiopathic childhood stroke and 70 controls. Among totally 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the TNF-α promoter region, the variant of the -863C/A is associated with increased risk of idiopathic childhood ischemic stroke in our study group. TNF-α molecule may have genetically as well as functionally an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic childhood ischemic stroke in the Chinese population.
|
|
| 8. |
- Sofou, Kalliopi, et al.
(författare)
-
Management of Prolonged Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Childhood: A Systematic Review.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: J Child Neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1708-8283 .- 0883-0738. ; 24:3, s. 918-26
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pediatric prolonged seizures and status epilepticus are medical emergencies necessitating immediate life-support and seizure-control measures. A systematic review of published data on the management of prolonged seizures and status epilepticus showed that buccal midazolam was significantly more effective than rectal diazepam, reaching a seizure- control rate of 70% and recurrence rate of 8%. Intranasal lorazepam was as effective as intramuscular paraldehyde in a cost-restrained setting. In refractory status epilepticus, both intravenous midazolam and valproate were equally effective to intravenous diazepam, with valproate exhibiting significantly faster seizure cessation and safer profile than diazepam, even in infancy. In conclusion, buccal midazolam is efficacious and safe thanks to its convenient route of administration, which may serve as first-line in the treatment of prolonged seizures. Intranasal lorazepam is an effective, easy-to-use, and safe drug for prolonged seizures. Intravenous valproate exhibits favorable efficacy and safety profile as third-line in status epilepticus, refractory to diazepam and phenytoin.
|
|
| 9. |
- Wang, Xiaoyang, 1965, et al.
(författare)
-
White matter damage after chronic subclinical inflammation in newborn mice.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of child neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1708-8283 .- 0883-0738. ; 24:9, s. 1171-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Preterm infants exposed to inflammation are at increased risk of white matter injury and/or cerebral palsy. To investigate the effect of chronic inflammation on the developing white matter, we administered low-dose lipopolysaccharide once a day from postnatal days 3 to 11, examined white matter changes at postnatal day 12, and monitored serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like factor binding protein-3. A single injection of lipopolysaccharide decreased the serum insulin-like growth factor 1 level but not the insulin-like factor binding protein-3 level. At postnatal day 12, quantification of immunohistochemical staining for axonal, myelin, and oligodendrocyte markers revealed impaired myelination in subcortical white matter. In addition, brain gray matter volume decreased and spleen and liver weight increased at postnatal day 12. These data suggest chronic subclinical inflammation hampers development of white and gray matter in early life, which may be associated with insulin-like growth factor 1 deficiency.
|
|
| 10. |
- Erlandson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
MECP2 abnormality phenotypes: clinicopathologic area with broad variability
- 2005
-
Ingår i: J Child Neurol. - 0883-0738. ; 20:9, s. 727-32
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs worldwide and predominantly affects girls. The MECP2 gene has been put forward as the underlying gene. Interestingly, other clinical presentations in addition to Rett syndrome have been reported to be the results of deviations in MECP2. This prompted us to outline a working hypothesis of how these diverse phenotypes are connected. Our aim was to summarize the clinical picture of deviations in MECP2 at this moment to obtain a comprehensive overview. Thus, we have attempted to create a gradient, starting at the left with the most severely affected MECP2-deviant subgroups, represented by boys who are diseased in the intrauterine phase or as neonates, and at the right, the most mildly affected subgroup, female asymptomatic carriers. In the center, with dominant numbers, we have placed classic Rett syndrome presentations, together with the late-onset Rett syndrome variant and preserved speech variant. In conclusion, we feel that it is important to emphasize that Rett syndrome is a strictly clinical diagnosis that is not identical to the far broader concept of MECP2 deviations.
|
|
| 11. |
- Hagberg, Bengt, 1923
(författare)
-
Rett syndrome: long-term clinical follow-up experiences over four decades
- 2005
-
Ingår i: J Child Neurol. - 0883-0738. ; 20:9, s. 722-7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term clinical profiles of female patients with classic Rett syndrome are presented and exemplified by three cases, as experienced over four decades. Emphasized is the frequently surprisingly well-preserved eye contact and primitive memory, in contrast to a premature neuromuscular aging and often advanced peripheral atrophy, usually combined with dystonic-rigid signs that are predominantly right sided.
|
|
| 12. |
- Svedin, Pernilla, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Maturational effects of lipopolysaccharide on white-matter injury in fetal sheep.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Journal of child neurology. - 0883-0738. ; 20:12, s. 960-4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- White-matter damage has been associated with the development of cerebral palsy in children born both prematurely and at term, and it has been suggested that intrauterine infection can contribute to the brain injury. However, the relative importance of age on white-matter injury following infectious exposure in utero remains unclear. In this study, fetal sheep were exposed to systemic endotoxemia by administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (88.7 +/- 7.7 ng/kg) at 65% or 85% of gestation. These gestational ages approximately correspond to human brain development in preterm and near-term infants respectively. White-matter injury was evaluated 3 days after lipopolysaccharide exposure with regard to microglia activation and loss of neurofilament and myelin basic protein. The expression of oligodendrocytes at different maturational stages was demonstrated in preterm and near-term fetuses with the oligodendroglial markers O4 and 2 ,3 -cyclic nucleotide 3 -phospodiesterase. Forty percent of the fetuses in the preterm group and 22% in the near-term group died within 8 hours of the endotoxin exposure. Three of six preterm and two of seven near-term surviving fetuses demonstrated pathologic changes in the brain with regard to increased microglia activation and loss of neurofilament staining. The number of activated microglia was enhanced in the subcortical white matter in both the preterm lipopolysaccharide-exposed fetuses (lipopolysaccharide: 235 +/- 64 cells/mm2; control: 72 +/- 28 cells/mm2; P = .0374) and the near-term fetuses (lipopolysaccharide: 180 +/- 40 cells/mm2; control 23 +/- 16 cells/mm2; P = .0152). There was a loss of neurofilament staining in both preterm fetuses (lipopolysaccharide: 2.20 +/- 0.77 pixel units; control: 0.20 +/- 0.10 pixel units; P = .0306) and near-term fetuses (lipopolysaccharide: 1.15 +/- 0.48 pixel units; control: 0.06 +/- 0.06 pixel units; P = .0285). O4-positive cells were detected at both gestational ages, whereas 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phospodiesterase-positive cells and myelin basic protein staining were mainly detected in the near-term fetuses. In summary, we found white-matter injury in a proportion of both preterm and near-term fetuses after administration of lipopolysaccharide. These results are in agreement with clinical evidence suggesting that both preterm and term infants are at risk of periventricular leukomalacia in association with intrauterine infection.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
