| 1. |
- Alalehto, Tage, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring trust in the police by contextual and individual factors
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 46, s. 31-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigate if procedural justice and police competence affects trust in the police independent on the level of perception of corruption, and whether the impact of procedural justice and police competence varies due to perception of corruption. The data used is European Social Survey round 5 (2010), containing 24 countries. To separate individual effects from aggregate effects we used multilevel analyses. The results show that procedural justice and police efficiency are of importance for trust in the police independent of the perception of corruption. But the results also show that the impact of both procedural justice and police competence varies due to the level of perception of corruption. The conclusion is therefore that the fight against corruption must be prioritized to increase trust in the police.
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| 2. |
- Alexius, Katarina
(författare)
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Abuse, degradation and conflicts in school. A qualitative study of text documents in cases at the Swedish Schools Inspectorate
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 54, s. 66-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, 23 cases reported to the Swedish Schools Inspectorate are analysed using qualitative content analysis derived from a framework based on Swedish legislation. The results show that school staff and parents often expressed that those who had themselves behaved aggressively should not be viewed as victims of abuse. In most cases, there were divergent perceptions of what had happened as well as of social values and behavioural norms. The study highlights that the efficiency and the pros and cons of the broad and blurry distinction of the concept of degrading treatment in the Swedish Education Act should be discussed and that abusive actions should be counteracted regardless of relational contexts.
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| 3. |
- Atak, Kıvanç
(författare)
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Beyond the western crime drop : Violence, property offences, and the state in Turkey 1990–2016
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporal changes in crime have long attracted scholarly attention. Much research on the recent trajectory of crime rates is dominated by the crime drop thesis in western democracies, with only little input from other societal contexts. The present work offers the first explorative inquiry into a subset violent and property crimes in Turkey over the last quarter-century. Data collected from judicial records, police reports on offences, prison and causes of death statistics are read primarily through the lens of state response to crime, with the notable exception of homicide. Results reveal partial evidence for a declining behavioral trend in the case of homicide – a finding that furthers current debates about the crime drop thesis. Rather mixed evidence is documented for robbery, theft and assault, but a common marked increase in the number of offences, suspects and convicts received into prison. Implications are discussed by reference to the emergent punitive turn in the Turkish penal regime, and enhanced police capacity to control crime.
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| 4. |
- Inzunza, Miguel, 1970-
(författare)
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The significance of victim ideality in interactions between crime victims and police officers
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crime victim's first contact with the police may strongly influence subsequent investigations and prosecutions, as well as the crime's impact on the victim. The outcomes of such contacts may depend strongly on the degree to which the victim exhibits the characteristics of an ideal victim. This study sought to find valid ways of evaluating the constructs of victim ideality and police empathy, and to clarify the relationship between the two considering background factors, and outcomes. With a cross-sectional design data were collected from approximately 300 crime victims from cities in Colombia using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SEM, MIMIC, and logistic regression models. Being an ideal victim was found to influence the empathy displayed by police (as perceived by the victims), which in turn influenced factors important to citizens exposed to crime. Several areas in need of development based on the principles of procedural justice are identified.
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| 5. |
- Johnsdotter, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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"Female genital mutilation" in Europe : Public discourse versus empirical evidence
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 51, s. 14-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Media often report about circumcision of girls, or ‘female genital mutilation’ (FGM), in ways that present this practice as a burning social problem, albeit secretively performed among African immigrants in Europe. In this paper we discuss the construction of FGM as a widespread social problem in Europe. We contrast the public discourse on FGM with empirical data on FGM criminal court cases in Europe in order to see to what extent the public discourse agrees with evidence. We conclude that there is a discrepancy between public discourse and media representations, on one hand, and empirical evidence, on the other. We suggest that the scarcity of criminal court cases in Europe to a large extent can be explained by processes of cultural change after migration. Further, we emphasise the importance of access to context-specific knowledge during court proceedings in FGM cases.
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| 6. |
- Miguel, Inzunza
(författare)
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Selection practitioners' views on recruitment criteria for the profile of police officers : A comparison between two police organizations
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 45, s. 103-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social changes, associated shifts in police work, and cultural variations raise interesting questions about the ideal police applicant. These issues were explored by investigating key 'suitability' criteria for applicants to join the Swedish National Police and the Catalan Police in Spain. First, criteria and selection procedures in official documents were examined. Next, focus group sessions were carried out with selection practitioners about different criteria. Results indicate several similarities between the organizations in formal criteria and selection procedures, notably an emphasis on peace-making and problem-solving abilities. However, differences were found in areas such as loyalty towards the organization and differences that correspond to different organizational images. The views from the selection practitioners mostly align with the official documents but different outcomes are possible due to different interpretations of how a given construct should manifest itself in actual performance. Practical implications from this study could prove valuable for improving selection practices.
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| 7. |
- Schoultz, Isabel, et al.
(författare)
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Denials and Confessions : An Analysis of the Temporalization of Neutralizations of Corporate Crime
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years two Swedish companies, Telia and Lundin Petroleum, have had to work hard to legitimate their actions as a result of allegations of criminal activity. In this paper, the corporate framings employed to deal with allegations of crime will be analysed on the basis of Stanley Cohen's (2009) theoretical work on processes of denial and neutralization techniques. More specifically, the paper focuses on the temporalization of neutralizations of corporate crime and aims to answer the following questions: How have the corporations' defence mechanisms changed over time? How might the types of crime of which they have been accused, and their corporate structures, affect the ways in which particular defence mechanisms are employed? The analysis demonstrates that although there are similarities, such as both companies framing their businesses as contributing to the development of democracy, human rights, prosperity and peace, the companies follow two different lines of development in their defences. While Telia moves from literal denial to confession, Lundin Petroleum stays with its literal denial in parallel with a strong condemnation of the condemners. These differences seem to be grounded both in the crimes of which the companies have been accused and their respective corporate structures.
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| 8. |
- Uhnoo, Sara, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The wave of consent-based rape laws in Europe
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. - 1756-0616 .- 1876-763X. ; 77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After years of feminist struggle, international conventions, and the #MeToo movement, consent-based rape laws have rapidly been replacing coercion-based laws across Europe since 2017. In May 2023, we identified 20 European consent-based rape laws, and more were in progress. This article analyses the emergence and convergence of these laws, drawing on the theory of institutional isomorphism. The analysis is based on a collection of criminal codes, draft laws, news articles, previous research, and input from national experts. We map a timeline of consent-based rape laws in Europe and describe their key elements, identifying patterns such as international pressure, influential countries, civil society impact, and cases of sexual violence triggering national debates preceding legislative changes.
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| 9. |
- Bladini, Moa, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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‘It sounds like lived experience’ - On empathy in rape trials
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-0616. ; 72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article the intrinsic relation between the formal and the informal aspects of rape trials in Sweden will be scrutinized and discussed, for two main reasons (that are intertwined). Firstly, rape cases are characterized by a word-against-word situation, with few other forms of evidence, and with a rate of convictions much lower than for other criminal cases. The fact that the parties’ statements are placed at the core of the presentation and assessment of the evidence leaves much scope for argumentation about normality, rationality, logic and common sense. Secondly, rape trials have been subject to a significant amount of critique, in public as well as in legal debate due to gendered stereotypes, assumptions about autonomy, objectivity, ideal victims, real rape etc. The article aims to explore and shed some light on parts of the continuum of formality and informality in criminal trials in Sweden. By deconstructing rape trials through the lens of the emotion-sociological concept of empathy, the article contributes to deepened knowledge of the work performed by the legal actors in court in general and their work as empathic translators, in particular. We will focus on a specific part of the empathic process, namely emotion management to stage credible testimonies, in the sense that the stories told by the parties and/or witnesses are framed and presented by legal professionals in court as if they have been acting and reacting normal, natural, reasonable and rational. We present the analysis of the intrinsic relationship between the formal framework and the informal work performed by the legal actors, by exploring how the legal concepts are embodied in stories from everyday life in the trial, framed by the legal actors. The analysis includes a description of the stage at which these trials take place (the objectivity ideals and self-images) and the most important formal aspects and parts of the criminal and procedural regulation of rape trials. The article ends with final conclusions and reflections on the continuum of formality and informality in rape trials. The material in the study from which this article derives consists of observations of 18 rape cases, including written judgments and interviews with legal professionals in these cases.
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| 10. |
- Engdahl, Oskar, 1974
(författare)
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White-collar crime and first-time adult-onset offending: Explorations in the concept of negative life events as turning points.
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-0616. ; 43:1, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article explores first-time adult-onset offending in cases of white-collar crime where the crime occurs as a consequence of a breakdown, brought by negative life events, in the circumstances that previously kept one from engaging in criminal activity. Criminal cases involving a bank manager and a male options broker working in the Swedish banking and finance sector are analyzed. Negative life events are proposed to offer a useful explanation for first-time adult-onset offending if conceptualized as turning points caused by a chain of life events entailing enmeshment in problems of a scope and kind one has never been forced to deal with in the past, threatening essential aspects of one's identity and life project, and accompanied by perceived loss of previously available social support for one's prioritizings, at the same time as one remains in possession of resources making criminal solutions seem comparatively expedient. Directions for future research are suggested.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Radun, Igor, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Law defining the critical level of driver fatigue in terms of hours without sleep: Criminal justice professionals' opinions and fatal accident data
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-0616. ; 40:3, s. 172-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of the present study were to determine the support among criminal justice professionals for a law that defines the critical limit of driver fatigue in terms of 24 consecutive hours of wakefulness; and to determine how many drivers causing fatal accidents would be potentially covered by such a law. The data included an online questionnaire data collected from 325 criminal justice professionals (96 prosecutors, 129 traffic police officers, and 100 local police officers with experience in traffic surveillance and accident investigations) and the national database of fatal road accidents studied in depth (N = 1871; 2002-2008). The support for such a law was quite low among prosecutors while police officers were more in favor than against it. Only a handful of the (survived) drivers who caused a fatal accident were awake for more than 24 consecutive hours. We discuss several challenges and considerations associated with such a law.
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| 13. |
- Brand, Judith, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and fractures in offspring : national register based sibling comparison study
- 2020
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Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1756-1833. ; 368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on fractures in offspring during different developmental stages of life.DESIGN: National register based birth cohort study with a sibling comparison design.SETTING: Sweden.PARTICIPANTS: 1 680 307 people born in Sweden between 1983 and 2000 to women who smoked (n=377 367, 22.5%) and did not smoke (n=1 302 940) in early pregnancy. Follow-up was until 31 December 2014.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Fractures by attained age up to 32 years.RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 21.1 years, 377 970 fractures were observed (the overall incidence rate for fracture standardised by calendar year of birth was 11.8 per 1000 person years). The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of fracture in offspring differed by attained age. Maternal smoking was associated with a higher rate of fractures in offspring before 1 year of age in the entire cohort (birth year standardised fracture rates in those exposed and unexposed to maternal smoking were 1.59 and 1.28 per 1000 person years, respectively). After adjustment for potential confounders the hazard ratio for maternal smoking compared with no smoking was 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.45). This association followed a dose dependent pattern (compared with no smoking, hazard ratios for 1-9 cigarettes/day and >= 10 cigarettes/day were 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.39) and 1.41 (1.18 to 1.69), respectively) and persisted in within-sibship comparisons although with wider confidence intervals (compared with no smoking, 1.58 (1.01 to 2.46)). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was also associated with an increased fracture incidence in offspring from age 5 to 32 years in whole cohort analyses, but these associations did not follow a dose dependent gradient. In within-sibship analyses, which controls for confounding by measured and unmeasured shared familial factors, corresponding point estimates were all close to null. Maternal smoking was not associated with risk of fracture in offspring between the ages of 1 and 5 years in any of the models.CONCLUSION: Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking is associated with an increased rate of fracture during the first year of life but does not seem to have a long lasting biological influence on fractures later in childhood and up to early adulthood.
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